What is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in the body?
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Enamel.
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What is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in the body?
Enamel.
Who conducted research related to cornectomy and tooth resorption?
Gorrel (2015), DuPont (2002, 1995).
What are some recommendations for maintaining oral health in pets?
Toothpastes, chewing, diets, chews and edible treats, toys, oral rinses, sprays, gels, water additives, wipes for teeth, and dental sealants.
What is a key factor in diagnosing tooth resorption?
X-ray guided examination.
What is recommended after a cornectomy?
A radiographic re-check in 12 months.
What is the recommended treatment for periodontal pockets less than 4-5 mm in dogs and 1-2 mm in cats?
Closed periodontal therapy including subgingival scaling, root planing, gingival curettage, and lavage.
What is the threshold for open periodontal therapy in dogs and cats?
Periodontal pockets greater than 4-5 mm in dogs and 1-2 mm in cats.
What is a common cause of physiologic tooth resorption?
Exfoliation of deciduous teeth.
What is guided tissue regeneration in periodontal therapy?
A technique that uses biologic mediators to promote the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
What percentage of TR type 2 cases are associated with periodontal disease?
15.6%.
What factors should be considered in cases of early and moderate periodontitis (PD2, PD3)?
Severity and extent of the disease, strategic teeth involved, duration of the disease, rapid onset, active disease, underlying diseases, age of the patient, anatomic predisposition, crowding and rotation, surgeon’s equipment and skills, and client’s dedication to oral home care.
What defines Stage 2 (PD2) of periodontal disease?
Early periodontitis; less than 25% attachment loss (AL), F1.
Can endodontic treatments fail?
Yes, endodontic treatments can fail.
Why is the age of the patient important in periodontal disease management?
Age can influence the severity and progression of the disease.
How much more likely are extra-small breeds of dogs to be diagnosed with periodontal disease compared to giant breeds?
Up to five times more likely.
What is the thickness of enamel in dogs and cats?
Dog: 0.5 - 1 mm, Cat: 0.2 mm.
Can the dentin-pulp complex repair itself?
Yes, repair is possible.
What is needed to determine the stage and type of dental issues?
Dental charting and dental radiographs.
What symptoms indicate allergies in pets?
Sneezing and nasal discharge.
What are periodontal diseases primarily induced by?
Plaque.
What is a potential consequence of systemic disease in pets?
Pathologic fractures.
What is the treatment for TR Type 1?
Extraction is needed.
What does periodontitis develop from?
Gingivitis.
What does a well-defined periapical lesion suggest?
Periapical granuloma.
What is suggested by remarkable well-defined periapical radiolucency with a thin mineralized rim?
Periapical cyst.
What are some extraoral clinical signs of endodontic disease?
Oral malodor, swelling, draining tract, chronic rhinitis, fracture.
What behavioral changes might indicate pain in endodontic disease?
Many different expressions and behavioral changes.
What is the role of the dentin-pulp complex?
It is connected with the periodontal ligament (PDL) via apical opening/apical delta and lateral canals.
What could cause swelling in pets that is related to trauma?
A bee sting.
What is the indication for extraction in advanced periodontitis (PD4)?
Advanced periodontitis (PD4) is still an indication for extraction.
What characterizes Stage 1 (PD1) of periodontal disease?
Gingivitis only.
What is a vital pulpectomy?
A dental procedure that involves removing the pulp from a tooth while preserving its vitality.
What is gingivitis and how can it be treated?
Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition that may persist for years but is completely reversible with the removal of plaque-bacteria.
What is periodontal homeostasis?
A clinically healthy periodontium that is not free of inflammation but maintains a homeostatic inflammatory state.
What procedure may be performed for TR Type 2?
Coronectomy may be performed.
Is periodontitis fully reversible?
No, it is only partially reversible.
What percentage of small breed dogs over the age of 3-4 years have periodontitis?
84-100%.
Which dog breeds are more prevalent for periodontal disease?
Small breed and brachycephalic dogs.
Does enamel have reparative potential?
No, it has no reparative potential.
What is a common sign of ophthalmic disease?
Rubbing eyes.
What symptoms are associated with respiratory disease?
Sneezing and nasal discharge.
What is the strong association between TR type 1 and periodontal disease?
72% of TR type 1 cases are associated with periodontal disease.
What is the classification for normal periodontal disease?
Normal (PD0).
What are signs of digestive or systemic disease in pets?
Reluctance to eat and halitosis with uremia.
What is the treatment recommendation for TR Stage 5?
May not require treatment; conservative management and monitoring may be sufficient.
What does rapid onset of periodontitis indicate?
It indicates a poorer prognosis.
What is the attachment loss percentage in Stage 3 (PD3) of periodontal disease?
