p.8
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
The three main components are fibrous form (protein fibers), amorphous form (ground substance), and water (tissue fluid).
p.38
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is a melanosome?
A melanosome is a membrane-bound organelle responsible for the synthesis, deposit, and transportation of melanin.
p.63
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What occupies the space between the cells and fibers in connective tissue?
Ground substance occupies the space between the cells and fibers.
p.15
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts are modified mesenchymal cells responsible for producing fibers and ground substance for the extracellular matrix (ECM).
p.60
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the primary component of the ligamentum nuchae?
Elastic fibers are the primary component of the ligamentum nuchae.
p.18
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What intracellular structures do myofibroblasts contain that contribute to their contractile properties?
Intracellular actin filaments and dense bodies
p.88
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the major cell type in elastic connective tissue?
The major cell type is fibroblast.
p.8
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the non-living elements of connective tissue?
The non-living elements include intercellular substance and extracellular matrix, which can exist in fluid to solid states.
p.57
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
How much can elastic fibers stretch?
Up to 1.5 times their length
p.10
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is the significance of mesenchyme in the embryo?
Mesenchyme is a type of embryonic connective tissue that plays a crucial role in the development of various tissues and organs.
p.32
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the appearance of an inactive macrophage compared to a fibroblast?
An inactive macrophage has a small round nucleus with dark staining, similar to a fibroblast.
p.34
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
How do multinucleated giant cells form?
They form through the fusion of more than one macrophage, often in response to a large foreign body.
p.18
Functions of Connective Tissue
What role do myofibroblasts play in wound healing?
They form granulation tissue, which leads to scar formation.
p.84
Introduction to Connective Tissue
What are the two main layers of the skin?
The two main layers of the skin are the epidermis and the dermis.
p.98
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the types of cells found in connective tissue?
Pigmented cells (melanocyte and melanophore), fibroblast, macrophage, mast cell, plasma cell.
p.42
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the role of collagen fibers in connective tissue?
They provide strength and support.
p.58
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
What is the property of elastin molecules in connective tissue?
The network of elastin molecules can stretch and recoil like a rubber band.
p.56
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of elastic fibers in connective tissue?
Elastic fibers provide elasticity and resilience, allowing tissues to return to their original shape after stretching.
p.26
Fibroblast and Other Connective Tissue Cells
What triggers exocytic degranulation of mast cells?
Exocytic degranulation of mast cells is triggered by the binding of IgE to receptors on the cell surface, leading to local inflammation.
p.48
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are the locations where collagen fibers can be found?
Collagen fibers are found in the mesentery spread, dermis of the skin, and tendons.
p.39
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the living elements of connective tissue?
Connective tissue cells (CNT cells).
p.15
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the two stages of fibroblasts?
The two stages of fibroblasts are the active/young fibroblast and the inactive/adult fibroblast (fibrocyte).
p.20
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
How do reticular cells interact with adjacent cells and fibers?
Through cell process networking.
p.82
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What is dense regularly arranged connective tissue (elastic type)?
A type of connective tissue that contains elastic fibers arranged in a parallel manner, allowing for flexibility and resilience.
p.41
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of connective tissue fibers?
To strengthen and support the tissue.
p.57
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the core composition of elastic fibers?
An elastin core surrounded by microfibrils
p.9
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the non-living elements of connective tissue?
Intercellular substance and extracellular matrix.
p.9
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the living elements of connective tissue?
Connective tissue cells (CNT cells).
p.10
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What staining method is commonly used to visualize connective tissue in histology?
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is commonly used to visualize connective tissue in histological sections.
p.55
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the structure of reticular fibers?
Thin and highly branched.
p.83
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What type of fibers are primarily found in dense irregularly arranged connective tissue?
Primarily irregular collagen fibers and some elastic fibers.
p.29
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the shape of a plasma cell?
Oval, round, or irregular shape (smaller than macrophage but larger than lymphocyte).
p.23
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of beige fat in the body?
To generate heat and regulate energy expenditure, similar to brown fat.
p.6
Functions of Connective Tissue
What are the primary functions of mesoderm connective tissue?
Structural support, flexibility, storage, circulatory support, defense, strength, and contractile support.
p.2
Introduction to Connective Tissue
เอกสารนี้ใช้เพื่ออะไร?
เอกสารนี้ใช้ประกอบการเรียนการสอนในห้องบรรยายเพื่อประกอบความเข้าใจตามหลักสูตรแพทยศาสตร์.
p.53
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
In which type of connective tissue are reticular fibers commonly found?
Reticular fibers are commonly found in loose connective tissue, particularly in reticular connective tissue.
p.26
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What staining characteristic is associated with histamine in H&E?
Histamine exhibits acidophilic staining in H&E preparations.
p.26
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the significance of toluidine blue staining in relation to heparin?
Toluidine blue staining shows metachromasia, where heparin changes color from magenta to purple.
p.13
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
How does the cytoplasm of mesenchymal cells appear?
Pale cytoplasmic basophilic staining
p.38
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
How are melanosomes transferred to other cells?
Melanosomes are transferred to other cells by phagocytosis.
p.76
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Which cells are present in loose irregularly arranged connective tissue?
Fibroblast, macrophage, mast cell, and white blood cell.
p.32
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
How does an active macrophage differ from an inactive macrophage?
