HA EXAM 3 BLUEPRINT Study Guide From HA Lab Professor

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What does a disheveled appearance in a previously well-groomed person indicate?

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It is significant and may reflect changes in the person's condition.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What does a disheveled appearance in a previously well-groomed person indicate?

It is significant and may reflect changes in the person's condition.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What should be observed regarding pupil size and reaction?

Pupil size and reaction to light should be noted.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What does the mental status exam assess?

A person's emotional and cognitive function.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What are the four main headings of mental status assessment?

Appearance, Behavior, Cognition, and Thought processes.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

When is a full mental status examination necessary?

When any abnormality in affect or behavior is discovered.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Where do Bouchard's nodes form?

At the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the prevalence comparison between Heberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes?

Heberden's nodes are more common than Bouchard's nodes.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the severity association of Bouchard's nodes in osteoarthritis?

Bouchard's nodes are often associated with more severe osteoarthritis.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What conditions can Bouchard's nodes be associated with besides osteoarthritis?

Bouchard's nodes can also be associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What symptoms are associated with both Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes?

Both can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What additional symptom may Bouchard's nodes cause compared to Heberden's nodes?

Bouchard's nodes may lead to decreased range of motion and crooked fingers.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

When is the best time to perform a breast self-exam?

Monthly, ideally a few days after your period ends when breasts are less likely to be swollen or tender.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is an important consideration regarding breast self-exams?

BSE is not a substitute for mammograms or other recommended breast cancer screenings.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

How is the level of consciousness assessed?

By determining if the person is awake, alert, and responsive to stimuli.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What indicates appropriate facial expression during an assessment?

The expression should be appropriate to the situation and change with the topic, with comfortable eye contact unless culturally precluded.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What characteristics define quality speech in an assessment?

Effortless laryngeal sounds, appropriate conversation sharing, moderate pace, and fluent stream of talking.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What speech patterns may indicate parkinsonism or depression?

Slow, monotonous speech.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What speech pattern is associated with manic syndrome?

Rapid-fire, pressured, and loud talking.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What is dysarthria?

Distorted speech that may involve misusing words, omitting letters or syllables, or transposing words, often associated with aphasia.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

How can mood and affect be assessed?

By observing body language and facial expression, and by asking the person how they feel.

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Cognitive Functions

What should be assessed to determine orientation?

Ask about the person's address, phone number, health history, and today's date.

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Cognitive Functions

What aspects of orientation should be assessed?

Time (day, date, year, season), place (where they live, current location), and person (own name, age, examiner's identity).

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the typical order of disorientation in delirium and dementia?

First to time, then to place, and rarely to person.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What can impair attention span in individuals?

Anxiety, fatigue, or drug intoxication.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How can recent memory be assessed during an interview?

By using a 24-hour diet recall or asking the time of arrival at the agency.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What conditions are associated with recent memory deficits?

Delirium, dementia, amnestic syndrome, or Korsakoff syndrome in chronic alcoholism.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What type of memory is assessed by asking about verifiable past events?

Remote memory.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What should be noted about a person's appearance during cognitive assessment?

Posture, involuntary body movements, and appropriateness of dress and grooming.

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Components of the Mental Status Exam

What cognitive functions should be documented during an assessment?

Orientation to time, person, place, and intact recent and remote memory.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What does a score of 28 on the Mini-Mental State Examination indicate?

Generally indicates intact cognitive function with minimal impairment.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What is the purpose of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)?

To check for cognitive impairment and assess mental ability.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

How many questions are in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)?

11 questions.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What areas of mental ability does the MMSE assess?

Location awareness, attention, short-term memory, language skills, visual-spatial relationships, and instruction comprehension.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What is cognitive impairment?

Problems with mental ability, including memory, learning, concentration, and decision-making.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What is the SMMSE?

The Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination used in Australia.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What might prompt a doctor to use the MMSE?

Confusion after a head injury or sudden illness.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What type of tasks are included in the MMSE?

Tasks like remembering and recalling a list of objects.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What is the purpose of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)?

To assess cognitive function.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What score on the MMSE generally indicates normal cognition?

24 or higher.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What factors can influence MMSE scores?

Age and educational level.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the difference between dementia and delirium?

Dementia is a chronic decline in cognitive function, while delirium is an acute disturbance of consciousness and attention.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are common symptoms of dementia?

Memory loss, impaired judgment, difficulty with language, changes in personality, and difficulty with familiar tasks.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does the onset of delirium differ from dementia?

Delirium has an abrupt onset, occurring over hours or days, while dementia has a gradual onset over months or years.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What characterizes depression as a mood disorder?

Persistent sadness and loss of interest.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

Is the MMSE a definitive diagnostic test for dementia?

No, it is a screening tool, not a definitive diagnostic test.

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Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

What should be considered when interpreting MMSE scores?

Context with other factors and the need for further evaluation if scores are below normal range.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the typical onset duration for depression symptoms?

Symptoms persist for at least two weeks.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does consciousness typically present in depression?

Not typically affected, though some may experience psychomotor retardation or agitation.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the reversibility of delirium compared to dementia and depression?

Delirium is often reversible, dementia is generally not, and depression is usually treatable.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What characterizes Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Persistent, excessive worry about everyday events.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What are common symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What triggers panic attacks?

They can occur with or without a trigger, such as a reminder of a past trauma.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What are the symptoms of panic attacks?

Rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a feeling of impending doom.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What differentiates PTSD from GAD and panic attacks?

PTSD develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event and is characterized by flashbacks, avoidance, and hyperarousal.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What factors can trigger panic attacks?

