HA EXAM 3 BLUEPRINT Study Guide From HA Lab Professor

It is significant and may reflect changes in the person's condition.

Pupil size and reaction to light should be noted.

A person's emotional and cognitive function.

Appearance, Behavior, Cognition, and Thought processes.

When any abnormality in affect or behavior is discovered.

At the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints.

Heberden's nodes are more common than Bouchard's nodes.

Bouchard's nodes are often associated with more severe osteoarthritis.

Bouchard's nodes can also be associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Both can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness.

Bouchard's nodes may lead to decreased range of motion and crooked fingers.

Monthly, ideally a few days after your period ends when breasts are less likely to be swollen or tender.

BSE is not a substitute for mammograms or other recommended breast cancer screenings.

By determining if the person is awake, alert, and responsive to stimuli.

The expression should be appropriate to the situation and change with the topic, with comfortable eye contact unless culturally precluded.

Effortless laryngeal sounds, appropriate conversation sharing, moderate pace, and fluent stream of talking.

Slow, monotonous speech.

Rapid-fire, pressured, and loud talking.

Distorted speech that may involve misusing words, omitting letters or syllables, or transposing words, often associated with aphasia.

By observing body language and facial expression, and by asking the person how they feel.

Ask about the person's address, phone number, health history, and today's date.

Time (day, date, year, season), place (where they live, current location), and person (own name, age, examiner's identity).

First to time, then to place, and rarely to person.

Anxiety, fatigue, or drug intoxication.

By using a 24-hour diet recall or asking the time of arrival at the agency.

Delirium, dementia, amnestic syndrome, or Korsakoff syndrome in chronic alcoholism.

Remote memory.

Posture, involuntary body movements, and appropriateness of dress and grooming.

Orientation to time, person, place, and intact recent and remote memory.

Generally indicates intact cognitive function with minimal impairment.

To check for cognitive impairment and assess mental ability.

11 questions.

Location awareness, attention, short-term memory, language skills, visual-spatial relationships, and instruction comprehension.

Problems with mental ability, including memory, learning, concentration, and decision-making.

The Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination used in Australia.

Confusion after a head injury or sudden illness.

Tasks like remembering and recalling a list of objects.

To assess cognitive function.

24 or higher.

Age and educational level.

Dementia is a chronic decline in cognitive function, while delirium is an acute disturbance of consciousness and attention.

Memory loss, impaired judgment, difficulty with language, changes in personality, and difficulty with familiar tasks.

Delirium has an abrupt onset, occurring over hours or days, while dementia has a gradual onset over months or years.

Persistent sadness and loss of interest.

No, it is a screening tool, not a definitive diagnostic test.

Context with other factors and the need for further evaluation if scores are below normal range.

Symptoms persist for at least two weeks.

Not typically affected, though some may experience psychomotor retardation or agitation.

Delirium is often reversible, dementia is generally not, and depression is usually treatable.

Persistent, excessive worry about everyday events.

Restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.

They can occur with or without a trigger, such as a reminder of a past trauma.

Rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a feeling of impending doom.

PTSD develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event and is characterized by flashbacks, avoidance, and hyperarousal.

Stress, certain situations, or even without any apparent cause.

PTSD develops after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

Flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, negative changes in mood and thinking, and hyperarousal.

Symptoms are often triggered by reminders of the traumatic event.

GAD stems from persistent worry, panic attacks are sudden episodes of fear, and PTSD arises from a traumatic event.

GAD is not always tied to a specific event, panic attacks can be triggered or spontaneous, and PTSD is linked to a traumatic event.

GAD is persistent, panic attacks are sudden, and PTSD symptoms can persist long after the event.

Yes, it's possible to experience GAD and panic attacks together.

A type of aphasia characterized by severe communication difficulties, affecting both speech production and comprehension.

A type of aphasia where individuals have difficulty producing speech but can understand language.

A type of aphasia where individuals can produce speech but have difficulty understanding and processing language.

A language disorder that affects the ability to speak and understand language.

Global aphasia, Broca's aphasia, and Wernicke's aphasia.

It is the most severe form of aphasia.

It impairs both language production and comprehension.

Damage to Broca's area in the frontal lobe.

Impaired speech production, but comprehension is relatively preserved.

Impaired language comprehension, with fluent but nonsensical speech.

Damage to Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe.

A state of decreased consciousness where a person is sleepy but can be easily aroused.