An active macrophage is larger, has an overt nucleus, and contains phagocytic vacuoles/granules.
p.82
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What characterizes dense regularly arranged connective tissue (collagenous type)?
It is characterized by tightly packed collagen fibers arranged in a parallel fashion, providing tensile strength in one direction.
p.47
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the diameter range of collagen fibrils?
Collagen fibrils have a diameter range of 20-100 nm.
p.29
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
Describe the nucleus of a plasma cell.
Small eccentric nucleus with a large central nucleolus.
p.7
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
From what embryonic layer is most connective tissue derived?
Most connective tissue is derived from mesenchyme.
p.92
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the two main classifications of connective tissue?
Embryonal connective tissue and Adult/Mature connective tissue.
p.89
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is the ligamentum flavum?
Dense regularly arranged connective tissue of the elastic type.
p.13
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What feature do mesenchymal cells have for networking?
Cell process for networking with adjacent cells
p.13
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
Describe the nucleus of mesenchymal cells.
Large round/oval nucleus with pale staining (fine chromatin) and a prominent nucleolus
p.77
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What is loose irregularly arranged connective tissue?
Loose irregularly arranged connective tissue is a type of connective tissue characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers and cells, providing flexibility and support to surrounding structures.
p.87
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is a tendon classified as?
Dense regularly arranged connective tissue.
p.90
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by dense, regularly arranged fibers?
Dense regularly arranged connective tissue of the elastic type.
p.82
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What is dense irregularly arranged connective tissue?
A type of connective tissue that provides strength and support in multiple directions due to its irregular arrangement of collagen fibers.
p.47
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the structure of tropocollagen?
Tropocollagen is a triple helix that is 300 nm long and 1.5 nm thick.
p.99
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are the two main types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.84
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Which cells are primarily found in the connective tissue of the skin?
Fibroblasts are the primary cells found in the connective tissue of the skin.
p.53
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of reticular fibers?
The primary function of reticular fibers is to provide structural support and a framework for cells in organs such as the liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
p.75
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the two types of embryonal connective tissue?
Mesenchymal connective tissue and mucous connective tissue.
p.41
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are the main types of fibers found in fibrous connective tissue?
Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers.
p.26
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Where is histamine primarily found in connective tissue?
Histamine is found in cells at the mucosa and is involved in local inflammation during allergic reactions.
p.57
Functions of Connective Tissue
Where are elastic fibers present in the body?
In ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum, lung, skin, bladder, and walls of blood vessels
p.56
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
In which types of connective tissue are elastic fibers commonly found?
Elastic fibers are commonly found in elastic connective tissue, such as in the walls of large arteries, lungs, and certain ligaments.
p.38
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What types of proteins do melanosomes carry?
Melanosomes carry a protein scaffold for melanin deposit and enzymes involved in melanin biosynthesis.
p.20
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of nucleus do reticular cells have?
Large oval nucleus with pale staining.
p.99
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the main function of connective tissue?
To support, bind, and protect other tissues and organs.
p.7
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
Connective tissue functions as a supporting part among body structures, providing anchorage, separation, support, and fastening.
p.15
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cells are the most common in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts are the most common cells in connective tissue.
p.54
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the size range of reticular fibers?
Reticular fibers range from 100-150 nm.
p.75
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the general properties of adult connective tissue proper?
It includes loose irregularly arranged connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.26
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the role of heparin/chondroitin sulfate in connective tissue?
Heparin/chondroitin sulfate acts as an anticoagulant, found in cells at the dermis and submucosa, and helps inactivate histamine.
p.10
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are CNT cells?
CNT cells, or connective tissue progenitor cells, are cells that give rise to various types of connective tissue.
p.57
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
Which stains are used for elastic fibers?
Verhoeff's elastic stain and Weigert's elastic stain
p.78
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What is loose irregularly arranged connective tissue?
Loose irregularly arranged connective tissue is a type of connective tissue characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers and cells, providing flexibility and support to surrounding structures.
p.55
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the function of reticular fibers?
They form supportive networks.
p.76
Functions of Connective Tissue
Where is loose irregularly arranged connective tissue located?
Beneath the skin and around blood vessels, muscles, and nerves.
p.15
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is a key characteristic of fibroblasts regarding regeneration?
Fibroblasts have the capability for regeneration through mitotic division.
p.65
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is ground substance in connective tissue?
Ground substance is the non-cellular material found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue, providing a medium for the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and cells.
p.22
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are the two types of adipose cells?
Unilocular (yellow/white fat cell) and Multilocular (brown fat cell).
p.64
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)?
Long unbranched polysaccharides such as Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate, Heparan sulfate, Heparin, Dermatan sulfate, and Keratan sulfate.
p.31
Functions of Connective Tissue
What type of activity do histiocytes perform?
Phagocytic activity (cell debris & foreign body) by pseudopodium
p.65
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
How does ground substance affect the properties of connective tissue?
Ground substance affects the viscosity, elasticity, and overall mechanical properties of connective tissue, influencing its function and resilience.
What is the first step in collagen synthesis?
Transcription: DNA is converted to mRNA.
p.51
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What results from variations in the amino acid sequence of the α-chain in collagen?
Different properties of the collagen chains.
p.51
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are α-chains combined to form in connective tissues?
Various types of collagen.
p.28
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are plasma cells derived from?
B-lymphocytes as antibody-producing cells.
p.28
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
In which tissues can plasma cells be found?