Stress, certain situations, or even without any apparent cause.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What causes Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

PTSD develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What are common symptoms of PTSD?

Flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, negative changes in mood and thinking, and hyperarousal.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

How is PTSD triggered?

Symptoms are often triggered by reminders of the traumatic event.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What is the main difference in cause between GAD, panic attacks, and PTSD?

GAD stems from persistent worry, panic attacks are sudden episodes of fear, and PTSD arises from a traumatic event.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

How do the triggers differ between GAD, panic attacks, and PTSD?

GAD is not always tied to a specific event, panic attacks can be triggered or spontaneous, and PTSD is linked to a traumatic event.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

What is the duration of symptoms for GAD, panic attacks, and PTSD?

GAD is persistent, panic attacks are sudden, and PTSD symptoms can persist long after the event.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Attacks, and P...

Can GAD and panic attacks occur together?

Yes, it's possible to experience GAD and panic attacks together.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is Global aphasia?

A type of aphasia characterized by severe communication difficulties, affecting both speech production and comprehension.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is Broca's aphasia?

A type of aphasia where individuals have difficulty producing speech but can understand language.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is Wernicke's aphasia?

A type of aphasia where individuals can produce speech but have difficulty understanding and processing language.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is aphasia?

A language disorder that affects the ability to speak and understand language.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What are the main types of aphasia?

Global aphasia, Broca's aphasia, and Wernicke's aphasia.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is the severity of global aphasia?

It is the most severe form of aphasia.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What impairments are associated with global aphasia?

It impairs both language production and comprehension.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What causes Broca's aphasia?

Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is the primary impairment in Broca's aphasia?

Impaired speech production, but comprehension is relatively preserved.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is Wernicke's aphasia primarily characterized by?

Impaired language comprehension, with fluent but nonsensical speech.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What causes Wernicke's aphasia?

Damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is lethargy?

A state of decreased consciousness where a person is sleepy but can be easily aroused.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

How does lethargy differ from coma?

Lethargy is less severe than coma and allows for easier arousal.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What can cause lethargy?

Stress, infection, or illness.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What symptoms can accompany lethargy?

Memory problems, reduced thinking ability, and trouble concentrating.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is obtundation?

A mild to moderate reduction in alertness with decreased interest in the environment and slower reactivity to stimulation.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are common causes of obtundation?

Head injury, blood circulation interruption, impaired oxygenation, CNS infections, drug intoxication, post-seizure state, hypothermia, and metabolic derangements.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the symptoms of obtundation?

Delayed reaction time, lessened interest in the environment, very short attention span, and excessive sleeping.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does the term 'obtund' mean?

Dulled or less sharp.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What characterizes a coma?

A state of profound decreased arousal where a person is unresponsive to all external stimuli.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is stupor?

A deeper state of unresponsiveness where a person can only be briefly aroused with vigorous stimulation.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

How does stupor differ from coma?

In stupor, a person can be briefly aroused with strong stimulation, while in coma, no arousal is possible.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are key features of stupor?

Reduced responsiveness, arousal with strong stimulation, impaired consciousness, and potential for other symptoms like abnormal breathing.

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used for?

To assess a person's level of consciousness after a head injury or trauma.

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What are the components assessed by the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Eye-opening, verbal response, and motor response.

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What is the highest possible score on the Glasgow Coma Scale?

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What is the lowest possible score on the Glasgow Coma Scale?

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What does a GCS score of 15 indicate?

A fully conscious and alert person.

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What does a GCS score of 3 to 8 generally indicate?

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and coma.

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What does a GCS score of 9 to 12 suggest?

Moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI).

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

What does a GCS score of 13 to 15 typically indicate?

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) or no significant injury.

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Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

How is the GCS score determined?

By assigning scores to eye-opening, verbal, and motor responses based on observed behaviors.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is subjective data in health assessment?

Information that comes from a patient's personal experience and perspective, including feelings and perceptions.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What are key characteristics of subjective data?

Based on personal experience, not directly observable, often qualitative, and open to interpretation.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is objective data in health assessment?

Information that is measurable, observable, and verifiable, based on facts rather than personal opinions.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What are key characteristics of objective data?

Measurable, observable, verifiable, factual, and independent of perspective.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is the purpose of a breast self-examination (BSE)?

To examine one's own breasts for unusual changes that could indicate breast cancer.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is the first step in performing a breast self-exam (BSE)?

Place your hands on your hips and press down to tense your chest muscles, then lean forward and look for any changes.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

How should you position yourself for palpation during a breast self-exam?

Lie down with a pillow under your right shoulder and your right arm behind your head to flatten the breast tissue.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What technique should be used for palpation of the breast?

Use the pads of your three middle fingers to gently but firmly press down in a circular motion, covering the entire breast area including the underarm.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What should you check for during the nipple check in a breast self-exam?

Gently squeeze each nipple to check for any discharge.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What are the common pulse sites during an assessment?

Radial, Ulnar, Brachial, Femoral, Popliteal, Posterior tibial, Dorsalis pedis.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

Where is the radial artery located?

On the thumb side of the wrist, just below the base of the thumb.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

Where can the carotid artery be found?

In the neck, along the side, below the jawline.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

Where is the brachial artery located?

On the inner side of the elbow, along the biceps muscle.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

How is the femoral artery palpated?

Deeply in the groin area.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

Where is the popliteal artery located?

Behind the knee, in the popliteal space.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

Where can the dorsalis pedis artery be found?

On the top of the foot, between the first and second toe.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

Where is the posterior tibial artery located?