Lethargy is less severe than coma and allows for easier arousal.

Stress, infection, or illness.

Memory problems, reduced thinking ability, and trouble concentrating.

A mild to moderate reduction in alertness with decreased interest in the environment and slower reactivity to stimulation.

Head injury, blood circulation interruption, impaired oxygenation, CNS infections, drug intoxication, post-seizure state, hypothermia, and metabolic derangements.

Delayed reaction time, lessened interest in the environment, very short attention span, and excessive sleeping.

Dulled or less sharp.

A state of profound decreased arousal where a person is unresponsive to all external stimuli.

A deeper state of unresponsiveness where a person can only be briefly aroused with vigorous stimulation.

In stupor, a person can be briefly aroused with strong stimulation, while in coma, no arousal is possible.

Reduced responsiveness, arousal with strong stimulation, impaired consciousness, and potential for other symptoms like abnormal breathing.

To assess a person's level of consciousness after a head injury or trauma.

Eye-opening, verbal response, and motor response.

A fully conscious and alert person.

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and coma.

Moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) or no significant injury.

By assigning scores to eye-opening, verbal, and motor responses based on observed behaviors.

Information that comes from a patient's personal experience and perspective, including feelings and perceptions.

Based on personal experience, not directly observable, often qualitative, and open to interpretation.

Information that is measurable, observable, and verifiable, based on facts rather than personal opinions.

Measurable, observable, verifiable, factual, and independent of perspective.

To examine one's own breasts for unusual changes that could indicate breast cancer.

Place your hands on your hips and press down to tense your chest muscles, then lean forward and look for any changes.

Lie down with a pillow under your right shoulder and your right arm behind your head to flatten the breast tissue.

Use the pads of your three middle fingers to gently but firmly press down in a circular motion, covering the entire breast area including the underarm.

Gently squeeze each nipple to check for any discharge.

Radial, Ulnar, Brachial, Femoral, Popliteal, Posterior tibial, Dorsalis pedis.

On the thumb side of the wrist, just below the base of the thumb.

In the neck, along the side, below the jawline.

On the inner side of the elbow, along the biceps muscle.

Deeply in the groin area.

Behind the knee, in the popliteal space.

On the top of the foot, between the first and second toe.

On the inner side of the ankle, behind the medial malleolus.

Narrowed arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).

Intermittent claudication (pain or cramping that resolves with rest).

Coolness of the skin, shiny skin, hair loss, and slow-healing sores.

Swelling (edema), aching, heaviness, itching, skin discoloration, and varicose veins.

PAD pain is triggered by exercise and relieved by rest, while CVI pain can occur at rest and may improve with elevation.

PAD ulcers are more common on the toes and feet, while CVI ulcers are more common on the lower legs and ankles.

Skin is generally cooler in PAD and may be warm or hot in CVI.

Faulty valves in veins.

Arteriosclerosis refers to the thickening and hardening of arteries, while atherosclerosis specifically involves plaque buildup in the arteries.

A condition where blood vessels become thick and stiff, affecting arteries that carry oxygen and nutrients from the heart.

A specific type of arteriosclerosis characterized by the buildup of plaque in and on the artery walls.

A sticky substance made up of cholesterol, fat, blood cells, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.

It can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow, and can also burst, leading to a blood clot.

Plaque buildup in the arteries of the heart.

Plaque buildup in the arteries that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body, often affecting the legs.

Plaque buildup in the neck arteries that reduces blood flow to the brain.

Plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys.

Plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the back of the brain.

Plaque buildup in the arteries that supply the intestines with blood.

Damage to the arteries caused by unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, and genetics.

High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.

Eating foods high in saturated fats, smoking or chewing tobacco, and being older (risk increases after age 45 for men and 55 for women).

Angina (chest pain), palpitations, and shortness of breath.

A bruit, which is a whooshing sound heard by a healthcare provider, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).

Pain, aching, heaviness, or cramping in the legs when walking or climbing stairs.

Problems with thinking and memory, weakness or numbness on one side of the body or face, and vision trouble.

Severe pain after meals, weight loss, and diarrhea.

Erectile dysfunction (ED).

Claudication is related to insufficient blood flow due to arterial issues, while DVT is related to blood clots in veins.

Claudication is muscle pain due to reduced blood flow during activity, primarily caused by narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis) in the legs.

