p.2
Autonomy in Healthcare
What does autonomy provide individuals in terms of decision-making?
The freedom to make decisions about oneself.
p.8
Fidelity in Patient Care
How can expressing thanks impact relationships?
It can strengthen bonds and foster goodwill.
p.6
Patient's Bill of Rights
What is the right to appropriate medical care and humane treatment?
Patients have the right to receive appropriate medical care and be treated with respect and dignity.
p.24
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
How does confidentiality protect patients?
By allowing them to control information about themselves.
p.24
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Why is confidentiality particularly important in healthcare?
Because of the sensitive and personal nature of the information acquired by medical practitioners.
p.29
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
When is it acceptable to use patient identifiable information?
Only when absolutely necessary.
p.26
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the guideline regarding the amount of patient identifiable information used?
Use the minimum necessary patient identifiable information.
p.25
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What would happen if the confidentiality of patient information is not protected?
Trust in the physician-patient relationship would be diminished.
p.21
Privacy in Healthcare
Why is patient privacy important?
It fosters trust between patients and healthcare providers.
p.34
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Why is confidentiality important?
It protects individuals' privacy and builds trust in professional relationships.
p.21
Privacy in Healthcare
What can happen if patient privacy is violated?
It can lead to legal consequences and loss of patient trust.
What does the right to appropriate care entail?
The right to have access to appropriate care.
What is proxy consent?
Proxy consent is the permission given by a legally accepted representative on behalf of a patient who is unable to provide consent themselves.
What is a Living Will?
A written document outlining a person's wishes for medical care in case they can't make decisions themselves in the future.
What are the three categories of rights included in patients' rights statements?
Civil rights, legal rights, and moral rights.
What right does a legally incompetent patient have regarding information disclosure?
The right to forbid disclosure of information to their legally entitled representative.
What must be disclosed to the patient for informed consent?
The nature and goal of the procedure, possible effects, risks, benefits, and available medical options.
p.18
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is confidentiality in healthcare?
The ethical principle that ensures patient information is kept private and not disclosed without consent.
p.2
Autonomy in Healthcare
What does autonomy refer to in a healthcare context?
A person's ability to make or exercise self-determining choices.
p.8
Fidelity in Patient Care
What is the purpose of expressing gratitude?
To acknowledge someone's help or kindness.
What is a key aspect of the patient's right to care?
The right to quality care.
p.7
Patient's Bill of Rights
What does the right to refuse participation in medical research mean?
Patients can decline to participate in any medical research or trials.
p.5
Patient's Bill of Rights
What is the purpose of the Patient's Bill of Rights?
To contribute to more effective patient care.
Who can act as a legally accepted representative for proxy consent?
A legally accepted representative can be a family member, guardian, or someone designated by the patient.
What is the role of an individual authorized under applicable law in proxy consent?
To represent the interest of an individual and provide consent on their behalf.
p.7
Patient's Bill of Rights
What does the right to leave refer to?
Patients have the right to leave the healthcare facility at any time.
p.29
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What should be avoided in patient information unless essential?
Patient identifiable information.
p.19
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What does the obligation of confidentiality prohibit?
Disclosing information about the patient's case without permission.
p.19
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What does confidentiality encourage health care providers to do?
Take precautions to ensure only authorized access to patient information.
p.31
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What principle should govern access to patient identifiable information?
Access should be on a strict need-to-know basis.
p.22
Privacy in Healthcare
What is the origin of the word 'privacy'?
It comes from the Latin words 'privatus' and 'privo,' meaning 'to deprive of.'
p.2
Autonomy in Healthcare
What is the origin of the term 'autonomy'?
It comes from the Greek term autos meaning 'self' and nomos meaning 'rule' or 'law'.
What does the right to safe care ensure for patients?
The right to receive care that is safe.
What must be included in the informed consent process?
Information about the procedure, risks, benefits, and alternatives.
p.6
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the right to privacy and confidentiality?
Patients have the right to have their personal health information kept private and confidential.
p.7
Patient's Bill of Rights
What is the right to correspondence and to receive visitors?
Patients have the right to communicate with others and receive visitors.
p.18
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Who is responsible for maintaining patient confidentiality?
Healthcare providers, including doctors, nurses, and administrative staff.
p.19
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
How does respecting patient privacy benefit the healthcare environment?