On the inner side of the ankle, behind the medial malleolus.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the primary cause of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

Narrowed arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What symptom is characteristic of PAD during exercise?

Intermittent claudication (pain or cramping that resolves with rest).

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What skin changes are associated with PAD?

Coolness of the skin, shiny skin, hair loss, and slow-healing sores.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are common symptoms of Venous Disease (CVI)?

Swelling (edema), aching, heaviness, itching, skin discoloration, and varicose veins.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How does the pain pattern differ between PAD and CVI?

PAD pain is triggered by exercise and relieved by rest, while CVI pain can occur at rest and may improve with elevation.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

Where are ulcers more commonly located in PAD compared to CVI?

PAD ulcers are more common on the toes and feet, while CVI ulcers are more common on the lower legs and ankles.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is a key difference in skin temperature between PAD and CVI?

Skin is generally cooler in PAD and may be warm or hot in CVI.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the primary cause of Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)?

Faulty valves in veins.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

Arteriosclerosis refers to the thickening and hardening of arteries, while atherosclerosis specifically involves plaque buildup in the arteries.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is arteriosclerosis?

A condition where blood vessels become thick and stiff, affecting arteries that carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is atherosclerosis?

A specific type of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of plaque in and on the artery walls.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is plaque in the context of atherosclerosis?

A sticky substance made up of cholesterol, fat, blood cells, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are the potential consequences of plaque buildup in arteries?

It can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow, and can also burst, leading to a blood clot.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Plaque buildup in the arteries of the heart.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

Plaque buildup in the arteries that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body, often affecting the legs.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is carotid artery disease?

Plaque buildup in the neck arteries that reduces blood flow to the brain.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is renal artery stenosis?

Plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is vertebral artery disease?

Plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the back of the brain.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is mesenteric artery ischemia?

Plaque buildup in the arteries that supply the intestines with blood.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are some causes of atherosclerosis?

Damage to the arteries caused by unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, and genetics.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What medical conditions increase the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis?

High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What lifestyle factors can contribute to atherosclerosis?

Eating foods high in saturated fats, smoking or chewing tobacco, and being older (risk increases after age 45 for men and 55 for women).

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are common symptoms of coronary artery disease related to atherosclerosis?

Angina (chest pain), palpitations, and shortness of breath.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What symptom might indicate carotid artery disease?

A bruit, which is a whooshing sound heard by a healthcare provider, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What symptoms are associated with peripheral artery disease?

Pain, aching, heaviness, or cramping in the legs when walking or climbing stairs.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What cognitive symptoms may arise from vertebral artery disease?

Problems with thinking and memory, weakness or numbness on one side of the body or face, and vision trouble.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are the symptoms of mesenteric artery ischemia?

Severe pain after meals, weight loss, and diarrhea.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What early warning sign may indicate a higher risk for atherosclerosis in men?

Erectile dysfunction (ED).

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What distinguishes claudication from deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Claudication is related to insufficient blood flow due to arterial issues, while DVT is related to blood clots in veins.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is claudication and what causes it?

Claudication is muscle pain due to reduced blood flow during activity, primarily caused by narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis) in the legs.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are the symptoms of claudication?

Pain, cramping, or aching in the legs that occurs during physical activity and is relieved by rest.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and what causes it?

DVT is a blood clot formation in a deep vein, usually in the leg.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are the symptoms of DVT?

Persistent pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected leg, even at rest.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What distinguishes arterial ulcers from venous ulcers?

Arterial ulcers are small, deep, and painful due to poor blood flow, while venous ulcers are larger, shallower, and less painful due to blood pooling.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

Where are arterial ulcers typically located?

On toes, feet, heels, or areas of pressure.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are the characteristics of arterial ulcers?

They have well-defined edges, a pale or necrotic base, shiny, hairless, and cool skin surrounding the ulcer, with minimal drainage.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What causes venous ulcers?

Venous ulcers are caused by venous insufficiency, leading to blood pooling in the veins.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the typical appearance of venous ulcers?

Larger, shallow ulcers with irregular borders, often with a reddish, fibrinous base and slough.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What type of pain is associated with venous ulcers?

Dull aching or throbbing, but the wound itself is often less painful unless infected.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

Where are venous ulcers commonly located?

On the lower leg, especially around the medial malleolus (inner ankle) in the 'gaiter area'.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are the key differences in size between arterial and venous ulcers?

Arterial ulcers are small and deep, while venous ulcers are larger and shallow.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How do the borders of arterial and venous ulcers differ?

Arterial ulcers have well-defined, 'punched-out' borders, while venous ulcers have irregular borders.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the base color of venous ulcers?

Dark red with a fibrinous slough.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the typical pain level associated with arterial ulcers?

Very painful.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the surrounding skin condition for venous ulcers?

Swollen with hemosiderin staining.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the drainage characteristic of venous ulcers?

Often heavy drainage.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are the major risk factors for Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?

Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, increasing age, obesity, family history, heart disease, stroke, and race.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How does smoking affect the risk of PAD?

Smoking damages blood vessels and increases the risk of plaque buildup.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What role does diabetes play in PAD risk?

Diabetes significantly increases the risk of PAD and accelerates its progression.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

Why is high blood pressure a risk factor for PAD?

High blood pressure contributes to arterial damage and plaque formation.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

At what age does the risk of PAD increase significantly?

The risk increases after 50, especially after 65.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the relationship between obesity and PAD?

Obesity is linked to other PAD risk factors like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How does family history influence PAD risk?

Having a family history of PAD, heart disease, or stroke increases individual risk.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

Which race is more commonly affected by PAD?