Palatine tonsil, lymph node, and bone marrow smear.
p.15
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
How do fibroblasts move within the connective tissue?
Fibroblasts exhibit slow gliding movement, which can be observed during inflammation or healing.
p.83
Functions of Connective Tissue
Where is dense irregularly arranged connective tissue commonly located?
In fibrous capsules and the dermis of the skin.
p.84
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is found in the dermis?
The dermis contains dense irregularly arranged connective tissue.
p.98
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What type of fibers are present in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
Collagen fibers (either loose or dense connective tissue).
p.85
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the characteristic arrangement of dense regularly arranged connective tissue?
It is densely packed and organized in a regular pattern.
p.31
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the role of pseudopodia in histiocytes?
They assist in phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
p.98
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
Why is the dermis considered controversial as pigmented tissue?
Due to the presence of dermal melanocyte.
p.80
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is the lamina propria classified as?
Loose irregularly arranged connective tissue.
p.8
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Who primarily produces the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
The extracellular matrix is mostly produced by connective tissue cells, except for blood plasma.
p.59
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are the characteristics of elastic fibers?
Thin, branched, and wavy; they allow for stretch and recoil.
p.28
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
Where are plasma cells rarely found in connective tissue?
In the mucosa and serosa of the GI tract, mammary gland, reticular connective tissue of tonsil/lymph node, and chronic inflammation connective tissue.
p.20
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is a characteristic feature of the cytoplasm of reticular cells?
Fine granular cytoplasm with pale staining.
p.55
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
Which technique is used to visualize reticular fibers?
Silver impregnation technique.
p.17
Fibroblast and Other Connective Tissue Cells
What are the two types of fibroblasts found in connective tissue?
Active and inactive fibroblasts.
p.67
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the types of loose connective tissue?
Mesenchyme, Mucous connective tissue, Adult areolar connective tissue, Pigmented connective tissue, Adipose connective tissue, Reticular connective tissue.
p.54
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are reticular fibers primarily composed of?
Reticular fibers are mainly composed of type III collagen with a carbohydrate.
p.11
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the resident type connective tissue cells?
Resident type connective tissue cells are developed and function in connective tissue, including fibroblasts, reticular cells, mast cells, plasma cells, fixed macrophages, adipose cells, and pigmented cells.
p.71
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the characteristics of mesenchyme?
Mesenchyme is highly vascularized, contains mesenchymal cells, and has an extracellular matrix that includes fluid with chondroitin and rarely mature fibers.
p.5
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the three primary germ layers?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
p.5
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the components of the ectoderm?
Surface ectoderm, Neural tube, Neural crest cell
p.38
Functions of Connective Tissue
What factors influence the pigmentation spectrum?
The pigmentation spectrum depends on the stage of melanosome, rate of degradation, and number of melanosomes, but not on melanocyte density.
p.39
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the non-living elements of connective tissue?
Intercellular substance and extracellular matrix.
p.34
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is a multinucleated giant cell?
A multinucleated giant cell is formed by the fusion of multiple macrophages encircling a large foreign body, characterized by incomplete cytoplasmic division.
p.60
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by the presence of elastic fibers?
Elastic connective tissue is characterized by the presence of elastic fibers.
p.49
Functions of Connective Tissue
What role do collagen fibers play in connective tissue?
They provide strength and support.
p.29
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What type of cytoplasm does a plasma cell have?
Basophilic cytoplasm, mainly consisting of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
p.22
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of modified mesenchymal cells in adipose tissue?
Energy storage, hormone secretion, and cushioning.
p.81
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the two types of embryonal connective tissue?
Mesenchymal connective tissue and mucous connective tissue.
p.71
Functions of Connective Tissue
What role does mesenchyme play in development?
Mesenchyme serves as a precursor tissue for the development of most adult connective tissue and is crucial for blood system development.
p.92
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the special types of adult connective tissue?
Cartilage, Bone, and Hematopoietic tissue/Blood.
p.66
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the two main stages of connective tissue classification?
Embryonal connective tissue and Adult/Mature connective tissue.
p.73
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
Where is Mucous Connective Tissue primarily found?
Only in the fetal umbilical cord as loose connective tissue.
p.66
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the general properties of adult connective tissue proper?
Loose/areolar connective tissue and Dense connective tissue.
p.61
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
What are the properties of elastic fibers?
Thin fiber, elasticity, stretch resistant, flexible
p.56
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are the main components of elastic fibers?
Elastic fibers are primarily composed of elastin and microfibrils, which contribute to their stretchability.
p.79
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What characterizes loose irregularly arranged connective tissue?
It has a higher number of cells compared to fibers, with a loose arrangement.
p.5
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the four types of adult basic tissues?
Epithelial tissue, Nervous tissue, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue
p.76
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are the types of fibers found in loose irregularly arranged connective tissue?
Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers.
p.20
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What do reticular cells produce?
Reticular fibers with phagocytic properties.
p.84
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are the different orientations of collagen fibers observed in skin slides?
Collagen fibers can be observed in cross cut, oblique, and longitudinal orientations.
p.53
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are reticular fibers?
Reticular fibers are thin, branched fibers made of collagen that form a network to support the cells in various tissues.
p.47
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the diameter range of collagen fibers?
Collagen fibers have a diameter range of 1-20 μm.
p.29
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the appearance of chromatin in a plasma cell?
