What does the behavioral perspective focus on?
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It focuses on external causes of behavior, including environmental stimuli and the rewards or punishments received.
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What does the behavioral perspective focus on?
It focuses on external causes of behavior, including environmental stimuli and the rewards or punishments received.
What is the evolutionary perspective on anxiety?
Anxiety is an adaptive response that prepares one to respond to potential threats in the environment.
How does Skinner's perspective explain Little Albert's behavior?
If Albert moved away from the rat, the reduction of his fear acted as a positive consequence, reinforcing that behavior.
What is the focus of clinical psychology?
Researching, assessing, and treating individuals with mental health disorders.
What is the main focus of industrial/organizational psychology?
Examining the relationship between people and their work environments.
What psychological approach emphasizes personal growth and the potential of humans?
Humanism.
How does the cognitive approach explain depression?
By focusing on how depressed individuals think and perceive the world differently.
What is the goal of community psychology?
To enhance the quality of life for individuals and communities through early intervention and prevention.
What is the goal of humanistic therapy?
To help people use their inner resources to make healthier choices and lead better lives.
What do specialty areas in psychology correspond to?
Different aspects of behavior.
What cognitive differences are observed in anxious individuals?
Anxious people may engage in more pessimistic thinking or worry that everything will go wrong.
Who became the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
Mary Calkins in 1905.
What does the sociocultural perspective emphasize?
It emphasizes the influence of society and culture on behavior and mental processes.
According to the psychodynamic perspective, what causes anxiety?
Unresolved feelings of hostility, guilt, anger, or sexual attraction experienced in childhood.
What does environmental psychology examine?
The relationship between environments and human behavior.
What does social psychology research?
How beliefs, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others.
What shift occurred in research psychology alongside the rise of humanism?
A renewed interest in the study of mental processes.
What does biopsychology study?
Biological processes that underlie behavior, including genetic, biochemical, and nervous system functioning.
What does the sociocultural perspective suggest about anxiety?
Anxiety is influenced by a person's culture and socialization experiences.
What is the role of forensic psychology?
To address mental health issues within the legal system.
Who was the first African American to earn a doctorate in psychology?
Gilbert Haven Jones in Germany in 1909.
What is positive psychology concerned with?
Factors that contribute to happiness, positive emotions, and well-being.
What does cognitive psychology study?
Mental processes such as decision making, problem solving, language, and memory.
What does personality psychology research?
How people differ in traits, how personality develops, and whether traits can be changed.
What was B.F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?
Skinner emphasized the importance of consequences in behavior, introducing concepts of reinforcement and punishment.
What approach do most psychologists take when explaining behavior?
An eclectic approach that integrates several perspectives.
What does the eclectic perspective say about the sources of anxiety?
Anxiety stems from various sources depending on the individual, including family influence and personal experiences.
Who is known as the father of African American psychology?
Francis Sumner, the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology from a U.S. university in 1920.
What experiment did John B. Watson conduct with Little Albert?
He conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat by presenting it with a loud gong.
What is the main goal of positive psychology?
To enable individuals, families, and communities to thrive by studying positive aspects of human behavior.
What did Christine Ladd-Franklin study in the early 1900s?
Color vision.
What does the cognitive perspective focus on?
How mental processes influence behavior.
How does the biological perspective explain anxiety?
Anxiety is related to chemicals in the body or genetics (heredity).
What is the focus of educational psychology?
How people learn and how educational environments influence learning.
What does health psychology research?
Ways to promote health and prevent illness, focusing on lifestyle choices.
What does human factors psychology focus on?
Researching human capabilities as they apply to the design, operation, and maintenance of machines and systems.
What does the humanistic perspective stress about individuals?
The free will of individuals to choose their own patterns of behavior.
What societal factors might explain differences in teen birth rates between the U.S. and other countries?
Factors such as sexual values, contraceptive availability, and exposure to sex education.
Who was the first woman to be awarded a doctorate in psychology?
Margaret Washburn in 1894.
Who are two well-known humanists mentioned in the text?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
Why did behaviorism face criticism by the 1960s?
It could not account for feelings and thoughts, which could not easily be reduced to stimuli and responses.
What does developmental psychology research?
How individuals develop physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally over their lifespan.
What are some mental processes studied in cognitive psychology?
Memory, problem solving, and decision making.
How does the behavioral perspective view anxiety?
As a learned behavior associated with a specific stimulus or a response that has been rewarded.
What does sports psychology investigate?
The mental and emotional aspects of physical performance.
How does the humanistic perspective explain anxiety?
It is rooted in dissatisfaction with one's real self compared to their ideal self.
What is the goal of positive psychology?
To discover and promote factors that contribute to happiness and well-being.
What does school psychology assess?
Students' psychoeducational abilities and helps in educational placement decisions.