Pain, cramping, or aching in the legs that occurs during physical activity and is relieved by rest.

DVT is a blood clot formation in a deep vein, usually in the leg.

Persistent pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected leg, even at rest.

Arterial ulcers are small, deep, and painful due to poor blood flow, while venous ulcers are larger, shallower, and less painful due to blood pooling.

On toes, feet, heels, or areas of pressure.

They have well-defined edges, a pale or necrotic base, shiny, hairless, and cool skin surrounding the ulcer, with minimal drainage.

Venous ulcers are caused by venous insufficiency, leading to blood pooling in the veins.

Larger, shallow ulcers with irregular borders, often with a reddish, fibrinous base and slough.

Dull aching or throbbing, but the wound itself is often less painful unless infected.

On the lower leg, especially around the medial malleolus (inner ankle) in the 'gaiter area'.

Arterial ulcers are small and deep, while venous ulcers are larger and shallow.

Arterial ulcers have well-defined, 'punched-out' borders, while venous ulcers have irregular borders.

Dark red with a fibrinous slough.

Very painful.

Swollen with hemosiderin staining.

Often heavy drainage.

Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, increasing age, obesity, family history, heart disease, stroke, and race.

Smoking damages blood vessels and increases the risk of plaque buildup.

Diabetes significantly increases the risk of PAD and accelerates its progression.

High blood pressure contributes to arterial damage and plaque formation.

The risk increases after 50, especially after 65.

Obesity is linked to other PAD risk factors like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.

Having a family history of PAD, heart disease, or stroke increases individual risk.

PAD is more prevalent in Black individuals.

A sedentary lifestyle can worsen other PAD risk factors.

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increases PAD risk, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess abdominal fat, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

Age, family history of venous problems, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting or standing, history of DVT or blood clots, being female, smoking, and certain medical conditions.

Veins tend to weaken, making them less efficient at returning blood to the heart.

A family history of varicose veins, blood clots, or other venous problems.

Excess weight puts increased pressure on the veins, making it harder for them to pump blood effectively.

Hormonal changes and increased pressure from the growing uterus can affect venous function.

They can impede blood flow as the leg muscles aren't actively pumping blood back to the heart.

It can damage the valves in the veins, increasing the risk of future problems.

Potentially due to hormonal factors and pregnancy.

It can negatively impact vein health and elasticity.

Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, and some cancers.

It reduces circulation and increases the risk of venous problems.

Bone density decreases, making bones more brittle and prone to fractures.

The natural decline of muscle mass and strength with age.

Aging can lead to difficulty focusing on close objects, increased sensitivity to glare, and changes like cataracts.

Aging can result in a slightly slower heart rate, thickening of heart walls, and less elastic blood vessels.

Loss of elasticity in the lungs, increased residual volume, and decreased vital capacity.

Common changes include alterations in taste and smell, altered gut motility, and decreased liver metabolic activity.

There is a decline in kidney function, including a reduced glomerular filtration rate.

Thinning, sagging, wrinkling, and the appearance of age spots are normal skin changes.

There is reduced production and function of immune cells, leading to a less robust immune response.

Changes include difficulty hearing high frequencies, reduced touch sensitivity, and diminished peripheral vision.

The rate and extent of physiological changes vary significantly between individuals.

Despite physiological changes, many older adults maintain adequate function due to the body's ability to compensate.

Older adults are more vulnerable to the effects of stress and the development of age-related diseases.

A condition involving the thickening and tightening of tissue under the skin of the palm, causing fingers to bend towards the palm.

Disruption of the balance of tendons and ligaments in the finger, often due to injury or conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

It causes the middle joint to bend inward while the fingertip joint bends backward, resembling a buttonhole.

It resembles a swan's neck due to the hyperextension of the middle joint and flexion of the fingertip joint.

The condition can worsen over time, with fingers becoming increasingly flexed.

Injury to the central slip of the extensor tendon.

The middle joint flexes while the fingertip joint hyperextends.

It resembles a buttonhole.

Heberden's nodes occur at the DIP joints, while Bouchard's nodes occur at the PIP joints.

At the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints.

Rheumatoid Arthritis predominantly affects smaller joints like those in the hands and feet.

RA can cause fatigue, fever, and can affect organs like the lungs and eyes.

RA is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, specifically the joints.

RA typically occurs between 40 and 50 years of age.

The spine and sacroiliac joints.

It can involve the eyes (uveitis) and potentially the bowel.