Coarse chromatin granules with alternating distribution of dark heterochromatin and light euchromatin, located near the nuclear membrane (cart-wheel/clock-face appearance).
p.67
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the special types of connective tissue?
Cartilage, Bone, Hematopoietic tissue (Blood).
p.54
Functions of Connective Tissue
What role do reticular fibers play in tissues and organs?
Reticular fibers form a fine meshwork that acts as a supporting structure in tissues and organs such as the liver, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs.
p.6
Functions of Connective Tissue
Which connective tissues provide strength?
Bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon.
p.29
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Do plasma cells have cytoplasmic secretory granules?
No, they do not have cytoplasmic secretory granules due to immediate exocytosis after synthesis.
p.3
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
How do embryonal and adult connective tissue differ?
Embryonal connective tissue is primarily involved in development and includes structures like mesenchyme, while adult connective tissue is more specialized and includes types like loose and dense connective tissue.
p.94
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
What is the structural framework of reticular connective tissue?
The structural framework of reticular connective tissue includes bone marrow, liver, pancreas, lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid organs except for the thymus.
p.74
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the main categories of adult/mature connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, special connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and hematopoietic tissue/blood.
p.25
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the origin of mast cells?
Derived from bone marrow precursor.
p.46
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What role does cross-linking play in collagen assembly?
Cross-linking is crucial for the stability and strength of collagen fibrils, allowing them to assemble into larger collagen fibers.
p.25
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What type of nucleus do mast cells have?
Small pale round nucleus.
p.94
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What staining method is used to identify reticular fibers in lymph nodes?
Reticular fibers in lymph nodes can be identified using the Modified Bielschowsky ammoniacal silver stain.
p.25
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What do mast cells contain in their cytoplasm?
Lots of cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules of mediators such as Heparin and Histamine.
p.17
Fibroblast and Other Connective Tissue Cells
What is the primary function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts are responsible for the synthesis of collagen and other extracellular matrix components.
p.67
Classification of Connective Tissue
How is dense connective tissue classified?
Dense connective tissue is classified into regularly arranged and irregularly arranged.
p.65
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the main components of ground substance?
The main components of ground substance include glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
p.71
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is mesenchyme and where is it found?
Mesenchyme is a precursor tissue for most adult connective tissue and mucous connective tissue, found in early embryonic life between ectoderm and endoderm.
p.88
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
Where is elastic connective tissue commonly located?
In the ligamentum flavum, ligamentum nuchae, and large arteries.
p.75
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
Dense irregularly arranged connective tissue and dense regularly arranged connective tissue.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are the five most common types of collagen?
Type I: dermis, tendon, ligament, bone, dentin, fibrocartilage, and capsule of organ; Type II: hyaline cartilage; Type III: reticular fibers; Type IV: basement membrane; Type V: placenta.
p.45
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the process of converting procollagen to tropocollagen?
Enzymatic cleavage by procollagen peptidase.
p.71
Classification of Connective Tissue
What type of connective tissue is mesenchyme classified as?
Mesenchyme is classified as embryonal connective tissue.
p.16
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
How does an inactive fibroblast differ from an active fibroblast?
Inactive fibroblasts have reduced cell size with less cytoplasm and organelles, resulting in pale acidophilic staining. They are more elongated and flattened, with an elongated nucleus that has dark basophilic staining (heterochromatin).
p.45
Functions of Connective Tissue
What vitamin acts as a cofactor in collagen synthesis?
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).
What happens in step 4 of collagen synthesis?
Packaging of procollagen.
p.68
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the main types of embryonic mesenchymal cells?
Embryonic mesenchymal cells include osteocytes, chondrocytes, muscle cells, adipocytes, mesothelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and reticular cells.
p.66
Classification of Connective Tissue
How is dense connective tissue classified?
It can be regularly arranged or irregularly arranged.
p.62
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?
Collagen fiber, reticular fiber, and elastic fiber.
p.95
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell?
A type of adult mesenchymal cell responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.73
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the composition of the ground substance in Mucous Connective Tissue?
Increased amount of mucous or jelly-like matrix (hyaluronic acid).
p.68
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the significance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue?
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.14
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Which cells are involved in the immune response within connective tissue?
Mast Cell, Plasma Cell, and Macrophage.
p.25
Functions of Connective Tissue
How do mast cells function in circulation?
They function like basophils but are not derived from them.
p.12
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is associated with the presence of Reticular Cells?
Reticular connective tissue.
p.62
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the living elements of connective tissue?
Cells, also referred to as CNT cells.
p.40
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What distinguishes living elements from non-living elements in connective tissue?
Living elements include cells, while non-living elements refer to the extracellular matrix.
p.24
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to various connective tissues.
p.12
Classification of Connective Tissue
What type of connective tissue is Blood classified as?
A specialized form of connective tissue.
p.24
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is found in the stroma and capsule?
Reticular connective tissue.
p.12
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cells are Plasma Cells?
Cells that produce antibodies as part of the immune response.
p.86
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What type of fibers are primarily found in dense regularly arranged connective tissue?
Parallel collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers.
p.7
Functions of Connective Tissue
What are the roles of connective tissue in the body?
Connective tissue serves to anchor, separate, support, and fasten body structures, providing protection and flexibility.
p.65
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What role does ground substance play in connective tissue?
Ground substance plays a crucial role in supporting cells, providing a medium for nutrient exchange, and influencing the mechanical properties of the tissue.
p.64
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are Proteoglycans?
