What is royal jelly's role in the development of queen bees?
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It increases the expression of queen-specific genes, leading to the queen phenotype.
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What is royal jelly's role in the development of queen bees?
It increases the expression of queen-specific genes, leading to the queen phenotype.
What happens to seeds grown in the dark?
They exhibit etiolation, with long, thin stems and yellow seedlings due to lack of chlorophyll synthesis.
How does temperature affect the wing phenotype in Drosophila?
Homozygous individuals express vestigial wings at low temperatures, intermediate wings at moderate temperatures, and long wings at high temperatures.
In autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the expected outcome when a heterozygote marries an unaffected spouse?
Half of the children will show the trait.
What is a common trait of sex-linked dominant inheritance?
The trait does not skip generations.
What is a white forelock of hair?
A genetic trait characterized by a patch of white hair, often associated with certain genetic conditions.
What happens to individuals with two copies of the inactive allele for phenylalanine hydroxylase?
They cannot metabolize phenylalanine, leading to its accumulation in the body.
What is epigenetics?
The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.
What is a characteristic of autosomal recessive inheritance?
Affected children may have phenotypically normal parents.
In sex-linked dominant inheritance, how does an affected male transmit the trait?
He transmits it to none of his sons and to all of his daughters.
What did Mendel discover in the second-generation (F2) hybrid plants?
Hidden traits would reappear.
What does congenital lack of incisors mean?
A genetic condition where an individual is born without incisors.
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A genetic disease caused by a non-functional version of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.
What environmental factors affect Mendel's tall variety of plants?
Adequate light, water, and soil conditions.
What did Mendel study to understand inheritance?
Traits in pea plants (Pisum sativum).
What was the outcome of Mendel's first-generation (F1) hybrids?
All looked like one of the parent plants, not a blend.
What is muscular dystrophy?
A group of genetic disorders that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.
What is the relationship between genes and environmental conditions in E. coli?
E. coli only synthesizes lactose permease and β-galactosidase when grown in lactose, not glucose.
Who is known as the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel.
What is the principle of independent assortment?
Each trait is inherited independently of the other.
What does microphthalmia refer to?
A condition characterized by abnormally small eyes.
What pathways does royal jelly activate in queen larvae?
Pathways associated with the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and major energy pathways.
What is the significance of father-to-son transmission in sex-linked recessive inheritance?
There is an absence of father-to-son transmission.
How did Mendel prevent self-pollination in his experiments?
By removing the pollen-producing stamen and cross-pollinating by hand.
How many pea plants did Mendel grow during his experiments?
Approximately 30,000 over 7 years.
What is the role of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase?
It metabolizes the amino acid phenylalanine.
What determines whether newly hatched female larvae develop into workers or queens?
The feeding regime during larval growth.
What are the consequences of a standard diet containing phenylalanine for PKU individuals?
They may manifest detrimental traits, including mental retardation.
How can PKU individuals develop normally?
By being raised on a phenylalanine-free diet identified at birth.
What environmental factor influences the outcome of PKU in children?
The diet they are raised on, specifically whether it contains phenylalanine.
What is a key characteristic of autosomal dominant inheritance?
The trait occurs with equal frequency in males and females.
What happens when both parents do not show an autosomal dominant trait?
None of their children will show the trait either.
What is the probability of children showing an autosomal recessive trait when both parents are carriers?
¼ of their children will show the trait.
What are the three foundational principles of inheritance proposed by Mendel?
Concept of dominance, Principle of segregation, and Principle of Independent Assortment.
What significant contribution did Mendel make to biology?
Developing statistical expectations about inheritance data.
How does diet affect human phenotype?
Diet influences traits such as height, weight, and intelligence.
How does DNA methylation affect the development of queen and worker larvae?
Differences in DNA methylation profiles result in different genes being activated, producing different phenotypes.
What is a key feature of sex-linked recessive inheritance?
More males develop the trait than females.
What was the common belief about inheritance before Mendel's experiments?
That parents' traits were blended together in their progeny.