Usually begins before the age of 30.

RA affects smaller, peripheral joints, while AS primarily affects the spine and sacroiliac joints.

Women are more commonly affected by RA.

Men are more commonly affected by AS.

Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies.

The HLA-B27 gene.

It primarily impacts the cartilage in your joints.

Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory condition with symptoms that do not hide, while osteoporosis is not primarily inflammatory.

Causes include genetic factors, acute injury or fracture, or infection.

It can impair the integrity of the joint, leading to faster degeneration of cartilage over time.

Keeping weight down at a healthy level to reduce stress on joints.

Weight-bearing exercise is good for bone density and health, but should be discussed with a physician based on severity.

An anti-inflammatory diet and increasing plant-based meals can help lessen symptoms.

Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption, which is crucial for bone health.

Falls, which can be especially dangerous for older individuals.

Assess tripping hazards, wear clean glasses and well-fitting shoes, and get regular vision checks.

A condition causing pain and swelling below the kneecap at the tibial tuberosity, common in adolescents during growth spurts.

It is an overuse injury from repetitive stress on the patellar tendon, pulling on the growth plate at the tibial tuberosity.

Pain, swelling, and tenderness below the kneecap, worsening with activity and improving with rest.

Diagnosis is based on physical examination and symptoms, with X-rays used to rule out other conditions.

Rest, ice, stretching, and strengthening exercises are common treatments.

It is generally self-limiting and resolves naturally as the child grows, though a bony bump may remain.

Achilles Tenosynovitis involves inflammation of the Achilles tendon, while Plantar Fasciitis affects the plantar fascia.

Plantar fasciitis.

A thick band of tissue on the bottom of the foot.

Pain at the heel.

At the back of the heel or lower ankle.

On the bottom of the heel, often near the arch.

During or after activity.

With the first few steps after rest, especially in the morning.

The tendon.

The fascia.

Overuse.

Running and jumping.

Overpronation, flat feet, or high arches.

Pain, swelling, and stiffness.

Rest, ice, stretching, and supportive footwear or orthotics.

Physical therapy or even surgery.

The specific location and timing of the pain.

Sudden, intense joint pain, swelling, redness, and warmth.

The big toe.

Days or weeks, with periods of remission in between.

The presence of tophi (urate crystal deposits) under the skin.

Elevated uric acid levels cause urate crystals to form in and around joints, triggering inflammation.

Reducing inflammation and pain, often with NSAIDs, colchicine, or corticosteroids.

Tophi are nodules or lumps that form under the skin in chronic gout due to persistently high uric acid levels.

The deposition of urate crystals in soft tissues, forming tophi and causing joint damage.

To lower uric acid levels to prevent further tophi formation and joint damage.

Tophi presence, likelihood of joint damage, frequency and duration of attacks, and treatment focus.

Scoliosis involves a sideways curvature, while kyphosis involves a forward curvature of the spine.

A condition where the spine curves sideways, often in an 'S' or 'C' shape.

Sideways (left to right).

Uneven shoulders or hips, a visible curve in the spine, and in some cases, back pain.

Mild scoliosis may not require treatment, while bracing, physical therapy, and exercises are common for moderate cases.

A condition where the spine curves forward, causing a hunched or rounded back.

Forward (front to back).

Poor posture, osteoporosis, spinal injuries, or other conditions.

Symptoms were not provided in the text, but typically include a rounded back and potential discomfort.

A noticeable hump in the upper back, rounded shoulders, and back pain or stiffness.

An abnormal inward curvature of the spine, most commonly in the lower back.

The most common type of lordosis affecting the lower back.

A type of lordosis that affects the neck region.

Poor posture, muscle imbalances, obesity, congenital conditions, injuries, and muscle weakness.

Treatment can include physical therapy, bracing, and in some cases, surgery, depending on the cause and severity.

An exaggerated inward curve in the lower back, making the buttocks appear prominent and the stomach protrude.

Pain in the lower back, especially with movement.

Difficulty bending or twisting.

Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs.

Through physical examination and assessing posture and range of motion.

X-rays.

Physical therapy to strengthen core muscles and improve posture.

It can help reduce the curve if obesity is a contributing factor.

Surgery, although it is rarely needed.

Leads to difficulty forming words and sentences, known as expressive aphasia, while comprehension remains relatively intact.

Difficulty understanding spoken and written language, producing fluent but often meaningless speech.

