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30 Gene regulation_20260119

Created by maranda

p.3

What is one of the stages of eukaryotic gene expression regulation that occurs in the nucleus?

A. Protein processing
B. Transport to cytoplasm
C. Degradation of mRNA
D. Alternative RNA splicing
E. Translation

Select an answer

p.3

Explanation

Alternative RNA splicing occurs in the nucleus and is a key regulatory step in eukaryotic gene expression, allowing for the production of different protein isoforms from a single gene.

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p.3
Regulation of transcription initiation

What is one of the stages of eukaryotic gene expression regulation that occurs in the nucleus?

D

p.3
mRNA degradation

Which of the following is a regulatory step that occurs in the cytoplasm?

E

p.3
Control elements in gene regulation

What does the regulation of chromatin structure refer to in the context of gene expression?

E

p.3
Protein processing and degradation

What is the role of protein processing in gene expression regulation?

C

p.3
Differential gene expression

How can gene expression be controlled at various stages?

C

p.4
Differential gene expression

What percentage of protein-coding genes does a typical human cell express at any given time?

B

p.4
Differential gene expression

What primarily causes differences in structure and function among cells?

D

p.4
Differential gene expression

What role do gene regulatory mechanisms play in gene expression?

E

p.4
Differential gene expression

What is indicated by the wavy lines next to the gene expression bars in the diagram?

E

p.4
Differential gene expression

What percentage of the length of the average gene is represented in the final gene product?

C

p.5
Types of DNA sequences in the human genome

What percentage of the human genome is made up of repetitive DNA that includes transposable elements and related sequences?

A

p.5
Types of DNA sequences in the human genome

What is the approximate percentage of the human genome that consists of unique noncoding DNA?

B

p.5
Types of DNA sequences in the human genome

Which type of DNA sequence makes up about 1.5% of the human genome?

C

p.5
Types of DNA sequences in the human genome

What portion of the human genome is made up of gene-associated regulatory sequences and introns combined?

D

p.5
Types of DNA sequences in the human genome

Which of the following types of DNA sequences accounts for the smallest percentage of the human genome?

B

p.6
Control elements in gene regulation

What are the two types of control elements involved in transcription regulation?

A

p.6
mRNA degradation

What is the role of untranslated regions (UTRs) in mRNA?

E

p.6
Alternative RNA splicing

What is a key process that occurs during RNA processing of the primary transcript?

B

p.6
mRNA degradation

What is the function of the 5' cap in mRNA?

C

p.6
Transcription initiation

What is the final product of RNA processing of the primary transcript?

D

p.8
Control elements in gene regulation

What are control elements in DNA primarily used for?

B

p.8
Control elements in gene regulation

Where are proximal control elements located?

D

p.8
Control elements in gene regulation

What is a characteristic of enhancers in relation to genes?

B

p.8
Control elements in gene regulation

How many control elements does an average enhancer contain?

B

p.8
Control elements in gene regulation

What distinguishes distal control elements from proximal control elements?

D

p.9
Transcription initiation

What is the role of general transcription factors (TFs)?

A

p.9
Transcription initiation

Where do specific transcription factors (TFs) bind on the DNA?

A

p.9
Transcription initiation

What is the function of the activation domain of transcription factors?

A

p.9
Transcription initiation

How do specific transcription factors affect gene expression?

A

p.9
Transcription initiation

What is crucial for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription?

B

p.10
Enhancer regulation of gene transcription

What is the role of activator proteins in enhancer regulation of gene transcription?

E

p.10
Enhancer regulation of gene transcription

What is the function of the DNA-bending protein in the transcription process?

E

p.10
Enhancer regulation of gene transcription

Which components are involved in forming the transcription initiation complex at the promoter?

E

p.10
Enhancer regulation of gene transcription

What is the sequence of events leading to transcription as described in the content?

D

p.10
Enhancer regulation of gene transcription

What is the significance of the enhancer in gene transcription?

A

p.11
Combinatorial control of gene activation

What is essential for regulating gene transcription according to the text?