PAD is more prevalent in Black individuals.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What lifestyle factor can worsen PAD risk?

A sedentary lifestyle can worsen other PAD risk factors.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is metabolic syndrome and how does it relate to PAD?

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increases PAD risk, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess abdominal fat, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What are the risk factors for venous disease?

Age, family history of venous problems, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting or standing, history of DVT or blood clots, being female, smoking, and certain medical conditions.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How does aging affect veins in the legs?

Veins tend to weaken, making them less efficient at returning blood to the heart.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What family history increases the risk of venous problems?

A family history of varicose veins, blood clots, or other venous problems.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How does obesity impact venous function?

Excess weight puts increased pressure on the veins, making it harder for them to pump blood effectively.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What effects does pregnancy have on venous function?

Hormonal changes and increased pressure from the growing uterus can affect venous function.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How do prolonged sitting or standing affect blood flow?

They can impede blood flow as the leg muscles aren't actively pumping blood back to the heart.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the risk associated with a history of DVT or blood clots?

It can damage the valves in the veins, increasing the risk of future problems.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

Why do women have a higher incidence of venous insufficiency?

Potentially due to hormonal factors and pregnancy.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How does smoking affect vein health?

It can negatively impact vein health and elasticity.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What medical conditions can increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE)?

Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, and some cancers.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

How does lack of physical activity influence venous problems?

It reduces circulation and increases the risk of venous problems.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What happens to bone density as people age?

Bone density decreases, making bones more brittle and prone to fractures.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is sarcopenia?

The natural decline of muscle mass and strength with age.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does aging affect vision?

Aging can lead to difficulty focusing on close objects, increased sensitivity to glare, and changes like cataracts.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What changes occur in the cardiovascular system with aging?

Aging can result in a slightly slower heart rate, thickening of heart walls, and less elastic blood vessels.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What respiratory changes are common in older adults?

Loss of elasticity in the lungs, increased residual volume, and decreased vital capacity.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does aging affect the gastrointestinal system?

Common changes include alterations in taste and smell, altered gut motility, and decreased liver metabolic activity.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What renal changes are typical with aging?

There is a decline in kidney function, including a reduced glomerular filtration rate.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What skin changes are associated with aging?

Thinning, sagging, wrinkling, and the appearance of age spots are normal skin changes.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does aging impact the immune system?

There is reduced production and function of immune cells, leading to a less robust immune response.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What sensory changes occur in older adults?

Changes include difficulty hearing high frequencies, reduced touch sensitivity, and diminished peripheral vision.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is individual variability in the context of physiological changes in older adults?

The rate and extent of physiological changes vary significantly between individuals.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is functional reserve in older adults?

Despite physiological changes, many older adults maintain adequate function due to the body's ability to compensate.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How are older adults affected by stress and disease?

Older adults are more vulnerable to the effects of stress and the development of age-related diseases.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is Dupuytren contracture?

A condition involving the thickening and tightening of tissue under the skin of the palm, causing fingers to bend towards the palm.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is the cause of Swan neck deformity?

Disruption of the balance of tendons and ligaments in the finger, often due to injury or conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

How does a Boutonniere deformity affect finger movement?

It causes the middle joint to bend inward while the fingertip joint bends backward, resembling a buttonhole.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is the visual appearance of a Swan neck deformity?

It resembles a swan's neck due to the hyperextension of the middle joint and flexion of the fingertip joint.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is a common characteristic of Dupuytren contracture progression?

The condition can worsen over time, with fingers becoming increasingly flexed.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What causes Boutonniere Deformity?

Injury to the central slip of the extensor tendon.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the effect of Boutonniere Deformity on the finger joints?

The middle joint flexes while the fingertip joint hyperextends.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does Boutonniere Deformity visually appear?

It resembles a buttonhole.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the difference between Heberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes?

Heberden's nodes occur at the DIP joints, while Bouchard's nodes occur at the PIP joints.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Where do Heberden's nodes form?

At the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What joints does Rheumatoid Arthritis primarily affect?

Rheumatoid Arthritis predominantly affects smaller joints like those in the hands and feet.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are some systemic symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

RA can cause fatigue, fever, and can affect organs like the lungs and eyes.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the autoimmune nature of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

RA is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, specifically the joints.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

At what age does Rheumatoid Arthritis typically occur?

RA typically occurs between 40 and 50 years of age.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What joints are primarily affected by Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)?

The spine and sacroiliac joints.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What systemic symptoms can Ankylosing Spondylitis involve?

It can involve the eyes (uveitis) and potentially the bowel.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the typical age of onset for Ankylosing Spondylitis?

Usually begins before the age of 30.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does the joint location affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) differ from that of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)?

RA affects smaller, peripheral joints, while AS primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Which gender is more commonly affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Women are more commonly affected by RA.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Which gender is more commonly affected by Ankylosing Spondylitis?

Men are more commonly affected by AS.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are the serological markers associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What gene may be associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis?

The HLA-B27 gene.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the primary impact of Osteoarthritis?

It primarily impacts the cartilage in your joints.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the main difference between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory condition with symptoms that do not hide, while osteoporosis is not primarily inflammatory.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What causes osteoarthritis?

Causes include genetic factors, acute injury or fracture, or infection.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What can happen to a joint after an unhealed injury?

It can impair the integrity of the joint, leading to faster degeneration of cartilage over time.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a key prevention strategy for osteoarthritis?

Keeping weight down at a healthy level to reduce stress on joints.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What type of exercise is beneficial for patients with osteoarthritis?

