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Stone tablets inscribed in a rectangular temple surrounded by a wall decorated with paintings.

Arababani, Biqulzar, Dera, Fadise, Gidaya, Hargaya, Harla, Kwilgora, Qadise, Sharkah, and Sim.

Muslim sultanates in the southeast.

It is comparable to Hebrew, Arabic, and Greek numerals but lacks individual characters for multiples of 100.

The location of Punt.

From the Red Sea coast in the East to the western edge of the Ethiopian plateau and possibly as far south as northern parts of Shewa.

Both engaged in trade and had cultural exchanges.

It symbolized national identity and legitimacy of rulers.

Ethiopian societies were influenced by external cultures while also influencing them.

Their expansion significantly influenced the political and cultural life of ancient states.

Local rebellions and the rise of Arab Muslims controlling trade.

Around 200 - 100 B.C.

Aksumite state originated from trade and agricultural development, growing into a powerful entity.

Internal and external factors, including economic challenges and invasions.

Political instability and external pressures.

Political and cultural advancements, including trade networks and architectural innovations.

To create a Christian pilgrimage site and symbolize religious devotion.

They facilitated economic exchanges and cultural interactions, leading to mutual influences.

Motalami.

The beginning of sedentary agriculture.

They were major socio-economic and political centers.

Mikretcho was the council that held real power, including the king's spokesman and royal treasurer.

Bale-rist.

Sandstone.

It was the earliest recorded state in Ethiopia and the Horn.

Adulis on the western coast of the Red Sea.

It facilitated the development of states through the exchange of surplus produce.

The absence of vowels; most words are written in consonants.

Since at least 3,000 B.C.

Natural products such as ivory, myrrh, emerald, frankincense, spices, gold, rhinoceros horns, hippopotamus hides, tortoise shells, and exotic animals.

Khalid ibn al-Walid established it in 896 A.D. (283 A.H.).

Boustrophedon writing type.

Viable Muslim communities and states were established along main trade routes.

Metal work, pottery, tannery, carpentry, masonry, weaving, jewelry, and basketry.

It was the only Christian kingdom between the Red Sea and the Indian subcontinent.

Wheat, barley, fruits, and extensive grazing grounds.

There was no permanent capital during this period.

Bete-Mesqel.

The East Roman or Byzantine Empire.

Manufactured products like garments and textiles, glassware, jewelry, metallic sheets, tools, oil, and wine.

Plough agriculture.

Indigenous script, calendar, EOC hymns, diversified tools, urbanization, and sophisticated building traditions.

An abjad with 26 consonant letters only.

The rapid expansion of Muslim Arabs and the decline of Aksumite land routes.

Political, economic, social, and cultural changes.

A kingdom located on the southern bend of the Abay River, founded in the eighth century.

Trade, both internal and international.

It was a divine kingship, with the king considered sacred and secluded.

A communal birthright to land inherited by families and clans whose ancestors settled in an area.

In 1978.

The ox-drawn plough.

The balance of the crusade war was in favor of the Muslims.

The right to levy tribute on rist owners’ produce.

Engraving of steles.

They were cut and shaped into a variety of delicately decorated churches.

Egyptian hieroglyphic writings and vivid paintings.

It mentioned the enormous power of Prester John and was addressed to European kings.

An autonomous political unit with a population, defined territory, sovereignty, and government.

Cave, semi-hewn, and monolithic churches.

The introduction of Christianity established a new pattern of relations.

Ports of Aden (Eudaemon) Gulf like Avalites (Zayla) and Malao (Berbera), and Indian Ocean Benadir Coasts like Serapion (Moqadishu), Nicon (Brava), and Merca.

33 meters.

Aksumite ships.

It alternates writing from left to right and right to left.

Black Nubian Captain Nehasi.

Weapons and tools such as spears, swords, javelins, and hoes.

Because the claims of historical legitimacy and descent from King Solomon are not supported by historical evidence.

South of Fatagar, between the upper waters of Awash and Wabi-Shebelle.

Priests (shamans).

Frank incense, cinnamon, spices, ivory, rhinoceros horn, live monkeys, and more.

4 days.

Irrigation.

Amde-Tsion.

The unit encourages identification of prominent ancient states.

The Gibe region in southwestern Ethiopia.

They are regarded as some of the finest architecture and artistic achievements of the Christian world.

They considered it a very powerful and wealthy state in the Horn of Africa.

For better security and to help each other in hard work.

A legendary rich and powerful Christian ruler believed to exist in Ethiopia.

Ensuring safety from robbers.

It lies south of the Abay River and was inhabited by a Semitic-speaking population.

Gold, silver, and bronze coins for both overseas and local transactions.

The translation of religious works from Arabic into Ge'ez.

Mainly in cattle, coming from six districts.

A hereditary gult right transferred to offspring by well-placed officials.

Fifty-eight steles.

Roman Empire, Persia, China, and Aksum.

As D’mt.

Pharaoh Sahure.

They claimed descent from the last king of Aksum to take over state power from the Zagwe dynasty.

Aksum.

Theocratic states.

The Geʽez script.

It has 13 months, 12 of which have 28 days and the thirteenth month has 29 days.

A disc and a crescent (half moon).

King Kaleb.

In medieval Amhara, around Lake Haiq.

Bete Medhanelem.

They were mostly despised and marginalized.