Significant impairment in both speech production and comprehension, with patients limited to a few words or phrases.

To assess coordination and cerebellar function.

It evaluates coordination and balance, specifically the ability to move the heel along the shin.

Coordination and the ability to perform quick, alternating movements.

Balance and coordination by having the patient walk heel-to-toe in a straight line.

To assess balance and proprioception by having the patient stand with eyes closed and feet together.

Ask the patient to extend their arms and touch their nose with their index finger, then extend their arm again, alternating between touching their nose with each hand, repeating several times.

Smooth and coordinated movements.

Clumsiness, inability to touch the nose accurately, or overshooting the target (dysmetria).

Have the patient lie supine and slide the heel of one foot down the shin of the other leg from the knee to the ankle, repeating with the other leg.

Smooth and straight movement down the shin.

Heel falling off the shin, or jerky or imprecise movements.

Ask the patient to rapidly pronate and supinate their hands on their thighs or touch each finger to their thumb in sequence, increasing the pace.

Smooth, coordinated, and rhythmic movements.

Slow, clumsy, or irregular movements, or the inability to perform the movements smoothly.

Observe the patient's gait including posture, stride, arm swing, and turning.

Steady gait with smooth, coordinated movements and normal arm swing.

Wide base of support, unsteady gait, shuffling, or inability to maintain balance.

Ask the patient to walk heel-to-toe in a straight line.

Smooth and coordinated movement.

Difficulty maintaining balance and walking in a straight line.

Ask the patient to stand with feet together and eyes closed.

The patient maintains balance with eyes closed.

The patient sways or loses balance (positive Romberg's test).

Conveying fine touch, vibration, conscious proprioception, and two-point discrimination sensations.

To assess the ability to perceive vibration.

128 Hz tuning fork.

Place a vibrating tuning fork on a bony prominence and ask the patient to indicate when they no longer feel the vibration.

Awareness of body position and movement in space.

Move the digit slightly up or down randomly and ask the patient to report the direction of movement.

To assess the ability to distinguish between two distinct points of touch.

A specialized aesthesiometer or calipers.

Close their eyes and indicate if they feel one or two points.

Impaired proprioception, shown by increased swaying or loss of balance when the patient closes their eyes.

To assess the integrity of the posterior column pathway and identify proprioceptive deficits affecting balance.

Optimal patient cooperation is required.

It helps the patient feel relaxed and reduces anxiety during the examination.

Each test and what is expected of the patient.

Prioritize patient safety and be prepared to assist if the patient loses balance.

It helps reduce discrepancies between different examiners.

Compare the sensation to a contralateral, unaffected site for comparison.

Begin testing distally and move proximally if deficits are found.

Areas of callus or thickened skin.

Cortical sensory function and the brain's ability to interpret sensory information.

By placing a familiar object in the patient's hand and asking them to identify it with their eyes closed.

The patient's ability to integrate tactile, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic information.

It may indicate lesions in the parietal lobe or other areas involved in sensory processing.

The ability to recognize numbers, letters, or shapes traced on the skin by touch.

By using a blunt object to draw a number or letter on the patient's skin and asking them to identify it.

It may indicate damage to the sensory cortex or other neurological conditions.

To assess proprioception and vestibular function.

It indicates potential issues with proprioception or vestibular function.

It assesses upper motor neuron function.

It suggests upper motor neuron weakness, often due to lesions in the corticospinal tract.

To detect subtle weakness in the upper extremities, specifically in the corticospinal tract.

Downward drift and pronation of one or both arms, suggesting upper motor neuron weakness, often contralateral to the affected side.

The scale ranges from 0 (no response) to 4+ (very brisk response with clonus).

A very brisk response with clonus, where the muscle contracts strongly and there is a series of involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions.

A normal response where the muscle contracts with a moderate, expected response.

Upper motor neuron lesions in the corticospinal tract.

A diminished response where the muscle contraction is weak or barely perceptible.

No response; the muscle does not contract at all when the tendon is tapped.

A series of involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions following a strong reflex response.

An abnormally increased reflex response to a stimulus.

Often associated with upper motor neuron lesions affecting brain or spinal cord pathways.

A decreased or absent reflex response to a stimulus.

Often associated with lower motor neuron lesions affecting nerves that connect to muscles.

A specific type of hyperreflexia characterized by rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions.

Always considered abnormal and requires further investigation.