Weight-bearing exercise is good for bone density and health, but should be discussed with a physician based on severity.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What dietary changes can help patients with osteoarthritis?

An anti-inflammatory diet and increasing plant-based meals can help lessen symptoms.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Why is Vitamin D important for bone health?

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption, which is crucial for bone health.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a significant cause of emergency department visits for older adults?

Falls, which can be especially dangerous for older individuals.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are some ways to prevent falls at home?

Assess tripping hazards, wear clean glasses and well-fitting shoes, and get regular vision checks.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD)?

A condition causing pain and swelling below the kneecap at the tibial tuberosity, common in adolescents during growth spurts.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What causes Osgood-Schlatter disease?

It is an overuse injury from repetitive stress on the patellar tendon, pulling on the growth plate at the tibial tuberosity.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are the typical symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter disease?

Pain, swelling, and tenderness below the kneecap, worsening with activity and improving with rest.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How is Osgood-Schlatter disease diagnosed?

Diagnosis is based on physical examination and symptoms, with X-rays used to rule out other conditions.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are common treatment approaches for Osgood-Schlatter disease?

Rest, ice, stretching, and strengthening exercises are common treatments.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the prognosis for Osgood-Schlatter disease?

It is generally self-limiting and resolves naturally as the child grows, though a bony bump may remain.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the difference between Achilles Tenosynovitis and Plantar Fasciitis?

Achilles Tenosynovitis involves inflammation of the Achilles tendon, while Plantar Fasciitis affects the plantar fascia.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What condition involves inflammation of the plantar fascia?

Plantar fasciitis.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is the plantar fascia?

A thick band of tissue on the bottom of the foot.

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Peripheral Artery Disease vs Venous Disease

What is a key symptom of plantar fasciitis?

Pain at the heel.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the primary location of pain in Achilles tendonitis?

At the back of the heel or lower ankle.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the primary location of pain in plantar fasciitis?

On the bottom of the heel, often near the arch.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

When is Achilles tendonitis pain typically worse?

During or after activity.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

When is plantar fasciitis pain typically most intense?

With the first few steps after rest, especially in the morning.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What type of tissue is affected by Achilles tendonitis?

The tendon.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What type of tissue is affected by plantar fasciitis?

The fascia.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What common causes are associated with both Achilles tendonitis and plantar fasciitis?

Overuse.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What activities are often linked to Achilles tendonitis?

Running and jumping.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What conditions can be linked to plantar fasciitis?

Overpronation, flat feet, or high arches.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are common symptoms of both Achilles tendonitis and plantar fasciitis?

Pain, swelling, and stiffness.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What treatments are common for both conditions?

Rest, ice, stretching, and supportive footwear or orthotics.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What may be required in severe cases of both conditions?

Physical therapy or even surgery.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a key distinguishing factor between Achilles tendonitis and plantar fasciitis?

The specific location and timing of the pain.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the primary symptom of acute gout?

Sudden, intense joint pain, swelling, redness, and warmth.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Which joint is typically affected by acute gout?

The big toe.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How long can acute gout attacks last?

Days or weeks, with periods of remission in between.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What characterizes chronic tophaceous gout?

The presence of tophi (urate crystal deposits) under the skin.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What causes hyperuricemia and its effects on joints?

Elevated uric acid levels cause urate crystals to form in and around joints, triggering inflammation.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the primary treatment focus during acute gout attacks?

Reducing inflammation and pain, often with NSAIDs, colchicine, or corticosteroids.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are tophi and in which condition do they form?

Tophi are nodules or lumps that form under the skin in chronic gout due to persistently high uric acid levels.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What can untreated hyperuricemia lead to in chronic gout?

The deposition of urate crystals in soft tissues, forming tophi and causing joint damage.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the primary goal of treatment for chronic gout?

To lower uric acid levels to prevent further tophi formation and joint damage.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are the key differences between acute and chronic gout?

Tophi presence, likelihood of joint damage, frequency and duration of attacks, and treatment focus.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the difference in curvature between scoliosis and kyphosis?

Scoliosis involves a sideways curvature, while kyphosis involves a forward curvature of the spine.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is scoliosis?

A condition where the spine curves sideways, often in an 'S' or 'C' shape.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What direction does the curve of scoliosis take?

Sideways (left to right).

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are common symptoms of scoliosis?

Uneven shoulders or hips, a visible curve in the spine, and in some cases, back pain.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What treatments are available for mild scoliosis?

Mild scoliosis may not require treatment, while bracing, physical therapy, and exercises are common for moderate cases.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is kyphosis?

A condition where the spine curves forward, causing a hunched or rounded back.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What direction does the curve of kyphosis take?

Forward (front to back).

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are common causes of kyphosis?

Poor posture, osteoporosis, spinal injuries, or other conditions.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are the symptoms of kyphosis?

Symptoms were not provided in the text, but typically include a rounded back and potential discomfort.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are the common symptoms of lordosis?

A noticeable hump in the upper back, rounded shoulders, and back pain or stiffness.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is lordosis?

An abnormal inward curvature of the spine, most commonly in the lower back.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is lumbar lordosis?

The most common type of lordosis affecting the lower back.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is cervical lordosis?

A type of lordosis that affects the neck region.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are some causes of lordosis?

Poor posture, muscle imbalances, obesity, congenital conditions, injuries, and muscle weakness.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How can lordosis be treated?

Treatment can include physical therapy, bracing, and in some cases, surgery, depending on the cause and severity.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a visible characteristic of lordosis?

An exaggerated inward curve in the lower back, making the buttocks appear prominent and the stomach protrude.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What type of pain is associated with lordosis?