A text that claims the Ethiopian ruling class descended from Menilek I, linking Ethiopia to the Judeo-Christian tradition.

The center of the Aksumite state shifted southwards to Kubar rural highland.

From the late thirteenth to the beginning of the sixteenth centuries.

A political entity with organized governance.

Greek, the Lingua Franca of the Greco-Roman world.

Hakuna.

Chiefs, who collected regular and compulsory tributes.

Khebis of the Ta Netjeru (divine or ghosts land).

As an instrument to further their foreign policy objectives.

A little to the south of Aksum.

He is claimed to be the son of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon of Israel, from whom Ethiopian monarchs claim descent.

A system where land rights are held collectively by families, clans, or lineage groups.

Economic and political reasons, including control of trade routes.

Internal problems of royal succession and opposition from groups claiming descent from ancient Aksum rulers.

By providing a common cultural and social framework.

He converted to Judaism and killed many Christians.

Barter, exchanging cattle, sheep, cloth, etc.

Manuring, composting, spreading ashes, fallowing, crop rotation, intercropping, and contour plowing.

Agaw (Awi), Bizamo, Damot, Bete-Israel, and the Red Sea Coast.

Axes, daggers, swords, clothes, and trinkets.

Almouqah.

It is smooth at the back and without any decoration.

Umar Walasma established it between 1271 and 1285.

Ma'ekale-Bahir, later changed to Bahire-Negash.

Based on astronomical observations of the moon and specific guiding stars.

It was the oldest cultural center and an emporium for South Arabian merchants.

Wheat, sorghum, millet, teff, and various fruits.

Trade facilitated interactions that contributed to the spread of Islam.

They served as an important link or bridge between the Ethiopian Christian Kingdom and Europe.

Egyptian sailboats may not have been strong enough to pass through the Strait of Bab-el Mandeb.

AH stands for 'After Hijra' and BH stands for 'Before Hijra'.

It was described for the first time as being consumed as a stimulant.

They facilitated the flow of commodities to the coast.

Ezana, with trilingual inscriptions in Greek, Sabean, and Ge'ez around 330 AD.

Not encouraging, leading to little improvement in locally produced goods.

It involved silent trade, where merchants exchanged goods without direct communication.

It occupied a high plateau and was one of the largest Muslim provinces in Ethiopia.

Ethiopia and the Horn.

Iron, bronze, cattle, medicinal plants, and more.

Mukarib.

It has 12 months of 30 days plus 5 or 6 Epagomenal days, resulting in a gap of 7-8 years.

A ten-storied building with many windows and a false door.

From approximately 1150 to 1270.

Territorial expansion, evangelization, and flourishing trade.

He claimed descent from the last Aksumite king and sought to restore the 'Solomonic' Dynasty.

It describes the commercial activities of the Red Sea areas and was published in Cosmas Indicopleustes’ book, the Christian Topography.

Bugna District within Wag and Lasta, near Roha (Lalibela).

It was developed during times of labor shortage.

They used the land route to Egypt and then to the Holy Land.

A book that contains the legend of the Queen of Sheba and was translated into Ge'ez.

Slaves, ivory, and rare spices.

The destruction of the port of Adulis by the Arabs around 702.

29.5 days in a month and 354 days in a year.

Around 1,000 BC.

Cultural and trade contact.

Rivalries between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates.

Information about the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and its exceptional liturgical practices.

The ancient Aksumite traditions almost intact.

Territorial expansion and socio-cultural exchanges.

It is where the oldest Ethiopian monumental inscription was discovered.

Complex interactions influenced by trade and territorial dynamics.

Distinct architectural styles and cultural significance.

To establish a second Jerusalem and ease the journey for Ethiopian Christians to Holy Lands.

It is a New Year ritual where the nominated Mote (King) is presented.

An Agaw prince who married the daughter of the last Aksumite king and later took control of power.

The 'Solomonic' Dynasty.

Christian scripture, by adding vocalic diacritics for vowels.

A barrier to contacts between Christian Ethiopia and European states.

Aksumite king Gadarat's army had difficulties in defending against the peoples in present-day Yemen around 200 A.D.

Constant power struggles among his sons and grandsons for succession.

Proximity to international water bodies like the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean.

To understand and remember vital climatic cycles, such as the timing of rains.

The tradition to visit Jerusalem and other Holy places.

September 11, except September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year.

Environmental degradation, decline in agricultural productivity, and possibly plague infestation.

A 'royal prison' where all male members of the royal family were confined.

It was significant in the succession problems.

Some suggest northern or northeastern Somalia, while others lean towards Northern Ethiopia.

It is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days, based on the Hijra year of 622 AD.

Loyal soldiers guarded the prison, and upon the monarch's death, an army would escort the designated successor to the throne.

Stiff resistance from Ifat and Shewa, and rebellions in Enderta.

The what, where, when, why, how, and by whom questions.

Bete Giyorgis.

It was destroyed by Imam Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Ghazi's forces in 1540.

Abraha.

They were crucial for formation and consolidation, illustrated by specific examples.

At the beginning of the fourth century AD.

Yared developed Ethiopian Orthodox Church liturgical songs and hymns.

Architecture, writing, calendar, and numerals.

Agriculture and trade.

It shaped the socio-cultural setup of the states.

Through trade, cultural exchanges, and shared religious practices.

They had a significant role in shaping the history of the region.