Core proteins with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached.
p.98
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
Where can connective tissue be found in the body?
In the iris, choroid, and leptomeninges.
p.64
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are Glycoproteins?
Proteins with oligosaccharide chains attached to polypeptide side-chains.
p.52
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
How many types of collagen have been identified?
Twenty-eight types of collagen have been identified and described.
p.64
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the amorphous form in connective tissue?
It refers to the ground substance that provides a medium for the exchange of nutrients and waste.
p.66
Classification of Connective Tissue
What types of embryonal connective tissue are identified?
Mesenchyme/mesenchymal connective tissue and Mucous connective tissue.
p.3
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
What are the special properties of connective tissue?
Special properties of connective tissue can include unique structural features and functions, such as the ability to store energy in adipose tissue or provide support in cartilage.
p.36
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is the origin of Melanocytes?
Melanocytes are derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm) and neural tube (ectoderm).
p.74
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the special properties of connective tissue?
Includes reticular connective tissue and adipose tissue.
p.68
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of hematopoietic stem cells?
Hematopoietic stem cells are responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.30
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell?
A type of adult mesenchymal cell responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.62
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are GAGs in the context of connective tissue?
Glycosaminoglycans, which are a component of the ground substance.
p.97
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell?
A type of adult mesenchymal cell responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.21
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of an Osteocyte?
To maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.
p.95
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Adipocytes in connective tissue?
To store energy in the form of fat and provide insulation.
p.24
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Adipocytes?
To store energy in the form of fat and provide insulation.
p.93
Classification of Connective Tissue
What type of connective tissue is found in blood?
Blood is classified as a fluid connective tissue.
p.72
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the main components of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?
Proteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.27
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by the presence of Fibroblasts?
Connective tissue proper, including tendons and ligaments.
p.24
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What type of connective tissue is characterized by a high ECM content?
Adipose connective tissue.
p.31
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
Where are histiocytes commonly found?
In loose connective tissue with a comparable amount to fibroblasts
p.92
Classification of Connective Tissue
What types of embryonal connective tissue are there?
Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue.
p.29
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is found near the nucleus of a plasma cell?
A clear area near the nucleus, which contains the Golgi apparatus and centrosphere.
p.42
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the main types of collagen fibers?
Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV collagen.
p.81
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the general properties of adult connective tissue?
It includes loose irregularly arranged connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.73
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is the origin of Mucous Connective Tissue?
Derived from extra-embryonic mesoderm.
p.96
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What cells are found in loose connective tissue alongside fat cells?
Fibroblast, mast cell, lymphocyte, eosinophil.
p.81
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
What are some special properties of adult connective tissue?
Reticular connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and pigmented connective tissue.
p.69
Classification of Connective Tissue
What is a special type of connective tissue?
Cartilage, bone, and hematopoietic tissue/blood.
p.94
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
How can reticular fibers in the pancreas and liver be identified?
Reticular fibers in the pancreas and liver can be identified using PAS/reticular stain.
p.73
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What characterizes the extracellular matrix of Mucous Connective Tissue?
Increased amount of ground substance with delicate collagen fibers.
p.93
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the primary types of mesenchymal cells in the body?
Embryonic Mesenchymal Cell, Adult Mesenchymal Cell, Hematopoietic Stem Cell.
p.36
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Which layer does not receive melanosomes from Melanocytes?
The retinal pigment layer does not receive melanosomes from Melanocytes.
p.24
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of an Osteocyte?
To maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.
p.12
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Adipocytes in connective tissue?
To store energy in the form of fat and provide insulation.
p.61
Functions of Connective Tissue
Where are collagen fibers commonly found?
Tendon, ligament, and skin
p.19
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Chondrocytes?
They are responsible for the formation and maintenance of cartilage.
p.70
Functions of Connective Tissue
What are the functions of adipocytes in connective tissue?
Adipocytes store energy in the form of fat and provide insulation and cushioning.
p.24
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of Mast Cells?
To release histamine and play a role in inflammatory responses.
p.97
Classification of Connective Tissue
What is the classification of Pigmented connective tissue?
A type of connective tissue that contains pigment cells.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are synovial macrophages?
Synovial macrophages, also known as type A cells, are found in the synovial fluid.
p.2
Functions of Connective Tissue
ใครห้ามนำเอกสารนี้ไปใช้?
ห้ามผู้ใดนำไปใช้ในวัตถุประสงค์อื่น.
p.11
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of transient type connective tissue cells?
Transient type connective tissue cells are developed in bone marrow and are transferred by circulation to function in connective tissue, wandering between circulation and connective tissue.
p.88
Classification of Connective Tissue
What type of connective tissue is characterized by dense regularly arranged elastic fibers?
Elastic connective tissue.
p.3
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are the basic structures of connective tissue?
The basic structures of connective tissue include both cellular components (like fibroblasts) and intercellular components (like the extracellular matrix).
p.16
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the characteristics of an active fibroblast?
Active fibroblasts are large, flattened, spindle-shaped cells with branching (stellate), a pale oval nucleus (euchromatin) with 1-2 overt nucleoli, and moderately stained basophilic cytoplasm due to rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). They have RER, Golgi apparatus, and elongated mitochondria in the perinuclear area and cell processes.
What occurs during the second step of collagen synthesis?