It creates a trusting environment that encourages patients to seek care and be honest.
What do patients' rights statements typically include?
A mixture of civil rights, legal rights, and moral rights.
p.5
Patient's Bill of Rights
Who is expected to support the Patient's Bill of Rights?
The hospital, its medical staff, employees, and patients.
What is one of the patient's rights regarding healthcare access?
The right to equal access to health care.
p.11
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is the physician's primary obligation towards unconscious patients?
To strive to save the life of the patient.
p.7
Patient's Bill of Rights
What is the right to religious belief in the context of the Patient's Bill of Rights?
Patients have the right to hold and practice their religious beliefs.
What happens if informed consent is not obtained?
It may lead to ethical and legal issues, including accusations of battery or negligence.
p.7
Patient's Bill of Rights
What does the right to medical records entail?
Patients have the right to access their medical records.
What does the right to choose a health care provider and facility mean?
Patients have the right to select their health care provider and the facility where they receive care.
p.32
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What should be ensured for those handling personally identifiable information?
They should be aware of their responsibilities and obligations to respect patient and client confidentiality.
p.32
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Who should be aware of their responsibilities regarding patient identifiable information?
Everyone with access to patient identifiable information.
What is required of the delegate in a delegation scenario?
The delegate must be a mentally capable and legally allowed adult.
Why is it important to clarify patients' rights?
To understand the different types of rights involved: civil, legal, and moral.
What is required for a legally incompetent patient to give consent?
The consent of a legally entitled representative is required.
What must be obtained for unconscious patients regarding informed consent?
Consent must be obtained from a legally entitled representative whenever possible.
Why is informed consent considered ethical in nursing?
It respects patient autonomy and promotes informed decision-making.
What does the right to informed consent entail?
Patients have the right to be informed about their treatment options and to give consent before any medical procedure.
Who can give proxy consent?
People with the legal right to consent for themselves or for a minor.
In what context is proxy consent often used?
In clinical tests for prospective subjects.
p.6
Autonomy in Healthcare
What is the right to self-determination?
Patients have the right to make decisions about their own health care and treatment.
p.27
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the principle regarding access to patient identifiable information?
It should be on a strict need-to-know basis.
p.24
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What could happen if patient information is not kept confidential?
It could be used in damaging ways.
p.18
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What are some exceptions to confidentiality?
Situations involving risk of harm to self or others, legal requirements, or public health concerns.
p.25
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is essential for maintaining trust in the physician-patient relationship?
Protection of patient confidentiality.
What should be respected if a legally incompetent patient can make rational choices?
Their decisions must be respected.
What must be conformed to when carrying out procedures against a patient's will?
The principles of medical ethics.
What is proxy consent?
The process by which individuals with the legal right to consent delegate that right to another person.
p.29
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What should be considered at each stage of satisfying the purpose of patient information?
The need for patients to be identified.
p.26
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
When should patient identifiable information be used?
Only when absolutely necessary.
p.1
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is the principle of beneficence in healthcare?
The obligation to act in the best interest of the patient.
What is the purpose of a Living Will?
To pre-plan and communicate medical care wishes for situations where the individual cannot make decisions.
p.30
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the principle regarding the amount of identifiable information used?
Use the minimum necessary patient-identifiable information.
p.22
Privacy in Healthcare
What are the aspects encompassed by patient privacy?
Personal space (physical privacy), personal data (informational privacy), personal choices (decisional privacy), and personal relationships (associational privacy).
What is informed consent?
The patient's deliberate and voluntary acceptance of a health care procedure after sufficient disclosure of its nature, goals, effects, risks, benefits, and available medical options.
Under what conditions can diagnostic procedures or treatments be carried out against a patient's will?
Only in exceptional cases, if specifically permitted by law and conforming to medical ethics.
What is informed consent in nursing?
A process ensuring that patients understand and agree to the treatment being proposed.
p.10
Autonomy in Healthcare
What is the primary goal of informed consent?
To assure patient autonomy.
What does the right to information include?
Patients have the right to receive accurate and understandable information about their health and treatment.
p.7
Patient's Bill of Rights
What does the right to express grievances allow patients to do?
Patients can voice complaints or concerns regarding their care.
p.32
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the obligation of individuals handling patient information?
To respect patient and client confidentiality.
p.44
Fidelity in Patient Care
What is the origin of the word 'Fidelity'?
