What is affected by deficits in reasoning?
Click to see answer
Intellectual functioning.
Click to see question
What is affected by deficits in reasoning?
Intellectual functioning.
智障學生在記憶力方面有什麼困難？
記憶力弱。
What term does DSM-5 use to replace 'mental retardation'?
Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder).
What is the prevalence rate of developmental disorders in children according to global statistics?
About 5 to 16%.
Why might the clinical severity level of Global Developmental Delay not be reliably assessed during early childhood?
Because the individual is too young to participate in standardized testing.
What does DD/ID stand for?
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability.
What is the DSM-V code for Global Developmental Delay?
315.8.
For which age group is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) designed?
Children between the ages of 6 to 16.
What is the criterion for a significant delay in GDD?
At least 2 standard deviations below the mean with standardized tests.
What are some common areas affected by developmental delay?
Common areas include speech and language, motor skills, cognitive skills, and social and emotional development.
How is intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior characterized in a moderate disorder of intellectual development?
Significantly below average, approximately three to four standard deviations below the mean.
How is intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior characterized in severe disorder of intellectual development?
Significantly below average, approximately four or more standard deviations below the mean.
What are the language and academic skill capabilities in individuals with severe disorder of intellectual development?
Very limited language and capacity for acquisition of academic skills.
What level of support do most individuals with a moderate disorder of intellectual development require to achieve independent living and employment as adults?
Considerable and consistent support.
How does OT help children in pre-school settings?
By providing activities and interventions that promote physical, cognitive, and social development.
Why is it important to use simple speech when communicating with people with intellectual disabilities?
Because they may feel confused by complicated messages and over questioning at the same time.
What are the key areas of OT training for adults and adolescents with DD/ID?
Vocational skills, IADL skills, Social skills, Community living skills.
What is the primary focus of assessing DD/ID?
To identify developmental delays and intellectual disabilities in individuals.
What IQ test score range indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning?
An IQ test score of around 70 or as high as 75.
What is the prevalence rate of intellectual disability in Hong Kong?
1.0% to 1.4%.
What are the components of social skills in adaptive behavior for individuals with intellectual disability?
Interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.
What are the developmental domains considered for GDD diagnosis?
Gross or fine motor, speech/language, cognition, social/personal, and activities of daily living.
Which age group is the diagnosis of GDD reserved for?
Children under 5 years old.
Name two developmental domains that can be affected in GDD.
Gross or fine motor and speech/language.
Why is it important to encourage people with intellectual disabilities to lead more independent lives?
Being over-protective or ignoring their abilities will hinder their development.
What are the developmental domains in which significant delay can define global developmental delay?
Gross and fine motor, speech and language, cognition, personal and social development, or activities of daily living.
What areas of adaptive behavior does the DABS assess?
Conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
What is the topic of the provided image?
Intellectual Disability
What category of disorders does Intellectual Disability fall under in DSM-V?
Neurodevelopmental disorders.
For which age group is the diagnosis of Global Developmental Delay reserved?
Individuals under the age of 5 years.
What criteria must be met for a diagnosis of Global Developmental Delay?
The individual fails to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of intellectual functioning.
How is intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior characterized in mild disorder of intellectual development?
Significantly below average, approximately two to three standard deviations below the mean.
What are examples of intellectual functioning?
Learning, problem solving, and judgement.
What activities are included in adaptive functioning?
Activities of daily life such as communication and independent living.
Why is the Global Developmental Delay diagnosis set aside for children under 5?
Because clinical severity cannot be consistently evaluated during early childhood.
What role does early intervention play in developmental delay?
Early intervention can help improve outcomes by providing support and therapies to address developmental challenges.
What factors are considered in the causes, prevalence, and comorbidity of DD/ID?
Factors include genetic, environmental, and prenatal influences, as well as the prevalence rates and common comorbid conditions associated with DD/ID.
What should you do to help people with intellectual disabilities integrate into society?
Be attentive and compliment them on proper behaviour; assist them to integrate into society.
How can daily routines or special arrangements help in communicating with people with intellectual disabilities?
