More densely packed, stains dark, and inactive.
That DNA is the genetic material passed from virus to bacteria.
Approximately 0.34 nm.
Bacteria infected with viruses containing radioactive DNA were radioactive.
A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
It associates transiently with initiation-factor (σ) and termination-factor (ρ) to initiate and terminate the transcription, respectively.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Ability to replicate, chemical and structural stability, scope for slow changes (mutation), and expression of 'Mendelian Characters'.
It helped in synthesizing RNA molecules with defined combinations of bases.
It functions as an adapter, structural, and in some cases as a catalytic molecule.
Splicing.
Translation refers to the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide, where the order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA.
They are stop terminator codons.
It codes for Methionine and acts as an initiator codon.
Directing the sequence of amino acids during synthesis of proteins.
‘Nuclein’.
They discovered that DNA alone from S bacteria caused R bacteria to become transformed, indicating that DNA is the genetic material.
Sickle cell anemia.
S strain has a mucous coat and is virulent, while R strain does not have a mucous coat and is non-virulent.
Reverse transcription.
Presence of thymine in DNA instead of uracil in RNA, and the 2'-OH group in RNA making it more reactive and labile.
The genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to Protein.
Insertion or deletion of three or its multiple bases insert or delete in one or multiple codon, leading to the insertion or deletion of one or multiple amino acids, while the reading frame remains unaltered from that point onwards.
DNA is organized in large loops held by proteins in a region termed as 'nucleoid'.
A nucleotide (or deoxynucleotide depending upon the type of sugar present).
RNA.
Towards the 3'-end (downstream) of the coding strand.
The genetic code.
Adenylate residues (200-300) in a template independent manner.
Sugar and phosphates.
George Gamow.
Meischer.
It polymerizes in a template-dependent fashion following the rule of complementarity.
By centrifugation in a cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient.
Because proteins did not enter the bacteria from the viruses.
Replication fork.
In eukaryotes, it is packaged around histone proteins to form nucleosomes.
RNA.
Transcription.
DNA's stability allows it to remain unchanged with different stages of life cycle, age, or changes in organism physiology, making it a better genetic material.
Metabolism, translation, splicing, etc.
5’-end of polynucleotide chain.
3’-end of the polynucleotide chain.
It provides the codons for the various amino acids.
A method to prove that the codon was a triplet.
Loosely packed, stains light, and transcriptionally active.
The transformation of R strain bacteria by the heat-killed S strain bacteria, indicating the transfer of genetic material.
Equal amounts of hybrid DNA and 'light' DNA.
A change of single base pair in the gene for beta globin chain that results in the change of amino acid residue glutamate to valine.
They grew E. coli in a medium containing 15NH4Cl as the only nitrogen source for many generations and then transferred the cells into a medium with normal 14NH4Cl to study DNA replication.
A miraculous transformation in the bacteria.
DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
That DNA is the genetic material, as viruses grown in the presence of radioactive phosphorus contained radioactive DNA but not radioactive protein.
The stacking of one base pair over the other in the double helix, in addition to H-bonds.
The nascent RNA falls off, and so does the RNA polymerase, resulting in termination of transcription.
Approximately 2000 bp per second.
It indicates the presence of a hybrid or intermediate density DNA due to the transfer from 15N to 14N medium.
It requires a vector that provides the origin of replication.
The strand with polarity 3' → 5' acts as a template, while the other strand with polarity 5' → 3' and the same sequence as RNA is referred to as the coding strand.
It may result in loss or gain of a gene and its function.
Purines (Adenine and Guanine), and Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine).
Due to the greater centrifugal force experienced by heavier molecules, causing them to sediment faster.
It provides a binding site for RNA polymerase.
DNA, due to its stability.
Origin of replication.
Through 3' - 5' phosphodiester linkage.
Polyploidy, a chromosomal anomaly.
Towards the 5'-end (upstream) of the structural gene, with reference to the polarity of the coding strand.
There are at least three RNA polymerases in the nucleus, and there is a clear-cut division of labor. The RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNAs.
RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA, RNA polymerase II transcribes hnRNA, and RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA, 5srRNA, and snRNAs.
By spinning them in a centrifuge.
The number of nucleotides (or a pair of nucleotides referred to as base pairs) present in it.
It changes the reading frame from the point of insertion or deletion.
Francis Crick.
During the S-phase of the cell-cycle.
Because there is no separation of cytosol and nucleus in bacteria, and the mRNA does not require processing to become active.
DNA and RNA.
tRNA acts as an adapter molecule that reads the genetic code and binds to specific amino acids. It has an anticodon loop with bases complementary to the code and an amino acid acceptor end to which it binds to amino acids.
It usually defines the end of the process of transcription.
Transcription.
An unusual nucleotide (methyl guanosine triphosphate).
RNA can directly code for the synthesis of proteins, while DNA is dependent on RNA for protein synthesis.
It represents the dominance of RNA-world.
It was first shown in Escherichia coli and subsequently in higher organisms.
Base pairing between the two strands of polynucleotide chains.
DNA is less reactive and more structurally stable compared to RNA, and the presence of thymine confers additional stability to DNA.
tRNA has a secondary structure that looks like a clover-leaf, but in actual structure, it is a compact molecule that looks like an inverted L.
The codon is triplet, some amino acids are coded by more than one codon, the code is nearly universal, and AUG has dual functions.
Chromosomes.
Translation.
Semiconservative DNA replication.
Friedrich Meischer in 1869.
Base pairing, making them complementary to each other.
Histones are positively charged, basic proteins organized into a unit of eight molecules called histone octamer. DNA is wrapped around the histone octamer to form a nucleosome.
To avoid coding for RNA molecules with different sequences and to prevent the formation of double-stranded RNA.
RNA's instability leads to faster mutation and evolution, making viruses with RNA genome have a shorter life span and evolve faster.
To be more stable, with chemical modifications.
A scheme where the two strands would separate and act as a template for the synthesis of new complementary strands.
–OH group.
James Watson and Francis Crick.
It was helpful in polymerizing RNA with defined sequences in a template independent manner.
Nucleosomes.
The three regions: a promoter, the structural gene, and a terminator.
Charging of tRNA, or aminoacylation of tRNA, refers to the activation of amino acids in the presence of ATP and their linkage to their cognate tRNA.
The structure of DNA, its replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, and regulation of gene expression.
-AUG UUU UUC UUC UUU UUU UUC-
The ratios are constant and equal one.