Derived from the Latin word 'Fidelis', meaning faithful or loyal.
p.21
Privacy in Healthcare
What are common methods to ensure privacy in healthcare settings?
Using secure systems for storing patient records and limiting access to authorized personnel.
What is informed consent?
The process of obtaining permission from a patient before conducting a healthcare intervention.
p.51
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is the principle of beneficence in healthcare?
The obligation to act in the best interest of the patient and promote their well-being.
p.62
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
How is Non-maleficence characterized in clinical practice?
It is constant in clinical practice.
p.55
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
Are clinicians required to provide interventions that are scarce resources?
No, clinicians are not required to act beneficently by providing interventions that are scarce resources, such as certain kinds of transplant surgeries.
p.56
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is the primary concern for Mrs. Johnson upon her hospital admission?
She is anxious about her condition and treatment.
What action does Dr. Smith take to demonstrate non-maleficence?
Consulting with the pharmacist to find a safer medication for Mrs. Johnson.
Which option best exemplifies non-maleficence in this case?
B) Consulting with the pharmacist to find a safer medication for Mrs. Johnson.
p.52
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What are the Latin roots of the word 'beneficence'?
From 'benefices', which comes from 'bene' (well/good) and 'facere' (to do).
p.5
Patient's Bill of Rights
What organization presents the Patient's Bill of Rights?
The American Hospital Association.
What document can indicate a patient's wish not to be resuscitated?
A prior explicit written document stating 'Do Not Resuscitate'.
What is required for procedures against a patient's will to be legally permissible?
Specific permission by law.
Who is responsible for obtaining informed consent?
The healthcare provider performing the procedure, often in collaboration with the nursing staff.
When is proxy consent typically used?
Proxy consent is used when a patient is incapacitated or unable to make informed decisions regarding their healthcare.
What is the primary purpose of proxy consent?
The primary purpose is to ensure that the patient's wishes and best interests are respected when they cannot communicate them.
What is a Power of Attorney for Medical Care?
It allows someone to name a trusted person to make medical decisions on their behalf if they become unable to do so temporarily.
p.31
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Who should have access to patient identifiable information?
Only individuals who need it for their specific roles.
p.31
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What may be necessary to manage access to patient information?
Introducing access controls or splitting information flows.
p.1
Autonomy in Healthcare
What is autonomy in healthcare?
The right of patients to make informed decisions about their own medical care.
p.31
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What does splitting information flows mean?
Using one information flow for several purposes to manage access.
p.33
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What should organizations handling patient information do?
Understand and comply with the law.
p.47
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What is comparative justice?
A type of justice that involves comparing the fairness of different distributions of resources or benefits.
p.45
Fidelity in Patient Care
What does fidelity imply in the clinician-patient relationship?
Exhibiting faithfulness to commitments or obligations.
p.54
Fidelity in Patient Care
What does the nurse notice about the patient in the hospital setting?
The patient is anxious and scared about an upcoming procedure.
p.23
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is confidentiality in healthcare?
The ethical principle that ensures patient information is kept private and not disclosed without consent.
p.23
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Why is confidentiality important in patient care?
It builds trust between patients and healthcare providers, encouraging patients to share sensitive information.
What event did the man attribute his condition to?
Attending a convention five days ago.
p.49
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What is the principle of 'To each person an equal share'?
It advocates for equal distribution of resources among all individuals.
p.18
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Why is confidentiality important in patient care?
It builds trust between patients and healthcare providers, encouraging patients to share sensitive information.
p.18
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What can happen if confidentiality is breached?
It can lead to loss of trust, legal consequences, and potential harm to the patient.
Why might someone create a Power of Attorney for Medical Care?
To ensure that a trusted person can make medical decisions if they become temporarily unable to do so.
p.25
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Why do patients share personal information with healthcare providers?
To receive appropriate care and treatment.
p.22
Privacy in Healthcare
What does the root 'priv' signify?
It means 'an opportunity in one's favor.'
p.48
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What does distributive justice in healthcare address?
The degree to which healthcare services are distributed equitably throughout society.
p.28
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Why should every proposed use or transfer of patient identifiable information be clearly defined?
To ensure transparency and accountability in handling sensitive data.
p.1
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What does confidentiality in medical practice entail?
The obligation to protect patient information from unauthorized disclosure.
p.37
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the potential conflict faced by the doctor in this scenario?