They can inspire them to speak by sharing their attention and interest, and talking about it with them.
What types of support are available for people with DD/ID?
Support includes educational programs, therapeutic interventions, social services, and community resources designed to assist individuals with DD/ID in achieving their full potential.
What does ADL stand for in the context of occupational therapy?
Activities of Daily Living.
In which edition of the DSM was 'mental retardation' replaced by 'intellectual disability'?
DSM-5.
What is the focus of the video linked in the image?
Intellectual and Adaptive Function
What is the ICD-11 code for Developmental motor coordination disorder?
6A04
Why should people with intellectual disabilities be treated with respect?
Because they have their feelings, strengths, and weaknesses, and are equal members of society who enjoy equal opportunities and rights.
What is the ICD-11 code for a moderate disorder of intellectual development?
6A00.1
For which age group is the Global Developmental Delay diagnosis set aside?
Children under the age of 5.
What is the general capacity for language and academic skills in individuals with a moderate disorder of intellectual development?
Generally limited to basic skills.
What does OT stand for in the context of pre-school settings?
Occupational Therapy
How is global developmental delay defined?
As a significant delay in two or more developmental domains.
What does the Visual Spatial Index in the WISC reflect?
The ability to understand visual details and relationships in order to solve puzzles and construct geometric designs.
What is the first criterion for the DSM-5 diagnosis of Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Deficits in intellectual functioning, including reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standard IQ testing.
What IQ score range is classified as 'Very Superior' according to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third edition?
130 and above
What does chromosome microarray measure?
The expression of multiple genes simultaneously.
Why are vocational skills important in OT training for individuals with DD/ID?
They help individuals gain employment and achieve financial independence.
What is the topic of the provided image?
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
Which organization published the DSM-V?
American Psychiatric Association (APA).
What is the ICD-11 code for Developmental speech or language disorders?
6A01
What is the estimated number of persons with intellectual disability in Hong Kong?
71,000 to 101,000.
What does 'DD' stand for in the context of services in Hong Kong?
Developmental Delay.
What difficulties do individuals with mild disorder of intellectual development exhibit?
Difficulties in the acquisition and comprehension of complex language concepts and academic skills.
What is the ICD-11 code for severe disorder of intellectual development?
6A00.2
How is developmental delay diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves developmental screenings and assessments by healthcare professionals.
What does the term 'developmental delay' or 'global development delay' refer to?
When a child takes longer to reach certain developmental milestones than other children their age.
Who can benefit from OT services in the context of DD/ID?
Adults and adolescents with developmental delay (DD) or intellectual disability (ID).
Can individuals with severe disorder of intellectual development acquire basic self-care skills?
Yes, with intensive training.
What are some common interventions used by OTs in pre-school settings?
Play-based activities, sensory integration techniques, and fine motor skill exercises.
What is the focus of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS)?
What the individual actually does in daily life.
What areas of adaptive behavior does the Vineland-3 assess?
Communication, daily living skills, socialization, and motor skills.
What are the intrinsic prenatal causes of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Genetic factors, central nervous system malformations, and metabolic issues.
What is the third criterion for the DSM-5 diagnosis of Intellectual Disability (ID)?
The onset of these deficits during childhood.
What ability does the Verbal Comprehension Index in the WISC measure?
A child’s ability to verbally reason, which can be heavily influenced by their semantic knowledge.
What is the DSM-V code for Global Developmental Delay?
315.8
What does the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) assess?
Different aspects of intelligence.
What percentage of the school-age population in Hong Kong had intellectual disability according to the 2015/16 enrollment statistics?
0.8%.
How many developmental domains must show significant delay for a GDD diagnosis?
At least two developmental domains.
What basic skills do most individuals with mild disorder of intellectual development master?
Basic self-care, domestic, and practical activities.
What does OT stand for in the context of services for individuals with DD/ID?
Occupational Therapy.
What is the primary goal of OT in pre-school settings?
To support the development of fine motor skills, sensory processing, and social skills in young children.
What aspect of adaptive functioning involves the ability to convey and understand messages?