Patient anxiety or muscle fatigue.

A rhythmic, involuntary, and repetitive contraction and relaxation of muscles.

It is caused by a form of hyperreflexia due to disrupted inhibitory signals from the brain, often from upper motor neuron damage.

Rhythmic jerking movements of the ankle when the foot is quickly dorsiflexed.

An absent or diminished response to tapping, indicating a disease involving the reflex arc components.

It indicates hyperactive or repeating reflexes, often due to interruption of corticospinal pathways from a suprasegmental lesion.

They are graded from 0 (no response) to 4+ (a tap elicits a repeating reflex).

It suggests an abnormality.

A blood clot blocks an artery, preventing blood flow to the brain.

A blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain tissue.

About 87%.

Restoring blood flow, often with medications like tPA or surgical procedures.

Intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The blockage prevents oxygen and nutrients from reaching brain cells, causing them to die.

The bleeding increases pressure on brain cells, causing damage and preventing proper function.

A clot forms in a blood vessel within the brain.

A clot forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the brain.

Stopping the bleeding, controlling pressure in the brain, and potentially repairing the ruptured blood vessel.

Blockage of blood flow to the brain.

Ischemic strokes are more common.

Ischemic strokes focus on restoring blood flow, while hemorrhagic strokes focus on stopping the bleed.

Hemorrhagic strokes can be more severe and have a higher mortality rate.

Sudden numbness or weakness on one side of the body, confusion, difficulty speaking, trouble seeing, trouble walking, dizziness, or severe headache.

Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and reduce long-term disability.

It is primarily an 'action' tremor, noticeable when performing tasks.

Parkinsonism involves a wider range of symptoms including slow movement, rigidity, and balance issues, with tremors often occurring at rest.

Essential tremor is an isolated tremor disorder without significant neurological symptoms like those seen in Parkinson's.

It doesn't typically shorten lifespan and may not cause significant disability.

It can occur at any age, including childhood, but is more common in middle age.

Bradykinesia, rigidity, and gait and balance problems.

It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, meaning symptoms worsen over time and can shorten lifespan.

Typically occurs later in life, with an average age of onset around 60.

Action tremor (during movement).

Resting tremor, but can also include action tremor.

Bradykinesia, rigidity, and balance problems.

Essential Tremor may worsen but is not necessarily disabling or life-shortening, while Parkinsonism is progressive and can shorten lifespan.

At any age.

Typically later in life, around age 60.

Some individuals with Essential Tremor may develop features of Parkinsonism later in life, and some patients with Parkinson's may have both resting and action tremors.

Through a physical exam, neurological assessment, and sometimes imaging tests.

Vision, hearing, facial expressions, and tongue movement.

Using a Snellen chart and pupillary reflexes.

With whispered words and tuning forks.

By observing facial expressions.

By assessing tongue movement.

By having the patient identify familiar odors with each nostril while the other is occluded.

Using a Snellen chart.

By observing eye movements as the examiner moves a finger or pen in an 'H' pattern.

Controlling most eye movements, eyelid elevation, and pupil constriction.

The superior oblique muscle, responsible for downward and outward rotation of the eye.

Controls the lateral rectus muscle, responsible for abducting the eye.

By testing light touch, pain sensation, and temperature sensation on the face.

Palpating the masseter and temporalis muscles while the patient clenches their jaw.

By observing facial expressions such as smiling, frowning, and puffing out cheeks.

Hearing is assessed by whispering numbers and performing Weber and Rinne tests.

The gag reflex by touching the back of the throat.

By having the patient turn their head and shrug their shoulders against resistance.

The patient is asked to protrude their tongue, and any deviation or weakness is noted.

Providing the sense of smell.

Providing vision.

Opening and moving your eyes and adjusting pupil width.

Looking down and moving your eyes toward your nose or away from it.

Providing sensations in your eyes, most of your face and inside your mouth; it also allows you to chew food.

Moving your eyes from left to right.

Controlling several facial muscles to make facial expressions and providing the sense of taste in part of your tongue.

Providing the sense of hearing and balance.

Providing taste sensations to part of your tongue and controlling muscles for swallowing; it also has parasympathetic nerve fibers that play a role in blood pressure regulation and saliva production.

Regulating several automatic bodily processes, including digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, mood, and saliva production.

Controlling shoulder and neck movement.

Controlling tongue movement, which plays a role in speaking, eating, and swallowing.