25% to 50% attachment loss (AL), F2.
What characterizes Stage 4 (PD4) of periodontal disease?
Advanced periodontitis; more than 50% attachment loss (AL), F3.
How does crowding and rotation affect periodontal disease management?
It makes management of the disease more difficult.
What is the purpose of professional dental cleaning?
It is performed as treatment for gingivitis or as preparation for other periodontal or dental treatments or oral surgery.
What are some microbial aspects involved in periodontitis?
Bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and fungi.
When is attrition considered abnormal?
If it is due to malocclusion.
What are mandatory for diagnosing endodontic disease?
Dental charting and dental radiographs.
What is a periapical lesion?
An ongoing inflammation/infection attempt by the body to limit bacterial invasion.
What is the advantage of CT or CBCT in diagnosing endodontic lesions?
Higher frequency of detection of endodontic lesions in maxillary teeth.
What are some intraoral clinical signs of endodontic disease?
Missing crown, exposed pulp, mobile tooth, discolored tooth, swelling, draining tract.
Does tooth resorption affect only cats?
No, tooth resorption affects dogs, too.
What is tooth resorption (TR)?
Loss of tooth substance due to odontoclastic activity.
What are the two types of tooth resorption?
Physiologic (exfoliation of deciduous teeth) and pathologic (external vs. internal).
What should be done if tooth resorption is suspected?
X-ray recheck.
What components make up the periodontium?
Gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and bone.
Is TR type 2 truly idiopathic?
It is questioned whether TR type 2 is truly idiopathic.
What is the significance of normal innate immune function in periodontal health?
It is of utmost importance for maintaining periodontal homeostasis.
What are lesions not exposed to in TR management?
The oral cavity.
What are the four periodontal tissues affected by periodontitis?
Gingiva, cementum, bone, and periodontal ligament.
What factors contribute to the multifactorial nature of periodontitis?
Microbial aspects, host factors, and environmental factors.
What is a consequence of abnormal attrition?
Pathological wear of dental substance through an abnormal mechanical process.
What clinical sign indicates advanced periodontal disease?
Horizontal bone loss.
Which type of tooth resorption is slightly more common?
TR type 2 (60.0%) compared to type 1 (40.0%).
What are the advantages of vital pulpectomy and root canal treatment?
Efficient procedure, highly successful if properly performed, less invasive than extraction, preserves tooth function, and is more esthetically pleasing.
What should be considered if treatment is not successful long-term?
Referral to a specialist.
What types of cleaning are included in professional dental cleaning?
Supra- and subgingival cleaning.
What percentage of cats have some stage of periodontal bone loss?
98.2%.
What is attrition in dental terms?
Wear of dental substance due to occlusal contact and mastication.
What is the significance of diagnosing ONF?
It is crucial for identifying periodontal-endodontic disease and pathologic fractures.
Which size categories of dogs are most frequently diagnosed with periodontal disease?
Extra-small, small (6.5-9 kg), and medium-small (9-15 kg) breed size categories.
What environmental factors can affect periodontal health?
Oral care, medications, diet, nutrients, and geographical location.
What can occur on the worn surface due to attrition?
Tertiary dentin formation.
How often may pulpitis go unnoticed in cats?
In 54.5% of cases within 90 days post pulp exposure.
What is apical periodontitis?
Spread of infection through the apical delta leading to inflammation.
What is the reliability of Electric Pulp Test (EPT) in evaluating pulpal health?
Highly reliable diagnostic test.
What is the least reliable pulp test?
Tooth Transillumination (TTI).
What condition makes the Cold Pulp Test (CPT) accurate?
The patient's responsiveness to stimulation applied to its control healthy teeth.
What are the disadvantages of vital pulpectomy and root canal treatment?
Requires follow-ups with radiographs under general anesthesia, usually higher costs compared to extraction, and inability to detect post-endodontic-treatment pain in animals.
What should be monitored during periodontal disease treatment?
Blood loss.
How long after treatment should an X-ray recheck be performed?
48 hours.
What is combined vertical and horizontal bone loss associated with?
It is related to periodontal disease and can lead to complications.
What host factors can influence periodontal disease?
Breed, age, systemic health, and genetics.
What radiographic sign suggests a chronic periapical abscess?
Ill-defined periapical lesion.
How quickly can acute apical periodontitis develop in cats?
Within 30 days of pulp exposure.
What is necessary for a detailed examination of advanced periodontal disease?
Support clinical findings with dental X-ray.
What causes pulpitis?
Bacterial invasion and obliteration of blood vessels from swelling.
What indicates condensing osteitis?
A band of radiopaque sclerotic bone surrounding a radiolucent area.
When is treatment needed for fractured teeth?
All fractured teeth with exposed pulp or radiographic signs of endodontic disease.