Communication.
What type of impairments are common in individuals with severe disorder of intellectual development?
Motor impairments.
What are some tools that can be used to facilitate communication with people with intellectual disabilities?
Tools like PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System), communication books and boards, speech synthesizers, and computer-assisted technology.
What areas does adaptive behavior cover?
Many everyday social and practical skills.
Why are social skills important in occupational therapy for school-age children?
Social skills are important for effective interaction and communication with peers and adults.
What does EDB stand for in the context of services for people with DD/ID in Hong Kong?
Education Bureau (HKSAR).
What abilities does the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) evaluate?
Semantic knowledge, verbal comprehension, abstract verbal reasoning, and verbal expression
How do social skills training benefit individuals with DD/ID?
They improve interpersonal interactions and relationships.
What type of skills does occupational therapy aim to develop to enhance a child's ability to engage in daily activities?
ADL (Activities of Daily Living) skills.
What is the website for Sam Shui Natives Association Lau Pun Cheung School?
What IQ score range is classified as 'Low Average'?
80-89
What syndrome is characterized by severe cognitive and physical impairments and is a comorbidity of DD/ID?
Rett syndrome
What type of prenatal causes include teratogens and toxins?
Extrinsic prenatal causes.
智障學生在社交能力方面有什麼困難？
社交能力較弱。
What are subtelomeric deletions?
Genetic deletions near the ends of chromosomes that can lead to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
What are some postnatal causes of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Neglect/psychosocial environment, infections, trauma, and toxins.
What does DSM-V stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.
What is the ICD-11 code for Disorder of intellectual development?
6A00
What is the DSM-V code for Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)?
What does general mental capacity include in the context of intellectual functioning?
Learning, reasoning, and problem solving.
What is the focus of the video titled 'Intellectual and Adaptive Function'?
The video focuses on intellectual and adaptive functioning.
What are the two main components of functioning discussed in the context of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning.
What is the ICD-11 code for Developmental learning disorder?
6A03
What does GDD stand for?
Global Developmental Delay.
What is required after a period of time for individuals diagnosed with Global Developmental Delay?
Reassessment.
What is the ICD-11 code for mild disorder of intellectual development?
6A00.0
What is developmental delay?
Developmental delay refers to when a child does not reach their developmental milestones at the expected times.
What type of services are provided for people with DD in Hong Kong?
Services for people with Developmental Delay.
What should we appreciate about people with intellectual disabilities?
Their achievements, with realistic expectations.
What does DD/ID stand for?
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability.
Why is it important to accept the limitations of people with intellectual disabilities?
Because they take longer to adapt to new environments and face more challenges when learning new skills.
What are the areas of deficits in adaptive functioning?
Communication, social skills, personal independence at home or in community settings, and school or work functioning.
What is a key focus in supporting individuals with DD/ID?
Providing tailored support strategies to meet their unique needs.
How should tasks be managed for people with intellectual disabilities?
Allow them to finish their tasks at their own pace.
What level of independence can individuals with mild disorder of intellectual development generally achieve?
Relatively independent living and employment as adults, but may require appropriate support.
Why is it important to provide support for people with DD/ID?
To enhance their quality of life and help them achieve their full potential.
What are the key components of diagnostic criteria and classification for DD/ID?
The key components include specific criteria for diagnosis and the classification of different types of developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
What developmental domain includes skills like dressing and feeding oneself?
Activities of daily living.
Which area of adaptive functioning is related to performance in educational or occupational settings?
School or work functioning.
What type of support do individuals with severe disorder of intellectual development typically require?
Daily support in a supervised environment for adequate care.
What methods are used for the assessment of DD/ID?
Methods include standardized tests, observational assessments, and developmental screenings to diagnose developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
What age range does the Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS) assess?
People between 4 and 21 years old.
What are the components of conceptual skills in adaptive behavior for individuals with intellectual disability?
Language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction.
What are the components of practical skills in adaptive behavior for individuals with intellectual disability?
Activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.
What might be some causes of developmental delay?