Balancing the wife's concerns with the husband's right to confidentiality.
p.61
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What action might a healthcare provider take if a medication has not been proven effective?
Refusing to give the medication to a patient.
p.59
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is the Latin maxim associated with the principle of non-maleficence?
Primum non nocere (first do no harm).
p.35
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What personal care issues might be documented?
Individual personal care issues.
p.49
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What does the principle 'To each person according to free market exchange' entail?
Resources are allocated based on market transactions and exchanges.
What is the first fundamental constraint on delegation in healthcare?
The person giving permission must have the authority to delegate.
What does legal and medical competence refer to in the context of delegation?
The delegator must be mentally capable and legally allowed to make decisions about their own medical care.
p.21
Privacy in Healthcare
What is the primary concern of privacy in healthcare?
Protecting patient information from unauthorized access.
p.34
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is considered confidential information?
Any information that an individual wishes not to make public.
p.34
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Can you give examples of confidential information?
Information related to personal health, financial details, and personal identification.
p.21
Privacy in Healthcare
What legal frameworks support patient privacy?
Laws such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) in the United States.
What is proxy consent?
Consent given by a designated individual on behalf of a patient who is unable to provide it themselves.
p.57
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
How does addressing a patient's anxiety and physical needs enhance care?
It enhances the patient's overall care and well-being.
p.50
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What factors can lead to disparate treatment of patients?
Age, disability, gender, race, ethnicity, and religion.
What was the man's primary concern regarding his diagnosis?
He was afraid his wife might discover it.
p.7
Patient's Bill of Rights
What is included in the right to be informed of rights and obligations?
Patients should be informed about their rights and responsibilities as patients.
p.44
Fidelity in Patient Care
What does 'Fidelity' signify in a broader context?
It signifies faithfulness or loyalty.
p.45
Fidelity in Patient Care
What is the definition of fidelity in healthcare?
An ethical principle implying loyalty and faithfulness to commitments or obligations between clinician and patient.
p.46
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What is the nature of applying the principle of justice in healthcare?
It is seemingly simple in the abstract but complex in application.
p.61
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is an example of beneficence in healthcare?
Stopping a medication known to be harmful.
p.55
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
How can the principle of Beneficence be overridden?
By the patient's desire to follow her own value agenda and priorities, according to the principle of autonomy.
p.58
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What does non-maleficence mean in healthcare?
The principle of not causing harm to patients.
p.23
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What are some exceptions to patient confidentiality?
When there is a risk of harm to the patient or others, or when required by law.
p.23
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
How can healthcare providers ensure confidentiality?
By implementing secure systems for storing patient information and training staff on privacy policies.
What does non-maleficence mean in a healthcare context?
The principle of not causing harm to patients.
p.60
Fidelity in Patient Care
What is a key aspect of the client-provider relationship?
Maintaining trust and restoring client dignity.
p.52
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is the principle of beneficence?
To do good while preventing and avoiding harm.
p.30
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What should be considered when using patient identifiable information?
Each individual item of information should be justified.
p.1
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What does non-maleficence mean?
The principle of 'do no harm' to patients.
p.33
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Who should be responsible for ensuring compliance with legal requirements in handling patient information?
Someone in each organization.
p.1
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What is the principle of justice in healthcare?
The fair distribution of healthcare resources and treatment.
p.62
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is the first major point of Non-maleficence?
It acts as a threshold for treatment.
p.50
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What does comparative justice in healthcare determine?
How healthcare is delivered at the individual level.
p.50
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What is the focus of comparative justice in healthcare?
Ensuring fair treatment of patients regardless of personal characteristics.
p.36
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What did the man request from the doctor regarding his condition?
Not to tell anyone, including his wife.
What side effect of the new medication poses a risk to Mrs. Johnson?
Dizziness, which could increase her risk of falling.
How does non-maleficence relate to informed consent?
Patients must be informed of potential harms to make safe decisions about their care.
p.49
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What does 'To each person according to need' imply?
Resources are distributed based on individual needs.
p.49
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What does 'To each person according to merit' refer to?
Distribution is based on the merits or qualifications of individuals.
p.30
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
Why is it important to limit patient identifiable information?
To ensure that only necessary information is transferred or accessible for a given function.
p.37
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the wife's concern regarding her husband?