A

p.11
Combinatorial control of gene activation

How does cell-type specific transcription occur?

A

p.11
Combinatorial control of gene activation

What role do activator proteins play in gene expression?

C

p.11
Combinatorial control of gene activation

What is the significance of enhancers in gene regulation?

D

p.11
Combinatorial control of gene activation

What determines which genes are expressed in a cell?

D

p.12
Alternative RNA splicing

What is alternative RNA splicing?

D

p.12
Alternative RNA splicing

What is one of the main benefits of alternative RNA splicing?

A

p.12
Alternative RNA splicing

Which of the following best describes the role of exons in alternative RNA splicing?

C

p.12
Alternative RNA splicing

How does alternative RNA splicing contribute to gene regulation?

B

p.12
Alternative RNA splicing

What is a potential consequence of errors in alternative RNA splicing?

D

p.13
Differential gene expression

What is the ultimate measure of gene expression for a protein-coding gene?

A

p.13
Post-transcriptional regulation

What provides opportunities for regulating gene expression that are not available in prokaryotes?

B

p.13
Post-transcriptional regulation

How do regulatory mechanisms after transcription affect gene expression?

D

p.13
Overview of gene regulation

What is the first step in the flow of gene expression as depicted in the circular diagram?

C

p.13
Post-transcriptional regulation

What happens to mRNA after RNA processing according to the flow of gene expression?

B

p.14
RNA splicing

What is the role of introns during RNA processing?

C

p.14
RNA splicing

What sequence is commonly found at the 5' end of introns that indicates where splicing should occur?

D

p.14
RNA splicing

What happens if there is a splice-site mutation?

C

p.14
RNA splicing

Which part of the RNA molecule is included in the final mRNA but does not code for protein?

C

p.14
RNA splicing

How many exons are present in the B-globin gene as described in the text?

B

p.15
Alternative RNA splicing

What is the primary function of alternative RNA splicing?

A

p.15
Alternative RNA splicing

What role do regulatory proteins play in alternative RNA splicing?

B

p.15
Alternative RNA splicing

What percentage of human protein-coding genes are estimated to undergo alternative splicing?

A

p.15
Alternative RNA splicing

How does alternative RNA splicing relate to the complexity of human proteins?

A

p.15
Alternative RNA splicing

What is a simple example of alternative RNA splicing mentioned in the text?

C

p.17
mRNA degradation

How long can mRNAs in multicellular eukaryotes typically survive?

E

p.17
mRNA degradation

Where are nucleotide sequences that affect mRNA stability typically found?

E

p.17
mRNA degradation

What role do non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play in mRNA stability?

D

p.17
mRNA degradation

What can block the initiation of translation for some mRNAs?

C

p.17
mRNA degradation

What is the function of the 5' cap in an mRNA molecule?

D

p.18
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

What are microRNAs (miRNAs)?

C

p.18
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

How many genes for miRNAs are estimated to exist in the human genome?

E

p.18
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

What is a significant role of microRNAs in the human body?

C

p.18
Transcription initiation

Where are pre-miRNAs processed into mature miRNAs?

D

p.18
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

What is the approximate size of microRNAs?

B

p.19
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

What is the primary function of miRNA in gene regulation?

E

p.19
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

What happens when there is perfect base pairing between miRNA and mRNA?

A

p.19
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

What is the outcome of incomplete base pairing between miRNA and mRNA?

E

p.19
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

How many nucleotides of complementary sequence are needed for miRNA to bind to mRNA?

E

p.19
Role of microRNAs in gene regulation

What are the two silencing effects that miRNA-protein complexes can exert on targeted mRNA?

B

p.20
Chromatin modification

What effect does histone acetylation have on chromatin structure?

A

p.20
Chromatin modification

What generally happens to transcription when DNA is methylated?

B

p.20
mRNA degradation

What determines the life span of each mRNA?

E

p.20
Transcription initiation

How do enhancers contribute to transcription regulation?

E

p.20
Alternative RNA splicing

What is the role of alternative RNA splicing in gene expression?

C

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