Causes can include genetic disorders, complications during pregnancy or birth, environmental factors, and medical conditions.
Which area of adaptive functioning involves the ability to interact effectively with others?
Social skills.
What does personal independence in adaptive functioning refer to?
Personal independence at home or in community settings.
What types of activities might some individuals with a moderate disorder of intellectual development master?
Basic self-care, domestic, and practical activities.
What is the difference between developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Developmental delay refers to a lag in reaching developmental milestones, while intellectual disability involves limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
What are the key areas of focus for occupational therapy in school-age settings?
Writing and reading skills, ADL skills, and social skills.
What is intellectual disability characterized by?
Significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
What does the Working Memory Index in the WISC reflect?
The ability to register, maintain, and manipulate visual and auditory information.
What does the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) in the WAIS assess?
Block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, and picture completion
What IQ score range is classified as 'Superior'?
120-129
What is a karyotype?
A person's chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order.
Which school is associated with the Sam Shui Natives Association for OT in school-age settings?
Lau Pun Cheung School
What type of education is highlighted on the EDB website for people with DD/ID?
Special Education.
What condition is specifically tested for with Rett syndrome testing?
Rett syndrome.
What are some examples of conceptual skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include language, reading, writing, and money concepts.
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 30 months in a child with DD?
Cannot scribble, no short phrases.
What aspect of occupational therapy in pre-school settings helps children process and respond to sensory information?
Sensory skills.
What is academic learning and how is it affected by intellectual deficits?
Academic learning is the ability to learn in school via traditional teaching methods, and it is impaired by intellectual deficits.
Which skills are developed through occupational therapy to enhance a child's ability to engage in play?
Play skills.
Why is it important to promptly respond to the expressions of people with intellectual disabilities?
To encourage them to communicate.
Which type of disease, associated with DD/ID, affects the mitochondria and energy production in cells?
Mitochondrial disease
What serious condition, associated with DD/ID, involves abnormal cell growth in the brain?
Brain tumor
What percentage of intellectual disability cases are classified as severe?
3.5%
How can job opportunities benefit people with intellectual disabilities?
With professional training, people with intellectual disabilities can become diligent employees who do not hop from job to job.
Why is early intervention important in pre-school settings?
Early intervention can help address developmental delays and improve long-term outcomes for children.
What is the name of the school associated with Caritas Jockey Club for OT in school-age settings?
Lok Yan School
What are the key areas of focus for occupational therapy in pre-school settings?
Sensory, Motor, Cognition, Psychosocial, Play skills, Pre-writing, writing and reading skills, ADL skills.
What is the website for Caritas Jockey Club Lok Yan School?
What year is referenced for the services provided by the EDB for people with DD/ID in Hong Kong?
What is the purpose of Fragile X DNA testing?
To diagnose Fragile X syndrome.
What are teratogen-related encephalopathies?
Brain disorders caused by exposure to teratogens, which are substances that can cause developmental malformations.
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 24 months in a child with DD?
No single words, cannot follow situational commands.
What is the difference between whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing?
Whole-exome sequencing focuses on the coding regions of genes, while whole-genome sequencing covers the entire genome.
What are some examples of social skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, and the ability to follow rules.
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 36 months in a child with DD?
Unable to speak simple sentences, cannot identify basic shapes and colours.
Why is it important to understand the prevalence of DD and ID?
To allocate resources, plan interventions, and support affected individuals and their families.
What is Patau syndrome?
A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 13, leading to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities.
What is the primary goal of Occupational Therapy (OT) for individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
To enhance their ability to perform daily activities and improve their quality of life.
What type of disease, associated with DD/ID, involves the accumulation of waste products in cells?
Lysosomal disease
What is the SSI listing criteria for mild intellectual disability?
IQ of 60 through 70 and a physical or other mental impairment imposing an additional and significant limitation of function.
What type of support is needed for individuals with moderate intellectual disability according to AAIDD criteria?
Limited support needed in daily situations.
What type of support is needed for individuals with profound intellectual disability according to AAIDD criteria?
Pervasive support needed for every aspect of daily routines.