Translation: mRNA is translated into protein.
p.3
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are the common types of adult connective tissue?
Common types of adult connective tissue include loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.16
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the relationship between fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells?
Active and inactive fibroblasts are quite similar to mesenchymal cells.
p.74
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
Loose/areolar connective tissue, dense connective tissue (regularly and irregularly arranged), reticular connective tissue, and adipose tissue.
p.66
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are some special types of adult connective tissue?
Reticular connective tissue, Adipose tissue, Pigmented connective tissue, and Special connective tissue.
p.19
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the primary types of mesenchymal cells in the embryonic stage?
Embryonic Mesenchymal Cell and Fetal Fibroblast.
p.14
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of hematopoietic stem cells?
They give rise to all blood cells.
p.25
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
Where are mast cells typically found?
In loose connective tissue in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
p.70
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue?
The ECM provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.40
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are glycoproteins and where are they found?
They are proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached and are found in the extracellular matrix.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of macrophages are present in the lungs?
Alveolar macrophages are the resident macrophages found in the lungs.
p.95
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to various connective tissues.
p.97
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to various connective tissues.
p.72
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to various connective tissues.
p.27
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Plasma Cell?
A type of immune cell that produces antibodies.
p.21
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of Mast Cells?
To release histamine and play a role in inflammatory responses.
p.19
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are the main components of connective tissue?
Cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix.
p.72
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Mast Cells in connective tissue?
To release histamine and play a key role in inflammatory responses.
p.86
Classification of Connective Tissue
Where is dense regularly arranged connective tissue typically located?
In tendons and ligaments.
p.92
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the types of adult connective tissue proper?
Loose/areolar connective tissue, Dense connective tissue (regularly and irregularly arranged), Reticular connective tissue, Adipose tissue, and Pigmented connective tissue.
p.6
Functions of Connective Tissue
What role does muscle tissue play in connective tissue?
It provides contractile support through intracellular fibers.
p.31
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What types of lysosomes are present in histiocytes?
Primary lysosome, secondary lysosome, and tertiary lysosome.
p.81
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the types of dense connective tissue?
Dense irregularly arranged connective tissue and dense regularly arranged connective tissue.
p.46
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What are collagen fibrils?
Collagen fibrils are small, thread-like structures formed by the aggregation of tropocollagen molecules.
p.96
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
Where is adipose tissue commonly found?
In every loose connective tissue, especially subcutaneous tissue.
What occurs in the final step of collagen synthesis?
Enzymatic cleavage converts procollagen to tropocollagen.
p.61
Functions of Connective Tissue
Where are elastic fibers commonly found?
Artery, lung, and skin (stretch and recoil)
p.35
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of hematopoietic stem cells?
They are responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.27
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to various connective tissues.
p.97
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Adipocytes?
To store energy in the form of fat.
p.62
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the two forms of the extracellular matrix?
Amorphous form and fibrous form.
p.19
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Which cells are involved in the immune response and can be found in connective tissue?
Mast Cell, Plasma Cell, and Macrophage.
p.27
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of Mast Cells in connective tissue?
To release histamine and play a role in inflammatory responses.
p.35
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What types of connective tissue are found in tendons and ligaments?
Dense connective tissue, which includes collagen fibers for strength.
p.97
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of Mast Cells?
To release histamine and play a role in inflammatory responses.
p.19
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by a network of reticular fibers?
Reticular connective tissue.
p.72
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of Reticular Cells?
To form a supportive network in lymphoid organs.
p.2
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
หากฝ่าฝืนจะมีผลอย่างไร?
อาจมีความรับผิดตามพระราชบัญญัติลิขสิทธิ์.
p.75
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
What are some special properties of adult connective tissue?
Reticular connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and pigmented connective tissue.
p.69
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the main categories of adult/mature connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, special connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and hematopoietic tissue/blood.
p.43
Functions of Connective Tissue
What are the mechanical properties of collagen fibers?
They are stretch resistant, flexible but inelastic.
p.94
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Which cells are primarily found in reticular connective tissue?
The primary cells in reticular connective tissue are reticular cells, macrophages, and plasma cells.
p.61
Special Properties of Connective Tissue
What are the characteristics of reticular fibers?
Very thin fiber and highly branched, framework
p.12
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of an Osteocyte?
To maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.
p.27
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of an Osteocyte?
To maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.
p.21
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell?
A type of adult mesenchymal cell responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.62
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What role do glycoproteins play in connective tissue?
They are involved in cell adhesion and signaling within the extracellular matrix.
p.70
Classification of Connective Tissue
What types of connective tissue are derived from mesenchyme?
Types include bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, and reticular connective tissue.
p.91
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers?
Loose irregularly arranged connective tissue.
p.27
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is associated with the stroma and capsule?
Reticular connective tissue.
p.93
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to various connective tissues.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are Langerhans cells?
Langerhans cells are the resident macrophages found in the skin.
p.21
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is associated with the Reticular Cell?
Reticular connective tissue, which provides a supportive framework.
p.91
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Which cells are found in loose irregularly arranged connective tissue?
Fibroblast, macrophage, mast cell, white blood cell.
p.93
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by a gel-like matrix?
Mucous connective tissue.
p.21
Fibroblast and Other Connective Tissue Cells
What type of cells are Fibroblasts?
Cells that produce collagen and other fibers in connective tissue.
p.54
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What technique is used to visualize reticular fibers?