She is worried why her husband does not want to make love with her.
p.37
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What ethical principle is at stake when considering whether to confide in the wife?
The Principle of Confidentiality.
p.51
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
How does beneficence relate to patient care?
It emphasizes the importance of providing positive benefits and preventing harm to patients.
p.28
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the importance of scrutinizing the transfer of patient identifiable information?
To protect patient privacy and ensure compliance with legal and ethical standards.
p.20
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What does the second principle of confidentiality emphasize?
Only Use It When Necessary.
p.58
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
Why is non-maleficence important in patient care?
It ensures that healthcare providers prioritize patient safety and well-being.
p.35
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What personal information is typically collected for an individual?
Name, date of birth, age, sex, and address.
p.49
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What does the principle 'To each person according to effort' suggest?
Distribution of resources is based on the effort put in by individuals.
p.47
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What is distributive justice?
A type of justice that focuses on the fair allocation of resources and benefits among individuals in a society.
p.22
Privacy in Healthcare
How does privacy reinforce confidence in healthcare?
It emphasizes the importance of respect for patient autonomy.
p.28
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What should happen to the proposed uses of patient identifiable information over time?
They should be regularly reviewed to ensure they remain justified.
p.54
Fidelity in Patient Care
What action does the nurse take to address the patient's anxiety?
The nurse takes extra time to explain the procedure in detail.
p.55
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
When are clinicians not acting beneficently?
When pursuing a course of treatment that is futile or where the burdens disproportionately outweigh the benefits for the patient.
p.56
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
Which action did Nurse Sarah take to support Mrs. Johnson?
She explained treatment options, reassured her, and arranged for a physical therapist.
p.56
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
Which action best demonstrates beneficence in Mrs. Johnson's care?
B) Explaining treatment and arranging additional support.
p.60
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is the duty of healthcare providers regarding harm?
To prevent or avoid harm, whether intentional or unintentional.
p.35
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What documents outline a patient's care strategy?
Individual personal plans.
p.52
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
According to Beauchamp & Childress, what is the goal of beneficence?
To best contribute to the welfare and well-being of others.
p.22
Privacy in Healthcare
Why is privacy important in healthcare?
It provides a secure environment for patients, allowing them to receive medical care and provide complete and accurate information.
p.57
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What does explaining treatment and arranging additional support demonstrate in healthcare?
Beneficence by addressing both the patient's anxiety and physical needs.
p.37
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What should a doctor consider before disclosing a patient's condition to a family member?
The obligation to maintain patient confidentiality.
p.1
Fidelity in Patient Care
What is fidelity in patient care?
The commitment to keep promises and uphold trust in the patient-provider relationship.
What is the scenario involving Dr. Smith and Mrs. Johnson about?
It involves prescribing a new antihypertensive medication while considering the risk of falls due to dizziness.
p.56
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What is one of the treatment options Nurse Sarah provided to Mrs. Johnson?
Arranging for a physical therapist to help with exercises.
p.35
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What type of health information is crucial for patient care?
Medical history or records.
p.60
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
Does the duty to avoid harm mean eliminating all harm?
No, it means avoiding harm unless the action promises a greater good.
p.52
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What does acting with beneficence involve?
Benefiting others while promoting their welfare and safety.
p.28
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the role of an appropriate guardian in the context of patient information?
To scrutinize and regularly review the continuing uses of patient identifiable information.
p.23
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What can happen if patient confidentiality is breached?
It can lead to legal consequences, loss of trust, and potential harm to the patient.
p.59
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What principle emphasizes the obligation not to inflict harm on others?
The principle of non-maleficence.
p.20
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What is the fifth principle of confidentiality?
Know Your Responsibilities.
p.64
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What does consulting with a pharmacist to find a safer medication demonstrate?
Non-maleficence by actively seeking to minimize the risk of harm associated with the new medication.
p.54
Fidelity in Patient Care
How does the nurse help the patient feel more comfortable?
By answering the patient’s questions and offering reassurance.
p.49
Principles of Justice in Healthcare
What is meant by 'To each person according to contribution'?
Resources are allocated based on the contributions made by individuals.
p.35
Confidentiality in Medical Practice
What records are maintained to track patient progress?
Service records and file progress notes.
p.52
Beneficence and Non-maleficence
What does the principle of beneficence prescribe?
'Above all, do good'; it entails a positive obligation to act for the benefit of others.