Pain in the lower back, especially with movement.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a common limitation in movement for someone with lordosis?

Difficulty bending or twisting.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What neurological symptoms can severe lordosis cause?

Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How can a doctor diagnose lordosis?

Through physical examination and assessing posture and range of motion.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What imaging technique can be used to assess spinal curvature in lordosis?

X-rays.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a recommended treatment for lordosis?

Physical therapy to strengthen core muscles and improve posture.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How can weight loss help with lordosis?

It can help reduce the curve if obesity is a contributing factor.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a potential treatment option for severe cases of lordosis?

Surgery, although it is rarely needed.

p.34
Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What are the effects of damage to Broca's area?

Leads to difficulty forming words and sentences, known as expressive aphasia, while comprehension remains relatively intact.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What are the symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia?

Difficulty understanding spoken and written language, producing fluent but often meaningless speech.

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Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What characterizes global aphasia?

Significant impairment in both speech production and comprehension, with patients limited to a few words or phrases.

p.34
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the purpose of the finger-to-nose test?

To assess coordination and cerebellar function.

p.34
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What does the heel-to-shin test evaluate?

It evaluates coordination and balance, specifically the ability to move the heel along the shin.

p.34
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is assessed during the rapid alternating movements test?

Coordination and the ability to perform quick, alternating movements.

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Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What does tandem gait assess?

Balance and coordination by having the patient walk heel-to-toe in a straight line.

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Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the purpose of Romberg's test?

To assess balance and proprioception by having the patient stand with eyes closed and feet together.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the procedure for the Finger-to-Nose Test?

Ask the patient to extend their arms and touch their nose with their index finger, then extend their arm again, alternating between touching their nose with each hand, repeating several times.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the normal findings for the Finger-to-Nose Test?

Smooth and coordinated movements.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the abnormal findings for the Finger-to-Nose Test?

Clumsiness, inability to touch the nose accurately, or overshooting the target (dysmetria).

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

How is the Heel-to-Shin Test performed?

Have the patient lie supine and slide the heel of one foot down the shin of the other leg from the knee to the ankle, repeating with the other leg.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the normal findings for the Heel-to-Shin Test?

Smooth and straight movement down the shin.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the abnormal findings for the Heel-to-Shin Test?

Heel falling off the shin, or jerky or imprecise movements.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the procedure for the Rapid Alternating Movements Test?

Ask the patient to rapidly pronate and supinate their hands on their thighs or touch each finger to their thumb in sequence, increasing the pace.

p.35
Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the normal findings for the Rapid Alternating Movements Test?

Smooth, coordinated, and rhythmic movements.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the abnormal findings for the Rapid Alternating Movements Test?

Slow, clumsy, or irregular movements, or the inability to perform the movements smoothly.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the procedure for Gait Assessment?

Observe the patient's gait including posture, stride, arm swing, and turning.

p.35
Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the normal findings for Gait Assessment?

Steady gait with smooth, coordinated movements and normal arm swing.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the abnormal findings for Gait Assessment?

Wide base of support, unsteady gait, shuffling, or inability to maintain balance.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

How is the Tandem Gait test performed?

Ask the patient to walk heel-to-toe in a straight line.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the normal findings for the Tandem Gait test?

Smooth and coordinated movement.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the abnormal findings for the Tandem Gait test?

Difficulty maintaining balance and walking in a straight line.

p.35
Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the procedure for Romberg's Test?

Ask the patient to stand with feet together and eyes closed.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the normal findings for Romberg's Test?

The patient maintains balance with eyes closed.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What are the abnormal findings for Romberg's Test?

The patient sways or loses balance (positive Romberg's test).

p.36
Components of the Mental Status Exam

What is the dorsal column pathway responsible for?

Conveying fine touch, vibration, conscious proprioception, and two-point discrimination sensations.

p.36
Components of the Mental Status Exam

What is the purpose of the vibration sense test?

To assess the ability to perceive vibration.

p.36
Components of the Mental Status Exam

What frequency tuning fork is used for the vibration sense test?

128 Hz tuning fork.

p.36
Components of the Mental Status Exam

How is the vibration sense test performed?

Place a vibrating tuning fork on a bony prominence and ask the patient to indicate when they no longer feel the vibration.

p.36
Components of the Mental Status Exam

What does the proprioception test assess?

Awareness of body position and movement in space.

p.36
Components of the Mental Status Exam

How is the proprioception test performed?

Move the digit slightly up or down randomly and ask the patient to report the direction of movement.

p.37
Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is the purpose of the two-point discrimination test?

To assess the ability to distinguish between two distinct points of touch.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What equipment is used in the two-point discrimination test?

A specialized aesthesiometer or calipers.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What should the patient do during the two-point discrimination test?

Close their eyes and indicate if they feel one or two points.

p.37
Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does a positive Romberg test indicate?

Impaired proprioception, shown by increased swaying or loss of balance when the patient closes their eyes.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the purpose of the Romberg test?

To assess the integrity of the posterior column pathway and identify proprioceptive deficits affecting balance.

p.37
Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is an important consideration for reliable results in sensory examination?

Optimal patient cooperation is required.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is the importance of performing examinations in a comfortable environment?

It helps the patient feel relaxed and reduces anxiety during the examination.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What should be explained to the patient before beginning an examination?

Each test and what is expected of the patient.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is a key safety consideration during balance tests like the Romberg test?

Prioritize patient safety and be prepared to assist if the patient loses balance.

p.38
Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

Why is standardization important in examinations?