Reticular fibers can be visualized using the argyrophilic fiber technique (silver impregnation technique).
p.69
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the two types of embryonal connective tissue?
Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue.
p.22
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is a key feature of cytoplasmic fat droplets in adipose cells?
They are used for energy storage.
p.74
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the two types of embryonal connective tissue?
Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue.
What modifications occur in step 3 of collagen synthesis?
Hydroxylation and Glycosylation of 3 polypeptide chains to form procollagen.
p.36
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the two types of pigment cells mentioned?
Melanocyte and Chromatophore (or Melanophore)
p.45
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What is the final step in the formation of collagen fibers?
Cross-linking and assembly into fibrils.
p.73
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What types of cells are found in Mucous Connective Tissue?
Mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages.
p.40
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the term for the non-living components of connective tissue?
Extracellular matrix or intercellular substance
p.27
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell?
A type of adult mesenchymal cell responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.68
Classification of Connective Tissue
What types of connective tissue are derived from mesenchyme?
Types of connective tissue derived from mesenchyme include bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose tissue, and blood.
p.70
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the primary types of cells found in embryonic mesenchyme?
Embryonic mesenchymal cells include hematopoietic stem cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and reticular cells.
p.97
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of an Osteocyte?
To maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.
p.91
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue contains irregular collagen fibers and some elastic fibers?
Dense irregularly arranged connective tissue.
p.30
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is associated with the Reticular Cell?
Reticular connective tissue, which provides a supportive framework.
p.35
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What types of cells are involved in the immune response within connective tissue?
Mast Cell, Plasma Cell, and Macrophage.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Which macrophages are found in the brain?
Microglia are the resident macrophages found in the brain.
p.70
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is the significance of mesenchymal cells in adult connective tissue?
Adult mesenchymal cells are important for tissue repair and regeneration.
p.27
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the significance of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in connective tissue?
It provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.95
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are Plasma Cells responsible for?
Producing antibodies as part of the immune response.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of macrophages are found in the kidneys?
Renal macrophages are the resident macrophages found in the kidneys.
p.11
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Can you name some examples of transient type connective tissue cells?
Examples of transient type connective tissue cells include neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, free macrophages, and mesenchymal cells.
p.86
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by dense, regularly arranged collagenous fibers?
Dense regularly arranged connective tissue.
p.96
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are the two types of adipose tissue?
White/Yellow storage fat and Brown thermogenic fat.
p.46
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is Tropocollagen?
Tropocollagen is the basic structural unit of collagen, consisting of three polypeptide chains wound together in a triple helix.
p.69
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the types of connective tissue proper?
Loose/areolar connective tissue and dense connective tissue (which can be regularly or irregularly arranged).
p.69
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the properties of dense connective tissue?
It can be regularly arranged or irregularly arranged.
p.35
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the primary types of mesenchymal cells in the embryonic stage?
Embryonic Mesenchymal Cell and Mesoderm.
p.36
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
How do Melanocytes transfer melanosomes?
Melanocytes have multiple dendrites for melanosome transfer to neighboring cells.
p.66
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are examples of special connective tissue?
Cartilage, Bone, and Hematopoietic tissue/Blood.
p.72
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell?
A type of adult mesenchymal cell responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.35
Classification of Connective Tissue
What types of connective tissue are derived from mesenchyme?
Bone, Cartilage, Adipose, and Reticular connective tissue.
p.30
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Adipocytes?
To store energy in the form of fat.
p.93
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of reticular cells?
They form a supportive framework in various organs.
p.40
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What forms can the extracellular matrix take?
Amorphous form and fibrous form.
p.70
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What types of cells are involved in the immune response within connective tissue?
Mast cells, plasma cells, and macrophages are key immune cells in connective tissue.
p.95
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of Mast Cells?
To release histamine and play a role in inflammatory responses.
p.35
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the significance of the lamina propria in connective tissue?
It provides support and nourishment to the epithelium and contains immune cells.
p.12
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the significance of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) in connective tissue?
It provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.30
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by Fibroblasts?
Connective tissue proper, which includes tendons and ligaments.
p.91
Functions of Connective Tissue
Where is dense irregularly arranged connective tissue typically found?
In fibrous capsules and the dermis of the skin.
p.43
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
How are collagen fibers characterized in terms of their structure?
They form bundles of various sizes, are long and unbranched.
p.45
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the modifications that occur after transcription and translation in collagen synthesis?
Hydroxylation, glycosylation, and triple helix formation.
p.96
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What separates fat cell lobules in the extracellular matrix of adipose tissue?
Collagen and reticular fibers.
p.94
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What characterizes the extracellular matrix of reticular connective tissue?
The extracellular matrix of reticular connective tissue is characterized by a network of small reticular fibers that stain black (argyrophil) in AgNO3 staining.
p.24
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell?
A type of adult mesenchymal cell responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.91
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue has parallel collagen or elastic fibers?
Dense regularly arranged connective tissue.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are the types of macrophages found in the liver?
Kupffer cells are the resident macrophages found in the liver.
p.68
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the function of reticular connective tissue?
Reticular connective tissue provides a supportive framework for organs and tissues.
p.12
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to various connective tissues.
p.21
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Adipocytes?