What is the difference between intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning?
Intellectual functioning refers to cognitive abilities such as reasoning, problem-solving, and learning, while adaptive functioning involves practical, social, and conceptual skills needed for daily living.
What ability does the Fluid Reasoning Index in the WISC measure?
The ability to detect relationships among visual objects.
What is the purpose of sensory evaluation in diagnostic assessment?
To assess sensory processing and integration.
What are the two main components of intellectual and adaptive function?
Intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 6 months in a child with DD?
Head lag, no reaching out.
What are the extrinsic prenatal causes of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Teratogens/toxins (such as drugs of abuse and medications) and infections.
What IQ score range is classified as 'High Average'?
110-119
How does a deficit in problem solving impact intellectual functioning?
It impairs the ability to find solutions to problems.
What is the capacity for acquisition of academic skills in individuals with profound disorder of intellectual development?
Restricted to basic concrete skills.
What are some of the support services mentioned for people with DD/ID on the EDB website?
Special education support, speech therapy support.
Which area of occupational therapy in pre-school settings helps children with their physical movements and coordination?
Motor skills.
What level of support do individuals with profound disorder of intellectual development typically require?
Daily support in a supervised environment for adequate care.
What IQ score range is classified as 'Extremely Low'?
69 and below
Why is the assessment of adaptive behavior important?
It helps to determine how well an individual copes with common life demands and how independent they are compared to others of a similar age and background.
What does neurophysiology assess in diagnostic evaluation?
The function of the nervous system.
How can you encourage people with intellectual disabilities to voice their needs?
Prompt them to voice their needs and encourage them to start a conversation instead of doing everything for them.
What are some common interventions used by Occupational Therapists for individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Sensory integration therapy, fine motor skill development, and adaptive equipment training.
What is the approximate IQ range for mild intellectual disability according to DSM-IV criteria?
50–69
What percentage of intellectual disability cases are classified as moderate?
10%
What is the SSI listing criteria for profound intellectual disability?
A valid verbal, performance, or full-scale IQ of 59 or less.
What skills are targeted by occupational therapy to support academic performance in school-age children?
Writing and reading skills.
What is the most commonly used adult IQ test for measuring intelligence?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
What is the ICD-11 code for profound disorder of intellectual development?
6A00.3
At what age does intellectual disability originate?
Before the age of 18.
What does intellectual functioning refer to?
It refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking.
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 12 months in a child with DD?
Cannot stand with support, no pincer grasp.
What tasks are included in the Working Memory Index (WMI) of the WAIS?
Recalling a list of numbers in the order given (digit span) and a series of numbers and letters in order (letter-number sequencing)
Why is the assessment of adaptive behavior important?
It helps to determine how well an individual can function and meet the demands of everyday life.
What is comorbidity in the context of developmental delay (DD) and intellectual disability (ID)?
The presence of one or more additional conditions co-occurring with a primary condition.
What is abstract thinking and how is it affected by intellectual deficits?
Abstract thinking is the ability to understand complex concepts and ideas, and it is impaired by intellectual deficits.
What is Down syndrome?
A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21.
How can prenatal exposure to toxins affect a child's development?
It can lead to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
What syndrome, associated with DD/ID, is characterized by insatiable appetite and obesity?
Prader-Willi syndrome
What are some examples of conceptual skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include language, reading, writing, and understanding money, time, and numbers.
How can neglect or a poor psychosocial environment lead to developmental delay?
Neglect or a poor psychosocial environment can lead to developmental delay by depriving a child of necessary social, emotional, and cognitive stimulation.
How can trauma contribute to developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Trauma can cause developmental delay and intellectual disability by causing physical damage to the brain or other vital organs.
What type of support is needed for individuals with mild intellectual disability according to AAIDD criteria?
Intermittent support needed during transitions or periods of uncertainty.
What is the SSI listing criteria for severe intellectual disability?
A valid verbal, performance, or full-scale IQ of 59 or less.
What is the role of occupational therapy (OT) in DD/ID?
The role of OT in DD/ID includes helping individuals develop daily living skills, improving motor and cognitive functions, and enhancing social and adaptive behaviors.
What are common presenting features of developmental delay (DD) in pre-schoolers?
Delayed developmental milestones noted in different areas at the same time.
What are some areas affected by deficits in intellectual functioning?
Reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and experiential learning.
智障學生在思維方面有什麼困難？
思維比較具體，抽象及邏輯思考力較弱。
What is the purpose of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS)?
To assess the presence of significant limitations in adaptive behavior.
What is adaptive behavior?
Adaptive behavior is the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people have learned to function in their everyday lives.
What is the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) in the general population?
Approximately 1-3% of the general population.
How can infections during pregnancy affect fetal development?
Infections can act as extrinsic prenatal causes, potentially leading to developmental delay and intellectual disability.
智障學生在語言表達能力方面有什麼困難？
語言表達能力弱、掌握的詞彙有限、或有發音不準。
What does intellectual functioning refer to?
It refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking.
How does a deficit in judgment affect intellectual functioning?
It impairs the ability to make sound decisions.
What is Fragile-X syndrome?
A genetic condition causing intellectual disability, particularly in males, due to a mutation on the X chromosome.
What is the purpose of biochemical investigations in diagnostic assessment?
To analyze biochemical markers that may indicate underlying health conditions.
What genetic disorder, associated with DD/ID, causes tumors to form on nerve tissue?
Neurofibromatosis type 1
What is tuberous sclerosis?
A genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous tumors to form in many different organs, including the brain, leading to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
What term describes brain damage occurring around the time of birth and is associated with DD/ID?
Perinatal and postnatal encephalopathies
What level of support is needed for individuals with moderate intellectual disability according to DSM-5 criteria?
Independent living may be achieved with moderate levels of support, such as those available in group homes.
What is the SSI listing criteria for moderate intellectual disability?
A valid verbal, performance, or full-scale IQ of 59 or less.
What percentage of intellectual disability cases are classified as profound?
1.5%
What does IADL stand for in the context of OT training?
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.
What does the Processing Speed Index in the WISC measure?
The speed at which a child can accurately make decisions.
How is intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior characterized in profound disorder of intellectual development?
Significantly below average, approximately four or more standard deviations below the mean.
Which skills are targeted by occupational therapy to support early literacy in pre-school children?
Pre-writing, writing, and reading skills.
What are the communication abilities like in individuals with profound disorder of intellectual development?
Very limited communication abilities.
智障學生在注意力方面有什麼困難？
注意力較短暫，容易分心。
What are the two main components of intellectual and adaptive function?
Intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
What type of prenatal causes include genetic factors?
Intrinsic prenatal causes.
智障學生在四肢或手眼協調方面有什麼困難？
四肢或手眼協調欠靈活，影響日常自我照顧的能力。
What is adaptive behavior?
Adaptive behavior includes the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people have learned to function in their everyday lives.
What is asphyxia and how is it related to developmental delay?
Asphyxia (窒息) is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body, which can cause developmental delay if it occurs perinatally.
Which syndrome, associated with DD/ID, is known for severe intellectual disability and a happy demeanor?
Angelman syndrome
What term describes genetic disorders that disrupt normal metabolism and are associated with DD/ID?
Inborn errors of metabolism
What is congenital myotonic dystrophy?
A genetic disorder present at birth that affects muscle function and can lead to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
What percentage of intellectual disability cases are classified as mild?
85%
What level of support is needed for individuals with profound intellectual disability according to DSM-5 criteria?
Requires 24-hour care.
What is the second criterion for the DSM-5 diagnosis of Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Deficits in adaptive functioning that significantly hamper conforming to developmental and sociocultural standards for the individual's independence and ability to meet their social responsibility.
What is the purpose of the Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS)?
To assess the presence of significant limitations in adaptive behavior.
What are prenatal encephalopathies of disruptive origin?
They are brain disorders that occur before birth due to disruptive factors.
What are some common causes of developmental delay (DD) and intellectual disability (ID)?
Genetic conditions, prenatal exposure to toxins, birth complications, and infections.
