What are the grooves between the lobes of the lungs called?
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Fissures.
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What are the grooves between the lobes of the lungs called?
Fissures.
What are the two main organs of the respiratory system?
The lungs.
What is mucociliary clearance?
The coordinated sweeping movement of cilia towards the pharynx.
Why is the right main bronchus more likely to block airflow when a small object is inhaled?
Because it is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left main bronchus.
What type of fissures are present in the right lung?
Horizontal and oblique fissures.
How many pairs of paranasal sinuses are there?
Four pairs.
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
Superiorly by the uvula and inferiorly by the hyoid bone.
What is the function of columnar epithelial cells in the respiratory system?
To remove mucus with trapped substances either by sneezing or swallowing.
What is the pleura?
A continuous layer of thin membrane covering the thoracic wall and lungs.
Where does the trachea begin?
Just inferior to the cricoid cartilage.
What unique features does the left superior lobe of the lung have?
What is the hilum of the lung?
The doorway through which the main bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter and exit each lung.
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
To warm and moisten incoming air, assist in sound resonance, and decrease skull weight.
What type of epithelium lines the inner surface of the nasal cavity?
Respiratory epithelium.
What role do arytenoid cartilages play in sound production?
They control the tension of the vocal cords, regulating the quality of sound produced.
What is the function of pleural fluid?
To moisten the pleurae and reduce friction during breathing.
What type of epithelium is found in the superior portion of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium.
What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
It allows air to pass through, connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx.
How does blood circulation occur in the alveolar sacs?
Branches of the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated blood to the alveoli for gas exchange.
What are the other two paired cartilages of the larynx?
Corniculate cartilage and cuneiform cartilage.
What is contained within the pleural cavity?
Pleural fluid.
Which muscles are primarily involved in normal breathing?
The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
What separates the two compartments of the nasal cavity?
A septum made with bones and cartilage.
What is the role of mucus-secreting cells in the respiratory epithelium?
To secrete sticky mucus that traps unwanted substances like dust and pathogens.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To guard the laryngeal inlet and prevent liquid or solid food from entering the larynx.
What are the two types of pleurae?
Visceral pleura (inner membrane) and parietal pleura (outer membrane).
What is the function of the cartilages in the trachea?
To maintain the trachea open.
What additional muscles assist in forced breathing?
Internal intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, and transversus abdominis.
What is the role of the laryngopharynx?
It serves as a shared path for both air and food, connecting to the oesophagus.
What is the cricothyroid ligament used for?
It is the site for cricothyrotomy, an emergency airway puncture.
What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?
The inferior pleural space where the thoracic wall meets the diaphragm, a common site for thoracocentesis.
What happens at the distal end of the trachea?
It branches into the left main bronchus and right main bronchus.
What is the parietal pleura?
The pleura that lies on the internal thoracic wall and diaphragm.
What is the function of ciliated cells in the respiratory epithelium?
To help move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract.
What is the structure of the trachea?
A vertical tube formed by C-shaped cartilages connected by membranous tissues.
What role do intercostal muscles play in breathing?
They raise and lower the thoracic cage during breathing.
What condition can cause pain in the forehead or face due to inflammation of the sinuses?
Paranasal sinusitis.
What allows oxygen to diffuse into the pulmonary capillaries?
The thin walls of the alveoli.
How many lobes does the right lung have?
Three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.
How is the respiratory system structurally divided?
Into the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
What is the visceral pleura?
The pleura that covers the lung surface.
What is the pharynx?
A muscular passageway that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus.
What is the significance of the thyroid cartilage?
It forms the 'Adam's apple' and provides attachment sites for the true vocal cords.
What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts?
It alters the pressure inside the thorax, controlling air movement into and out of the lungs.
What are the nasal conchae and their function?
Protruding shelf-like structures that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity.
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
What are the two functional zones of the respiratory system?
Conducting and respiratory zones.
What do the main bronchi branch into?
Lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, and bronchioles.
What is the primary function of the larynx?
To allow air to enter and leave the trachea and lungs, and to produce sound.
What is the anatomical position of the diaphragm?
It is a flat sheet of strong muscle located between the thorax and the abdomen.
How many cartilages compose the larynx?
Nine cartilages (three single and three paired).
What are alveolar sacs?
Tiny grape-like structures at the ends of the bronchial tree where gas exchange occurs.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange and filter and warm the air.
What is the significance of the nasal meatus?
It is a narrow space below each nasal concha that aids in airflow.