To store energy in the form of fat.
p.30
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that can differentiate into various cell types.
p.35
Fibroblast and Other Connective Tissue Cells
What are the functions of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts produce collagen and other fibers, playing a key role in tissue repair.
p.93
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Fibers and ground substance.
p.30
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is Blood classified as?
A specialized connective tissue that transports nutrients and waste.
p.70
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What types of connective tissue are classified as proper?
Connective tissue proper includes tendons, ligaments, dermis, and lamina propria.
p.24
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of Macrophages?
To engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens.
p.21
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the primary component of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?
A network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of macrophages are found in lymph nodes?
Dendritic cells are the macrophages found in lymph nodes.
p.14
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What are the main types of mesenchymal cells in the embryonic stage?
Embryonic Mesenchymal Cell and Fetal Fibroblast.
p.46
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
What is the difference between collagen fibrils and collagen fibers?
Collagen fibrils are smaller structures that aggregate to form larger collagen fibers, which provide strength and support in connective tissues.
p.62
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the term for the non-living components of connective tissue?
Extracellular matrix or intercellular substance.
p.36
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
Where are Melanocytes found in the body?
Melanocytes are found in the epidermis, hair follicle, iris, choroid, leptomeninges, cochlea, and retina.
p.74
Classification of Connective Tissue
What types of special connective tissue are there?
Cartilage, bone, and hematopoietic tissue/blood.
p.40
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?
Collagen fiber, Reticular fiber, Elastic fiber
p.30
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of an Osteocyte?
To maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.
p.62
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are proteoglycans?
Molecules that consist of a core protein and glycosaminoglycan chains, found in the ground substance.
p.27
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Adipocytes in connective tissue?
To store energy in the form of fat and provide insulation.
p.72
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the role of Adipocytes in connective tissue?
To store energy in the form of fat and provide insulation.
p.30
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of a Mast Cell?
To release histamine and play a role in allergic reactions.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of macrophages are found in the spleen?
Splenic macrophages are the resident macrophages found in the spleen.
p.24
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Plasma Cell?
A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies.
p.91
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the ground substance in connective tissue?
The material that fills the space between cells and fibers.
p.91
Functions of Connective Tissue
Where is dense regularly arranged connective tissue typically found?
In tendons, ligaments, ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavum, and large arteries.
p.91
Functions of Connective Tissue
Where is loose irregularly arranged connective tissue typically found?
Beneath the skin and around blood vessels, muscles, and nerves.
p.12
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of cell is a Hematopoietic Stem Cell?
A type of adult mesenchymal cell responsible for the formation of blood cells.
p.46
Microscopic Structure of Connective Tissue
How do collagen fibrils aggregate into collagen fibers?
Collagen fibrils aggregate through cross-linking and other interactions to form thicker collagen fibers.
p.35
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What types of cells are classified as adult mesenchymal cells?
Adult Mesenchymal Cell, Osteocyte, Chondrocyte, Adipocyte, Reticular Cell.
p.95
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of an Osteocyte?
To maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.
p.40
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What role do proteoglycans play in connective tissue?
They help to stabilize the extracellular matrix and retain water.
p.72
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of an Osteocyte?
To maintain bone tissue and regulate mineral content.
p.35
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
ECM includes fibers and ground substance that provide structural support.
p.68
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What types of cells are involved in the immune response within connective tissue?
Cells involved in the immune response include mast cells, plasma cells, and macrophages.
p.14
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissue?
It is a network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.95
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is associated with the stroma and capsule?
Reticular connective tissue.
p.12
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the function of Mast Cells in connective tissue?
To release histamine and play a role in inflammatory responses.
p.72
Classification of Connective Tissue
What type of connective tissue is Mucous CNT?
A type of loose connective tissue found in the umbilical cord.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are intestinal macrophages?
Intestinal macrophages are the resident macrophages found in the intestines.
p.21
Classification of Connective Tissue
What type of connective tissue is Blood classified as?
A specialized form of connective tissue that transports nutrients and waste.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are reproductive organ macrophages?
Reproductive organ macrophages are the resident macrophages found in reproductive organs.
p.40
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What are GAGs in the context of connective tissue?
Glycosaminoglycans, which are part of the ground substance
p.68
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What are some examples of connective tissue proper?
Examples of connective tissue proper include tendons, ligaments, dermis, lamina propria, and submucosa.
p.14
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the function of reticular cells in connective tissue?
They form the stroma and support the structure of organs.
p.19
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by a gelatinous matrix and is found in the umbilical cord?
Mucous connective tissue.
p.21
Embryonal vs Adult Connective Tissue
What is Mesenchyme?
A type of embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to various connective tissues.
p.97
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is associated with the stroma and capsule?
Reticular connective tissue.
p.19
Extracellular Matrix and Ground Substance
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its significance?
The ECM provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
p.30
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of a Macrophage?
To engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What type of macrophages are present in the peritoneum?
Peritoneal macrophages are the resident macrophages found in the peritoneum.
p.33
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What are osteoclasts?
Osteoclasts are a type of macrophage found in bone.
p.93
Cellular Components of Connective Tissue
What is the role of mast cells in connective tissue?
Mast cells are involved in inflammatory responses and allergic reactions.
p.70
Functions of Connective Tissue
What is the function of reticular cells in connective tissue?
Reticular cells form a supportive network in lymphoid organs and bone marrow.
p.72
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
What type of connective tissue is characterized by Fibroblasts?
Connective tissue proper, including tendons and ligaments.