What are teratogens?
Substances that can cause developmental malformations, including drugs of abuse and certain medications.
What IQ score range is classified as 'Average'?
90-109
How does occupational therapy in pre-school settings support a child's social and emotional development?
By focusing on psychosocial skills.
What is the website for EDB Integrated Education?
What IQ score range is classified as 'Borderline'?
70-79
Which disorder, associated with DD/ID, includes severe epilepsy and developmental delays?
Dravet spectrum disorder
In what way does occupational therapy in pre-school settings contribute to a child's cognitive development?
By focusing on cognition skills.
What should you pay attention to when communicating with people with intellectual disabilities?
All of their expressions, including what they say, the sounds they make, their gestures, and facial expressions.
What are chromosomal defects diagnosed by CGH array?
Genetic abnormalities identified using Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) array technology.
What is a key strategy to help people with intellectual disabilities initiate conversations?
Encourage them to start a conversation rather than just responding to questions.
What role does adaptive equipment play in Occupational Therapy for individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
It helps individuals perform daily tasks more independently and safely.
What level of support is needed for individuals with mild intellectual disability according to DSM-5 criteria?
Can live independently with minimum levels of support.
What are congenital infections?
Infections present at birth that can affect the development of the brain.
What is the goal of community living skills training in OT for individuals with DD/ID?
To enable individuals to live independently and participate in community life.
What does a deficit in planning affect?
The ability to organize and sequence tasks.
What types of impairments commonly co-occur with profound disorder of intellectual development?
Motor and sensory impairments.
What resources are available for special education according to the EDB website?
Special education resource centers and school education information.
What are some perinatal causes of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Asphyxia, prematurity, and neonatal complications.
What are metabolic investigations used for in diagnostic assessment?
To identify metabolic disorders that may contribute to developmental delays or intellectual disabilities.
How can prematurity contribute to developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Prematurity can lead to developmental delay and intellectual disability due to the underdevelopment of organs and systems, increasing the risk of complications.
What are some examples of social skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, and the ability to follow rules and avoid being victimized.
How does Occupational Therapy (OT) support individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
By providing interventions that develop, recover, or maintain meaningful activities or occupations.
How do Occupational Therapists assess the needs of individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Through comprehensive evaluations that consider physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects.
What is the approximate IQ range for severe intellectual disability according to DSM-IV criteria?
20–35
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 18 months in a child with DD?
Cannot walk alone.
What does the Processing Speed Index (PSI) measure?
How fast your brain works, including tasks like symbol search, cancellation, and coding
What are genetic encephalopathies?
Brain disorders caused by genetic abnormalities.
Name some common comorbid conditions associated with intellectual disability (ID).
Autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, ADHD, and anxiety disorders.
What is the role of neuroimaging in diagnostic assessment?
To visualize the structure and function of the brain.
What are some examples of practical skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include personal care, occupational skills, healthcare, travel, and use of money.
What is experiential learning and how is it affected by intellectual deficits?
Experiential learning is the ability to learn through experience, trial and error, and observation, and it is impaired by intellectual deficits.
What does OT stand for in the context of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Occupational Therapy.
What role do infections play in causing developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Infections can cause developmental delay and intellectual disability by damaging the brain or other critical systems during the postnatal period.
Why is sensory integration therapy important in Occupational Therapy for individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
It helps individuals process and respond to sensory information more effectively.
What level of support is needed for individuals with severe intellectual disability according to DSM-5 criteria?
Requires daily assistance with self-care activities and safety supervision.
What is the approximate IQ range for profound intellectual disability according to DSM-IV criteria?
IQ <20
What are some examples of practical skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include personal care, occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, and use of the telephone.
What are some examples of toxins that can lead to developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Examples of toxins include lead, mercury, and certain chemicals that can damage the developing brain and nervous system.
What is the approximate IQ range for moderate intellectual disability according to DSM-IV criteria?
36–49
What type of support is needed for individuals with severe intellectual disability according to AAIDD criteria?
Extensive support needed for daily activities.