It helps reduce discrepancies between different examiners.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What should be done if an abnormality is detected during testing?

Compare the sensation to a contralateral, unaffected site for comparison.

p.38
Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What is the recommended approach for testing sensation?

Begin testing distally and move proximally if deficits are found.

p.38
Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

When testing pressure perception, what areas should be avoided?

Areas of callus or thickened skin.

p.38
Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What do Stereognosis and Graphesthesia tests assess?

Cortical sensory function and the brain's ability to interpret sensory information.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

How is Stereognosis tested?

By placing a familiar object in the patient's hand and asking them to identify it with their eyes closed.

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Subjective vs Objective Data in Health Assessment

What does Stereognosis evaluate?

The patient's ability to integrate tactile, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic information.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does astereognosis indicate regarding brain function?

It may indicate lesions in the parietal lobe or other areas involved in sensory processing.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is graphesthesia?

The ability to recognize numbers, letters, or shapes traced on the skin by touch.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

How is graphesthesia tested?

By using a blunt object to draw a number or letter on the patient's skin and asking them to identify it.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does agraphesthesia indicate?

It may indicate damage to the sensory cortex or other neurological conditions.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the purpose of the Romberg test?

To assess proprioception and vestibular function.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does a positive Romberg test indicate?

It indicates potential issues with proprioception or vestibular function.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does the pronator drift test assess?

It assesses upper motor neuron function.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does downward drift and pronation of the arm in pronator drift suggest?

It suggests upper motor neuron weakness, often due to lesions in the corticospinal tract.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the purpose of the pronator drift test?

To detect subtle weakness in the upper extremities, specifically in the corticospinal tract.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does a positive result in the pronator drift test indicate?

Downward drift and pronation of one or both arms, suggesting upper motor neuron weakness, often contralateral to the affected side.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the grading scale for deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)?

The scale ranges from 0 (no response) to 4+ (very brisk response with clonus).

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does a 4+ rating on the deep tendon reflex scale indicate?

A very brisk response with clonus, where the muscle contracts strongly and there is a series of involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does a 2+ rating on the deep tendon reflex scale indicate?

A normal response where the muscle contracts with a moderate, expected response.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What conditions are associated with pronator drift?

Upper motor neuron lesions in the corticospinal tract.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does a 1+ rating on the deep tendon reflex scale indicate?

A diminished response where the muscle contraction is weak or barely perceptible.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does a 0 rating on the deep tendon reflex scale indicate?

No response; the muscle does not contract at all when the tendon is tapped.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is clonus in the context of deep tendon reflexes?

A series of involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions following a strong reflex response.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is hyperreflexia?

An abnormally increased reflex response to a stimulus.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What causes hyperreflexia?

Often associated with upper motor neuron lesions affecting brain or spinal cord pathways.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is hyporeflexia?

A decreased or absent reflex response to a stimulus.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What causes hyporeflexia?

Often associated with lower motor neuron lesions affecting nerves that connect to muscles.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is clonus?

A specific type of hyperreflexia characterized by rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is a 4+ reflex response?

Always considered abnormal and requires further investigation.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What factors can influence reflex responses?

Patient anxiety or muscle fatigue.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is the definition of clonus?

A rhythmic, involuntary, and repetitive contraction and relaxation of muscles.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What causes clonus?

It is caused by a form of hyperreflexia due to disrupted inhibitory signals from the brain, often from upper motor neuron damage.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is an example of clonus?

Rhythmic jerking movements of the ankle when the foot is quickly dorsiflexed.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What is hyporeflexia?

An absent or diminished response to tapping, indicating a disease involving the reflex arc components.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does hyperreflexia indicate?

It indicates hyperactive or repeating reflexes, often due to interruption of corticospinal pathways from a suprasegmental lesion.

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

How are Deep Tendon Reflexes graded?

They are graded from 0 (no response) to 4+ (a tap elicits a repeating reflex).

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Levels of Consciousness: Alert, Lethargic, Obtunde...

What does asymmetry of reflexes suggest?

It suggests an abnormality.

p.43
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the primary cause of ischemic strokes?

A blood clot blocks an artery, preventing blood flow to the brain.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What happens during a hemorrhagic stroke?

A blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain tissue.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What percentage of strokes are ischemic according to the American Stroke Association?

About 87%.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the main treatment focus for ischemic strokes?

Restoring blood flow, often with medications like tPA or surgical procedures.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are the two types of hemorrhagic strokes?

Intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the mechanism of damage in ischemic strokes?

The blockage prevents oxygen and nutrients from reaching brain cells, causing them to die.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the mechanism of damage in hemorrhagic strokes?

The bleeding increases pressure on brain cells, causing damage and preventing proper function.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a thrombotic stroke?

A clot forms in a blood vessel within the brain.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is an embolic stroke?

A clot forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the brain.

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Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the primary focus of treatment for hemorrhagic strokes?

Stopping the bleeding, controlling pressure in the brain, and potentially repairing the ruptured blood vessel.

p.44
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the main cause of ischemic strokes?

Blockage of blood flow to the brain.

p.44
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Which type of stroke is more common?

Ischemic strokes are more common.

p.44
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a key difference in treatment focus between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes?

Ischemic strokes focus on restoring blood flow, while hemorrhagic strokes focus on stopping the bleed.

p.44
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Which type of stroke can be more severe and has a higher mortality rate?

Hemorrhagic strokes can be more severe and have a higher mortality rate.

p.44
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are some common symptoms of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes?

Sudden numbness or weakness on one side of the body, confusion, difficulty speaking, trouble seeing, trouble walking, dizziness, or severe headache.

p.44
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

Why is timely treatment important for strokes?

Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and reduce long-term disability.

p.44
Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

What is the primary characteristic of essential tremor?

It is primarily an 'action' tremor, noticeable when performing tasks.

p.44
Types of Aphasia: Global, Broca's, and Wernicke's

How does Parkinsonism differ from essential tremor?

Parkinsonism involves a wider range of symptoms including slow movement, rigidity, and balance issues, with tremors often occurring at rest.

p.45
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What distinguishes essential tremor from Parkinson's disease?

Essential tremor is an isolated tremor disorder without significant neurological symptoms like those seen in Parkinson's.

p.45
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does the progression of essential tremor typically affect lifespan?

It doesn't typically shorten lifespan and may not cause significant disability.

p.45
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

At what age can essential tremor occur?

It can occur at any age, including childhood, but is more common in middle age.

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46
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are some additional symptoms of Parkinsonism besides tremor?

Bradykinesia, rigidity, and gait and balance problems.

p.45
46
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does Parkinson's disease progress over time?

It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, meaning symptoms worsen over time and can shorten lifespan.

p.45
46
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is the typical age of onset for Parkinson's disease?

Typically occurs later in life, with an average age of onset around 60.

p.46
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What type of tremor is associated with Essential Tremor?

Action tremor (during movement).

p.46
45
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What type of tremor is associated with Parkinsonism?

Resting tremor, but can also include action tremor.

p.46
45
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What are common symptoms of Parkinsonism besides tremors?

Bradykinesia, rigidity, and balance problems.

p.46
45
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How does the progression of Essential Tremor compare to Parkinsonism?

Essential Tremor may worsen but is not necessarily disabling or life-shortening, while Parkinsonism is progressive and can shorten lifespan.

p.46
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

At what age can Essential Tremor onset occur?

At any age.

p.46
45
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

At what age does Parkinsonism typically onset?

Typically later in life, around age 60.

p.46
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

What is a key consideration regarding the symptoms of Essential Tremor and Parkinsonism?

Some individuals with Essential Tremor may develop features of Parkinsonism later in life, and some patients with Parkinson's may have both resting and action tremors.

p.46
Differences between Dementia, Delirium, and Depres...

How can a doctor diagnose Essential Tremor and Parkinsonism?

Through a physical exam, neurological assessment, and sometimes imaging tests.

p.46
47
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What functions are assessed in a Cranial Nerve Assessment?

Vision, hearing, facial expressions, and tongue movement.

p.46
47
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How is vision assessed in a Cranial Nerve Assessment?

Using a Snellen chart and pupillary reflexes.

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47
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How is hearing tested in a Cranial Nerve Assessment?

With whispered words and tuning forks.

p.46
47
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How is facial nerve function evaluated?

By observing facial expressions.

p.46
47
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How is the hypoglossal nerve tested?

By assessing tongue movement.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How is the olfactory nerve evaluated?

By having the patient identify familiar odors with each nostril while the other is occluded.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the method used to test visual acuity for the optic nerve?

Using a Snellen chart.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How are the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves assessed?

By observing eye movements as the examiner moves a finger or pen in an 'H' pattern.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the primary function of the oculomotor nerve?

Controlling most eye movements, eyelid elevation, and pupil constriction.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What muscle does the trochlear nerve control?

The superior oblique muscle, responsible for downward and outward rotation of the eye.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the function of the abducens nerve?

Controls the lateral rectus muscle, responsible for abducting the eye.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How is the sensory function of the trigeminal nerve assessed?

By testing light touch, pain sensation, and temperature sensation on the face.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is tested to assess the motor function of the trigeminal nerve?

Palpating the masseter and temporalis muscles while the patient clenches their jaw.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How is the facial nerve's motor function evaluated?

By observing facial expressions such as smiling, frowning, and puffing out cheeks.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What tests are performed to assess the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Hearing is assessed by whispering numbers and performing Weber and Rinne tests.

p.47
46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What reflex is tested for the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves?

The gag reflex by touching the back of the throat.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

How is the spinal accessory nerve's function assessed?

By having the patient turn their head and shrug their shoulders against resistance.

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46
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is observed when testing the hypoglossal nerve?

The patient is asked to protrude their tongue, and any deviation or weakness is noted.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the function of the Olfactory nerve (CN I)?

Providing the sense of smell.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What does the Optic nerve (CN II) provide?

Providing vision.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What are the functions of the Oculomotor nerve (CN III)?

Opening and moving your eyes and adjusting pupil width.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the primary function of the Trochlear nerve (CN IV)?

Looking down and moving your eyes toward your nose or away from it.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What sensations does the Trigeminal nerve (CN V) provide?

Providing sensations in your eyes, most of your face and inside your mouth; it also allows you to chew food.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the function of the Abducens nerve (CN VI)?

Moving your eyes from left to right.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What does the Facial nerve (CN VII) control?

Controlling several facial muscles to make facial expressions and providing the sense of taste in part of your tongue.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What are the functions of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?

Providing the sense of hearing and balance.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provide?

Providing taste sensations to part of your tongue and controlling muscles for swallowing; it also has parasympathetic nerve fibers that play a role in blood pressure regulation and saliva production.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the main function of the Vagus nerve (CN X)?

Regulating several automatic bodily processes, including digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, mood, and saliva production.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What does the Accessory nerve (CN XI) control?

Controlling shoulder and neck movement.

p.48
Cranial Nerve Assessment and Functions

What is the function of the Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

Controlling tongue movement, which plays a role in speaking, eating, and swallowing.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder