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What is sterilization?
D) It is the process by which an article, surface or medium is made free of all microorganisms either in vegetative or spore form. Explanation: Sterilization is defined as the process of absolute kill of microorganisms, ensuring that an article, surface, or medium is completely free of all microorganisms, whether in vegetative or spore form.
What is the primary purpose of irradiating cell cultures for research purposes? A) To increase cell growth B) To remove bacteria and microorganisms C) To induce DNA mutation D) To generate heat E) To cause oxidation of molecules
B) To remove bacteria and microorganisms Explanation: Irradiating cell cultures for research purposes primarily aims to remove bacteria and microorganisms from the cultures, ensuring a clean and sterile environment for research.
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p.1
Introduction to Sterilization Techniques

What is sterilization?

D) It is the process by which an article, surface or medium is made free of all microorganisms either in vegetative or spore form.
Explanation: Sterilization is defined as the process of absolute kill of microorganisms, ensuring that an article, surface, or medium is completely free of all microorganisms, whether in vegetative or spore form.

p.12
Radiation Sterilization

What is the primary purpose of irradiating cell cultures for research purposes?
A) To increase cell growth
B) To remove bacteria and microorganisms
C) To induce DNA mutation
D) To generate heat
E) To cause oxidation of molecules

B) To remove bacteria and microorganisms
Explanation: Irradiating cell cultures for research purposes primarily aims to remove bacteria and microorganisms from the cultures, ensuring a clean and sterile environment for research.

p.11
Radiation Sterilization

What is a disadvantage of ionizing radiation in sterilization?
A) Low capital costs
B) Limited specialized facilities needed
C) Compatible with all materials
D) Raises temperature
E) Handling and disposal of radioactive material

E) Handling and disposal of radioactive material
Explanation: A disadvantage of ionizing radiation in sterilization is the requirement for handling and disposal of radioactive material, which adds complexity and safety concerns to the sterilization process.

p.7
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the purpose of Tyndallisation at 100°C for 30 minutes on three successive days?

To sterilize media with sugar and gelatin, preserving sugar which might be decomposed at a higher temperature. It is not recommended for sterilization of instruments.

p.7
Moist Heat Sterilization

How does the autoclave achieve sterilization?

The autoclave works on the principle of moist heat sterilization, where the high pressure inside the chamber increases the boiling point of water for the purpose of sterilization.

p.3
Physical Sterilization

What are the advantages of incineration as a sterilization method?
A) It requires minimal energy
B) It is cost-effective
C) It reduces waste volume by 50%
D) It potentially destroys any material containing organic carbon, including pathogens
E) It is environmentally friendly

D) It potentially destroys any material containing organic carbon, including pathogens
Explanation: Incineration as a sterilization method offers the advantage of potentially destroying any material containing organic carbon, including pathogens, and typically reduces the volume and mass of material that must be disposed of in landfills by 80 to 95 percent, making it an effective waste management solution.

p.4
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the construction of modern hot air ovens?
A) Single-walled chamber made of aluminum
B) Double-walled chamber made of fiberglass
C) Double-walled chamber made of stainless steel
D) Single-walled chamber made of stainless steel
E) Single-walled chamber made of fiberglass

C) Double-walled chamber made of stainless steel
Explanation: Modern hot air ovens are constructed with a double-walled chamber made of aluminum or stainless steel, which is separated from the outer case by a thick layer of insulation made of fiberglass, ensuring efficient and controlled sterilization processes.

p.21
Autoclave Sterilization

What is the principle behind the autoclave's sterilization process?
A) Rapid cooling of equipment
B) Rapid penetration of heat into equipment
C) Rapid evaporation of moisture
D) Rapid expansion of equipment
E) Rapid condensation of steam

B) Rapid penetration of heat into equipment
Explanation: The autoclave's sterilization process is based on the higher pressure ensuring the rapid penetration of heat into the deeper parts of equipment, with the moisture present in the steam causing coagulation of proteins of microbes, leading to irreversible loss of their activity and functions.

p.17
Sterility Evaluation

What is the purpose of a sterility test?

C) To confirm whether the products are either sterile or nonsterile.
Explanation: The sterility test is conducted to confirm whether the products are manufactured and processed under specified guidelines and are either sterile or nonsterile, as per cGMP standards.

p.3
Physical Sterilization

What is the principle behind incineration as a sterilization method?
A) It kills microorganisms by dehydration
B) It kills microorganisms by destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents
C) It kills microorganisms by freezing
D) It kills microorganisms by radiation
E) It kills microorganisms by chemical reaction

B) It kills microorganisms by destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents
Explanation: Incineration as a sterilization method operates on the principle of killing microorganisms through the destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents, which is a key factor in its effectiveness in reducing the volume of waste and potentially destroying organic carbon-containing materials, including pathogens.

p.20
Sterility Evaluation

What is the F value used for in sterilization?
A) The temperature change required to decrease one point in D value
B) The time required to destroy microorganisms
C) The efficacy of a sterilization method
D) The number of minutes it takes to kill bacterial spores through heating
E) The probability of survivors remaining from a load

E) The probability of survivors remaining from a load
Explanation: The F value is used to calculate the probability of survivors remaining from a load, providing insight into the effectiveness of a sterilization method by determining the number of final residents volume of units and the initial population volume.

p.18
Sterility Evaluation

What is the purpose of placing one half part of the membrane filter in fluid thioglycollate medium and soyabean casein digest medium?
A) To observe the turbidity in the medium
B) To remove the membrane aseptically
C) To transfer the unit on a laminar air flow bench
D) To clean the membrane filter unit
E) To pass all the solution through the filter under vacuum

A) To observe the turbidity in the medium
Explanation: Placing one half part of the membrane filter in fluid thioglycollate medium and soyabean casein digest medium allows for the observation of turbidity in the medium by comparing with the standard tube, indicating the presence or absence of microorganisms.

p.7
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the purpose of inspissation at 80°C to 85°C for one hour in an inspissator?

To carry out slow solidification of serum or egg, not for sterilization. However, if the process is repeated for days, some degree of sterilization is achieved, known as fractional sterilization.

p.2
Types of Sterilization Methods

What are the agents called that kill microorganisms?

A) 'Cidal' agents
Explanation: The agents which kill the microorganisms are called 'cidal' agents, and they are used to eliminate bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

p.2
Moist Heat Sterilization

What type of sterilization method is autoclave sterilization?

A) Moist heat
Explanation: Autoclave sterilization is a method of sterilization using moist heat, which is achieved through the use of steam under pressure, making it effective in killing microorganisms.

p.17
Sterility Evaluation

What is the purpose of sterility indicator?

E) To confirm the efficiency of sterilization
Explanation: Sterility indicators are used to confirm the efficiency of sterilization processes, ensuring that the products meet the required sterility standards and are safe for use.

p.8
Autoclave Sterilization

What causes the irreversible loss of activity and functions in microbes during the sterilization process using an autoclave?
A) High temperature
B) Low pressure
C) Presence of steam
D) Coagulation of proteins
E) Lack of moisture

D) Coagulation of proteins
Explanation: The presence of moisture in the steam causes coagulation of proteins of microbes, leading to the irreversible loss of their activity and functions during the sterilization process using an autoclave.

p.26
Chemical Sterilization

What is the advantage of using the described method in sterilizing thermolabile medications?
A) It is not suitable for sterilizing blood plasma
B) It can rapidly supply a small quantity of parenteral solution in an emergency
C) It is reliable for all types of bacteria removal
D) It is suitable for sterilizing blood plasma
E) It can sterilize suspensions and oily preparations

D) It is suitable for sterilizing blood plasma
Explanation: In addition to sterilizing thermolabile medications, such as blood products, insulin, and enzymes, the method is also suitable for sterilizing blood plasma, highlighting its versatility and applicability in pharmaceutical sterilization processes.

p.29
Sterility Evaluation

What type of organisms are commonly used as biological indicators?
A) Viruses
B) Fungi
C) Bacterial spores
D) Protozoa
E) Algae

C) Bacterial spores
Explanation: Bacterial spores are typically used as biological indicators due to their high resistance to sterilizing agents, making them suitable for accurately assessing the effectiveness of sterilization processes.

p.10
Radiation Sterilization

What is an advantage of radiation sterilization over other methods?
A) Leaves chemical residue
B) Requires low energy input
C) Immediate availability of media after sterilization
D) Low cost
E) Limited dosage distribution

C) Immediate availability of media after sterilization
Explanation: One advantage of radiation sterilization is the immediate availability of the media after sterilization, providing a quick and efficient process for obtaining sterile materials.

p.28
Chemical Sterilization

What is the basis of chemical monitoring of a sterilization process?
A) Altering the physical characteristics of substances
B) Monitoring pressure and humidity
C) Changing the color of the indicator
D) Heat, steam, and ionizing radiation
E) Applying pressure to check the integrity of filters

D) Heat, steam, sterilant gases and ionizing radiation
Explanation: Chemical monitoring of a sterilization process is based on the ability of heat, steam, sterilant gases, and ionizing radiation to alter the chemical or physical characteristics of a variety of chemical substances, making option D the correct choice.

p.25
Chemical Sterilization

What is the primary use of dry heat sterilization?
A) Sterilizing water-based solutions
B) Sterilizing heat-sensitive materials
C) Sterilizing powders and non-volatile compounds
D) Sterilizing electronic equipment
E) Sterilizing medical implants

C) Sterilizing powders and non-volatile compounds
Explanation: Dry heat sterilization is primarily used for sterilizing powders and other non-volatile compounds, making it an ideal method for certain pharmaceutical substances and equipment.

p.15
Types of Sterilization Methods

What is the main function of candle filters in sterilization?
A) Absorbing liquids during filtration
B) Filtering out bacteria and residues
C) Separating bacteriophages from bacteria
D) Absorbing microbes in minute pores
E) Sterilizing gas, solvent, and fluids

D) Absorbing microbes in minute pores
Explanation: Candle filters have minute pores that have the tendency to absorb microbes during the sterilization process, making them effective in filtering out microorganisms from fluids and substances.

p.17
Sterility Evaluation

What methods can be used for carrying out sterility tests?

B) Membrane Filtration and Direct Inoculation Filtration
Explanation: Sterility tests can be carried out using methods such as Membrane Filtration and Direct Inoculation Filtration, which are crucial for evaluating the sterility of products and confirming their compliance with cGMP standards.

p.5
Moist Heat Sterilization

What are the advantages of a dry heat cabinet for sterilization?
A) Requires water for operation
B) Non-corrosive for metal and sharp instruments
C) Slow rate of heat penetration
D) Suitable for materials like rubber and plastic
E) Harmful to the environment

B) Non-corrosive for metal and sharp instruments
Explanation: A dry heat cabinet is advantageous as it is non-corrosive for metal and sharp instruments, highlighting its suitability for certain sterilization needs and the protection it offers to equipment.

p.9
Autoclave Sterilization

What is the standard operating procedure for autoclaving at 115°C?
A) 15 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) 10 minutes
D) 80 minutes
E) 3 minutes

B) 30 minutes
Explanation: The standard operating procedure for autoclaving at 115°C is 30 minutes, which ensures effective sterilization of components at this specific temperature.

p.24
Mechanical Sterilization

What is the principle behind the functioning of a hot air oven?
A) It uses radiation to kill microorganisms
B) It uses conduction to kill microorganisms
C) It uses destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents to kill microorganisms
D) It uses convection to kill microorganisms
E) It uses insulation to kill microorganisms

C) It uses destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents to kill microorganisms
Explanation: The hot air oven functions by employing destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents to kill microorganisms, which is a key principle underlying its effectiveness in sterilization.

p.13
Chemical Sterilization

What are the two types of chemical sterilization methods?
A) Solid and liquid
B) Gaseous and solid
C) Gaseous and liquid
D) Liquid and solid
E) Vapor and gas

C) Gaseous and liquid
Explanation: Chemical sterilization methods are categorized into gaseous and liquid types, offering a range of options for effectively destroying microbes.

p.13
Chemical Sterilization

What is the primary function of liquid sterilization?
A) Temporarily inhibit microbes
B) Permanently destroy microbes
C) Slow down microbial growth
D) Alter the genetic makeup of microbes
E) Create a favorable environment for microbes

B) Permanently destroy microbes
Explanation: Liquid sterilization is designed to permanently destroy microbes, ensuring the complete elimination of harmful microorganisms.

p.21
Autoclave Sterilization

What are the components of an autoclave?
A) Vessel and lid
B) Pressure gauge and safety valve
C) Electrical heater and pressure releasing unit
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

D) All of the above
Explanation: The autoclave is made of various components including vessel or pressure chamber, lid or door, pressure gauge, pressure releasing unit (whistle), safety valve, and electrical heater, all of which are essential for its functioning in large scale sterilization processes.

p.11
Radiation Sterilization

Why are X-rays rarely used in sterilization?
A) Low cost
B) Inefficient utilization
C) Low energy
D) Limited penetration power
E) High production cost

E) High production cost
Explanation: X-rays are rarely used in sterilization due to their expensive production and the difficulty in efficient utilization, as they are given off in all directions from the point of origin, making their application challenging and costly.

p.20
Sterility Evaluation

What does the Z value represent in sterilization?
A) The temperature change required to decrease one point in D value
B) The time required to destroy microorganisms
C) The efficacy of a sterilization method
D) The number of minutes it takes to kill bacterial spores through heating
E) The amount of temperature change required to decrease one point in Z value

A) The temperature change required to decrease one point in D value
Explanation: The Z value represents the amount of temperature change required to decrease one point in D value, indicating the impact of temperature on the efficiency of sterilization by influencing the D value and the killing of bacteria.

p.4
Physical Sterilization

What is the purpose of red heat sterilization?
A) To cool down instruments after use
B) To sterilize plastic materials
C) To rapidly destroy materials such as pathological matter, bedding, and soiled dressings
D) To sterilize metallic objects by holding them in a flame until they become red hot
E) To eliminate pathogens using chemical solutions

D) To sterilize metallic objects by holding them in a flame until they become red hot
Explanation: Red heat sterilization is utilized to sterilize metallic objects by holding them in a Bunsen flame until they become red hot, ensuring the destruction of any present pathogens and contaminants.

p.18
Sterility Evaluation

What is the method of transferring cotton or prefilled syringe to culture media in the direct inoculation method?
A) Using sterile forceps
B) Placing the membrane filter in 100ml of fluid thioglycollate medium
C) Incubating at 30-35°C for not less than 7 days
D) Removing the membrane aseptically and cutting it into two parts
E) Transferring the unit on a laminar air flow bench

A) Using sterile forceps
Explanation: In the direct inoculation method, cotton or prefilled syringe is transferred directly to culture media using sterile forceps, ensuring the aseptic transfer of materials to prevent contamination.

p.25
Sterility Evaluation

What is an advantage of using a HEPA filter?
A) It emits harmful particles
B) It is ineffective in removing pollutants
C) It traps particles smaller than 93 microns
D) It only works in one direction
E) It is not suitable for removing mold

C) It traps particles smaller than 93 microns
Explanation: A HEPA filter with 99.97 percent efficiency can trap particles smaller than 93 microns, making it effective in reducing air pollutants and improving air quality.

p.17
Sterility Evaluation

How is the efficiency of sterilization evaluated?

A) Through microbiological tests
Explanation: The efficiency of sterilization is evaluated through microbiological tests, which are essential for confirming the sterility of the products and ensuring compliance with cGMP standards.

p.5
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the sterilization temperature and holding time for sterilization in a hot air oven?
A) 120°C for 1 hour
B) 160°C for 2 hours
C) 180°C for 30 minutes
D) 200°C for 3 hours
E) 140°C for 1 hour

B) 160°C for 2 hours
Explanation: The sterilization temperature and holding time for sterilization in a hot air oven is 160°C for two hours, which is essential information for understanding the process of sterilization using this method.

p.18
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the first step in the membrane filtration method?
A) Transfer the unit on a laminar air flow bench
B) Clean the membrane filter unit and sterilize the unit and membrane filter separately by moist heat sterilization
C) Pass all the solution through the filter under vacuum
D) Remove the membrane aseptically and cut it into two parts
E) Place the membrane filter in 100ml of fluid thioglycollate medium

B) Clean the membrane filter unit and sterilize the unit and membrane filter separately by moist heat sterilization
Explanation: The first step in the membrane filtration method involves cleaning the membrane filter unit and sterilizing the unit and membrane filter separately by moist heat sterilization, ensuring the elimination of potential contaminants.

p.26
Mechanical Sterilization

What is the process by which air reroutes around fibers but particles remain attached due to inertia?
A) Sterilization
B) Interception
C) Diffusion
D) Clarification
E) Absorption

B) Interception
Explanation: Interception is the process by which air reroutes around fibers, but due to inertia, particles continue on their path and remain attached to the fibers, making it an important concept in filtration and sterilization processes.

p.22
Autoclave Sterilization

What is the purpose of the discharge tap on the autoclave's lid?
A) To release excess steam
B) To monitor temperature
C) To introduce air into the chamber
D) To release pressure
E) To refill the water chamber

D) To release pressure
Explanation: The discharge tap on the autoclave's lid is used to release the entrapped pressure by opening the valve, allowing for the safe release of pressure during the sterilization process.

p.28
Gaseous Sterilization

What is monitored for gaseous sterilization procedures?
A) Temperature and humidity
B) Gas concentration and pressure
C) Pressure and bubble point
D) Weight of gas and temperature
E) Humidity and pressure

B) Gas concentration and pressure
Explanation: Gaseous sterilization procedures involve monitoring gas concentration independently of pressure rise and routine leak tests to ensure gas-tight seals, as well as measuring pressure and humidity, making options B the correct choice.

p.15
Types of Sterilization Methods

What material are Seitz filters made of?
A) Cellulose
B) Asbestos
C) Glass
D) Stainless steel
E) Diatomous mud

B) Asbestos
Explanation: Seitz filters are made of asbestos material, which gives them a thick and strong structure, allowing them to effectively filter solutions and leave bacteria and residues on the top of the filter during the sterilization process.

p.12
Radiation Sterilization

What is the effect of ultraviolet radiation on nucleic-acids?
A) It causes bonding of two adjacent purines
B) It leads to the inhibition of RNA replication
C) It results in the formation of pyrimidine dimer
D) It enhances DNA replication
E) It causes oxidation of nucleic-acids

C) It results in the formation of pyrimidine dimer
Explanation: Ultraviolet radiation causes the bonding of two adjacent pyrimidines, leading to the formation of pyrimidine dimer, which in turn inhibits DNA replication, resulting in mutation and death of exposed organisms.

p.11
Radiation Sterilization

What is an application of ionizing radiation in sterilization?
A) Cooking food
B) Sterilization of medical products
C) Water purification
D) Heating materials
E) Agricultural fertilization

B) Sterilization of medical products
Explanation: An application of ionizing radiation is the sterilization of medical products such as insulin syringes and blood products, highlighting its crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficacy of healthcare-related materials.

p.5
Moist Heat Sterilization

Why is high temperature not suitable for materials like rubber and plastic in sterilization?
A) They are non-reactive to high temperatures
B) They are easily sterilized at high temperatures
C) They are damaged by high temperatures
D) They require high temperatures for sterilization
E) They are not affected by high temperatures

C) They are damaged by high temperatures
Explanation: High temperatures are not suitable for materials like rubber and plastic in sterilization because they are damaged by high temperatures, indicating the limitations of using certain materials in sterilization processes.

p.9
Autoclave Sterilization

At what temperature and duration should autoclaving be done for rapid and effective sterilization?
A) 110°C for 10 minutes
B) 121°C for 15 minutes
C) 126°C for 3 minutes
D) 130°C for 80 minutes
E) 116°C for 60 minutes

B) 121°C for 15 minutes
Explanation: Autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes is recommended for rapid and effective sterilization, providing a quick and efficient method for ensuring sterility of items.

p.29
Sterility Evaluation

What characteristics should the selected organism for biological indicators possess?
A) Low resistance to sterilizing agents
B) Genetic instability
C) Pathogenicity
D) High and reproducible resistance to the sterilizing agent
E) Rapid characterizability

D) High and reproducible resistance to the sterilizing agent
Explanation: The selected organism for biological indicators should possess high and reproducible resistance to the sterilizing agent, genetic stability, rapid characterizability, and non-pathogenicity, ensuring accurate assessment of sterilization effectiveness.

p.22
Autoclave Sterilization

During which phase does the temperature in the autoclave rise to the set level of 121°C?
A) Boiling phase
B) Rising temperature phase
C) Sterilization time
D) Release the pressure
E) Steam circulation phase

B) Rising temperature phase
Explanation: The temperature in the autoclave rises and reaches up to the set level of 121°C during the rising temperature phase, signifying a critical stage in the sterilization process.

p.22
Autoclave Sterilization

What is the purpose of the safety valve on the autoclave?
A) To regulate temperature
B) To release excess steam
C) To monitor pressure
D) To blow off at desired pressure
E) To control the sterilization time

D) To blow off at desired pressure
Explanation: The safety valve on the autoclave can be set to blow off at any desired pressure, serving as a crucial safety feature to maintain controlled pressure levels during the sterilization process.

p.2
Introduction to Sterilization Techniques

How can the growth of microorganisms be controlled?

A) By killing the microorganism
Explanation: The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by killing the microorganism or by inhibiting their growth, achieved through the use of physical or chemical agents.

p.2
Types of Sterilization Methods

What are the agents called that inhibit the growth of microorganisms without killing them?

A) Static agents
Explanation: The agents which inhibit the growth of microorganisms without killing them are called static agents, and they are used to prevent the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

p.17
Sterility Evaluation

How is sterility confirmed according to cGMP standards?

D) By showing that products are manufactured and processed under specified guidelines
Explanation: Sterility is confirmed by demonstrating that products are manufactured and processed under specified guidelines, as per cGMP standards, ensuring the quality and safety of the products.

p.29
Sterility Evaluation

What are Witness tubes used for in sterilization processes?
A) Measuring exposure time
B) Determining sterilization parameters
C) Recovering and culturing units
D) Indicating temperature
E) Forming ethylene chlorohydrin

A) Measuring exposure time
Explanation: Witness tubes are utilized to calculate exposure time in sterilization processes by adjusting the volume of crystals and the diameter of the tube's constriction to match the required sterilization time at a specific temperature.

p.29
Sterility Evaluation

What is the primary function of biological indicators in sterilization processes?
A) Measuring exposure time
B) Determining sterilization parameters
C) Recovering and culturing units
D) Indicating temperature
E) Forming ethylene chlorohydrin

B) Determining sterilization parameters
Explanation: Biological indicators are used to measure sterilization processes directly and integrate all sterilization parameters, providing a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the sterilization.

p.14
Chemical Sterilization

How is formaldehyde gas generated for room sterilization?
A) By cooling a concentrated solution of formaldehyde
B) By heating a concentrated solution of formaldehyde
C) By diluting a concentrated solution of formaldehyde
D) By freezing a concentrated solution of formaldehyde
E) By boiling a concentrated solution of formaldehyde

B) By heating a concentrated solution of formaldehyde
Explanation: Formaldehyde gas used for room sterilization is generated by heating a concentrated solution of formaldehyde, which vaporizes the formaldehyde for sterilizing an enclosed area. This process is essential for the effective use of formaldehyde as a sterilizing agent.

p.14
Chemical Sterilization

What is the action of B-Propiolactone as a sterilizing agent?
A) It kills only vegetative cells
B) It is ineffective against viruses
C) It is highly bactericidal and active against viruses
D) It is only effective in high concentrations
E) It has poor penetrating power

C) It is highly bactericidal and used in concentrations of 2 to 5 mg/litre
Explanation: B-Propiolactone is capable of killing all microorganisms and is highly bactericidal, making it very active against viruses. It is used in specific concentrations to ensure effective sterilization, highlighting its potency as a sterilizing agent.

p.24
Mechanical Sterilization

What is the role of the fan in a hot air oven?
A) To regulate the temperature
B) To control the heating elements
C) To produce dry heat
D) To displace cooled air and ensure uniform heat distribution
E) To provide insulation

D) To displace cooled air and ensure uniform heat distribution
Explanation: The fan in a hot air oven plays a crucial role in displacing cooled air and ensuring the uniform distribution of heat, which is essential for effective sterilization.

p.13
Chemical Sterilization

How do halogens impact bacteria in chemical sterilization?
A) They promote bacterial growth
B) They have no effect on bacteria
C) They directly impact bacteria
D) They only impact viruses
E) They create an unfavorable environment for bacteria

C) They directly impact bacteria
Explanation: Chlorination, as well as the blend of iodine and chlorine compounds, directly impact bacteria, making halogens an effective component of chemical sterilization processes.

p.19
Sterility Evaluation

What is the purpose of exposing Bacillus Sterothermophilus spores to 121°C for 12 minutes?
A) To determine the pH level
B) To assess the color change
C) To check for solidification
D) To ensure proper sterilization
E) To measure the temperature

D) To ensure proper sterilization
Explanation: Exposing Bacillus Sterothermophilus spores to 121°C for 12 minutes is done to ensure proper sterilization, as the absence of spore growth in the culture media indicates that the sterilization process has been effectively performed.

p.15
Types of Sterilization Methods

What is the main drawback of using sintered glass filters for sterilization?
A) They are not effective in filtering bacteria
B) They are made of asbestos material
C) They do not absorb liquids during filtration
D) They are very soft and brittle
E) They are not suitable for gas sterilization

D) They are very soft and brittle
Explanation: The main drawback of using sintered glass filters for sterilization is that they are very soft and brittle, making them prone to break easily during the filtration process, which can compromise the sterilization procedure.

p.11
Radiation Sterilization

What is the main advantage of gamma radiation in sterilization?
A) Low penetration power
B) Slow action
C) High penetrating power
D) Raises temperature
E) Limited flexibility

C) High penetrating power
Explanation: Gamma radiation is advantageous in sterilization due to its high penetrating power, allowing it to effectively sterilize materials of considerable thickness or volume, such as packaged food or medical devices.

p.7
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the limitation of boiling as a sterilization method?

Boiling for 10 to 30 minutes kills mostly the vegetative forms of bacteria, fungi, and viruses at 50-70 degrees in a short time, but many spores withstand boiling for a considerable time, making it inadequate for sterilization purposes. It is not suitable for absolute sterility.

p.20
Sterility Evaluation

What does the D value indicate in sterilization?
A) The temperature change required to decrease one point in D value
B) The time required to destroy microorganisms
C) The efficacy of a sterilization method
D) The number of minutes it takes to kill bacterial spores through heating
E) The amount of temperature change required to decrease one point in Z value

B) The time required to destroy microorganisms
Explanation: The D value indicates the time in minutes it takes to destroy 90% of viable microorganisms at a constant temperature, highlighting its significance in determining the efficiency of sterilization by measuring the time required to eliminate microorganisms.

p.12
Radiation Sterilization

What is the primary mechanism through which infra-red rays kill microorganisms?
A) Inducing DNA mutation
B) Generating light energy
C) Oxidation of molecules due to heat
D) Enhancing cell growth
E) Causing disruption of cell membranes

C) Oxidation of molecules as a result of heat generated
Explanation: Infra-red rays kill microorganisms by oxidizing molecules as a result of the heat generated, providing an effective method for the rapid mass sterilization of syringes and catheters.

p.2
Radiation Sterilization

What type of sterilization method is radiation sterilization using gamma rays?

A) Radiation
Explanation: Radiation sterilization using gamma rays is a method of sterilization that falls under the category of radiation sterilization, which is effective in killing microorganisms.

p.3
Physical Sterilization

What is a disadvantage of incineration as a sterilization method?
A) It emits large amounts of greenhouse gases
B) It produces toxic compounds in the ash and waste water
C) It is not effective in reducing waste volume
D) It requires excessive water usage
E) It is not suitable for large-scale sterilization

B) It produces toxic compounds in the ash and waste water
Explanation: A disadvantage of incineration as a sterilization method is that it produces toxic compounds in the ash and waste water, which must be treated to avoid adverse effects on health, highlighting the environmental and health concerns associated with this process.

p.8
Autoclave Sterilization

What is the purpose of the higher pressure in the sterilization process using an autoclave?
A) To reduce the temperature
B) To slow down the penetration of heat
C) To increase the moisture
D) To ensure rapid penetration of heat
E) To decrease the coagulation of proteins

D) To ensure rapid penetration of heat
Explanation: The higher pressure in the sterilization process using an autoclave is intended to ensure the rapid penetration of heat into the deeper parts of the equipment, facilitating effective sterilization.

p.29
Chemical Sterilization

What is the purpose of the Royce sachet in ethylene oxide sterilization?
A) Measuring exposure time
B) Determining sterilization parameters
C) Recovering and culturing units
D) Indicating temperature
E) Forming ethylene chlorohydrin

D) Indicating temperature
Explanation: The Royce sachet serves as a chemical indicator for ethylene oxide sterilization, as it contains a color indicator that changes from yellow to purple upon exposure to ethylene oxide, indicating that a certain temperature has been reached.

p.22
Autoclave Sterilization

What is used to fasten the lid of the autoclave and make it airtight?
A) Rubber gasket
B) Metal clamps
C) Asbestos gasket
D) Plastic sealant
E) Velcro straps

C) Asbestos gasket
Explanation: The lid of the autoclave is fastened by screw clamps and rendered airtight by an asbestos gasket, ensuring a secure and airtight seal for the sterilization process.

p.9
Autoclave Sterilization

What are the disadvantages of autoclaving?
A) 80 min
B) 60 min
C) It is a costly technique
D) 40 min
E) 15 min

C) It is a costly technique
Explanation: One of the disadvantages of autoclaving is that it is a costly technique, which may impact its feasibility for certain applications and settings.

p.4
Physical Sterilization

What is the principle behind flaming as a sterilization method?
A) It kills microorganisms by destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents
B) It uses high pressure to destroy microbes
C) It relies on extreme cold temperatures to kill pathogens
D) It involves exposure to strong UV light
E) It relies on chemical fumigation to eliminate pathogens

A) It kills microorganisms by destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents
Explanation: Flaming as a sterilization method operates on the principle of destructive oxidation of essential cell constituents, which is achieved by exposing metallic objects to flame for a specific duration, effectively eliminating microbes and other contaminants present on the instrument.

p.5
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the application of hot air oven sterilization?
A) Sterilizing powders and non-volatile compounds
B) Sterilizing liquids only
C) Sterilizing glassware and forceps only
D) Sterilizing rubber and plastic materials
E) Sterilizing pharmaceutical substances such as glycerin

A) Sterilizing powders and non-volatile compounds
Explanation: Hot air oven sterilization is used to sterilize powders and other non-volatile compounds, demonstrating its specific application in the sterilization of certain materials and substances.

p.8
Autoclave Sterilization

What material is the laboratory autoclave typically made of?
A) Plastic
B) Aluminum
C) Gun metal or stainless steel
D) Copper
E) Glass

C) Gun metal or stainless steel
Explanation: The laboratory autoclave is typically constructed of gun metal or stainless steel, which ensures durability and resistance to the high pressure and heat involved in the sterilization process.

p.24
Mechanical Sterilization

What is the construction of a modern hot air oven?
A) Single-walled chamber made of aluminum
B) Double-walled chamber made of fiberglass
C) Double-walled chamber made of aluminum or stainless steel with insulation
D) Single-walled chamber made of stainless steel
E) Triple-walled chamber made of fiberglass

C) Double-walled chamber made of aluminum or stainless steel with insulation
Explanation: A modern hot air oven consists of a double-walled chamber made of aluminum or stainless steel separated from the outer case by a thick layer of insulation made of fiberglass, which is a crucial construction feature for its efficient functioning.

p.24
Mechanical Sterilization

How is heating achieved in a hot air oven?
A) By using gas heating elements
B) By using electrical heating elements and thermostat control
C) By using convection heating
D) By using radiation heating
E) By using insulation heating

B) By using electrical heating elements and thermostat control
Explanation: Heating in a hot air oven is achieved by using electrical heating elements and thermostat control, which ensures the maintenance of the required temperature for effective sterilization.

p.13
Chemical Sterilization

Which chemical is commonly used as a bactericidal agent in chemical sterilization?
A) Ethanol
B) Methane
C) Propane
D) Butane
E) Acetone

A) Ethanol
Explanation: Usually, 70% of alcohols, including methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol, are used as chemicals to kill bacteria, making them important components of chemical sterilization processes.

p.28
Chemical Sterilization

What is the purpose of Browne tubes in chemical monitoring?
A) Changing the color of the indicator
B) Monitoring temperature and humidity
C) Applying pressure to check the integrity of filters
D) Altering the physical characteristics of substances
E) Observing color changes due to heat hydrolysis

E) Observing color changes due to heat hydrolysis
Explanation: Browne tubes contain a red fluid that changes color on heating due to heat hydrolysis, making option E the correct choice.

p.27
Physical Sterilization

What is compared against a master temperature record in dry heat sterilization processes?
A) Sterilization cycle chart
B) Sterility testing results
C) Master process record (MPR)
D) Temperature record chart
E) Sterilization indicators

D) Temperature record chart
Explanation: In dry heat sterilization processes, a temperature record chart from each sterilization cycle is compared against a master temperature record. This comparison is essential for verifying the accuracy and consistency of the sterilization process using dry heat.

p.10
Radiation Sterilization

What is another name for sterilization by radiation?
A) Hot sterilization
B) Warm sterilization
C) Cold sterilization
D) Cool sterilization
E) Freezing sterilization

C) Cold sterilization
Explanation: Sterilization by radiation is also known as cold sterilization due to the relatively little heat produced in the material being irradiated by ionizing radiations, allowing for the sterilization of heat-sensitive substances.

p.8
Autoclave Sterilization

What is used to render the lid of the autoclave airtight?
A) Rubber seal
B) Metal clamps
C) Plastic coating
D) Asbestos gasket
E) Silicone adhesive

D) Asbestos gasket
Explanation: The lid of the autoclave is rendered airtight by an asbestos gasket, which helps to maintain the necessary pressure and prevent the escape of steam during the sterilization process.

p.8
Autoclave Sterilization

What is the purpose of the safety valve in the autoclave?
A) To release excess moisture
B) To regulate the temperature
C) To control the pressure
D) To increase the steam supply
E) To monitor the sterilization time

C) To control the pressure
Explanation: The safety valve in the autoclave is designed to control the pressure and can be set to release excess pressure, ensuring the safe and effective operation of the sterilization process.

p.23
Autoclave Sterilization

What items are sensitive to heat and cannot be sterilized using autoclave sterilization?
A) Plastic and rubber closures
B) Glass apparatus and containers
C) Surgical dressings and fabrics
D) Metal instruments
E) Items sensitive to heat cannot be sterilized

E) Items sensitive to heat cannot be sterilized
Explanation: Autoclave sterilization is not suitable for items sensitive to heat, as the high temperature involved can damage or alter the composition of certain materials, making them unsuitable for this method of sterilization.

p.6
Moist Heat Sterilization

What are the advantages of moist heat sterilization?
A) Low heat content and slow heat transfer
B) Destroys micro-organisms less efficiently than dry heat
C) Rapid heat transfer and high heat content
D) Suitable for anhydrous materials
E) Ineffective for sterilizing surgical dressings

C) Rapid heat transfer and high heat content
Explanation: Moist heat sterilization offers advantages such as rapid heat transfer and high heat content, making it more efficient in destroying micro-organisms compared to dry heat. It is also suitable for a wide range of medical products and materials.

p.27
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is prepared as part of the validation procedure for a particular autoclave and specified product and load configuration in moist heat sterilization?
A) Sterilization monitors
B) Sterility testing
C) Master process record (MPR)
D) Temperature record chart
E) Sterilization indicators

C) Master process record (MPR)
Explanation: In moist heat sterilization, a Master Process Record (MPR) is prepared as part of the validation procedure for a specific autoclave and each specified product and load configuration. The MPR serves as a critical document for ensuring the effectiveness and consistency of the sterilization process.

p.23
Autoclave Sterilization

What is an advantage of using autoclave sterilization?
A) Rapid and effective components
B) Metal instruments
C) It is a costly technique
D) Effective for sterilizing cloth surgical packs and towel packs
E) It tends to corrode carbon steel burn and instruments

A) Rapid and effective components
Explanation: Autoclave sterilization is advantageous due to its rapid and effective components, making it a preferred method for sterilization in various settings.

p.9
Autoclave Sterilization

What pressure is effective for sterilizing cloth surgical packs and towel packs?
A) 5 lbs
B) 10 lbs
C) 15 lbs
D) 20 lbs
E) 25-30 lbs

C) 15 lbs
Explanation: A pressure of 15 lbs is effective for sterilizing cloth surgical packs and towel packs, making it suitable for these specific types of items.

p.9
Autoclave Sterilization

What items can be sterilized using autoclaving?
A) Only aqueous parenteral solutions
B) Only liquid media with carbohydrate and gelatin
C) Anything not injured by steam and high temperature
D) Only saline solutions
E) Only distilled water

C) Anything not injured by steam and high temperature
Explanation: Autoclaving can be used to sterilize anything that is not injured by steam and high temperature of sterilization, including various solutions and media, highlighting its broad applicability.

p.27
Moist Heat Sterilization

Which method can be used to sterilize parenteral solutions containing thermolabile medicines without decomposition?
A) Moist Heat Sterilization
B) Chemical Sterilization
C) Radiation Sterilization
D) Mechanical Sterilization
E) Gaseous Sterilization

A) Moist Heat Sterilization
Explanation: Parenteral solutions containing thermolabile medicines, such as insulin and heat-sensitive injections, can be sterilized without decomposition using moist heat sterilization. This method ensures the elimination of microorganisms while preserving the integrity of the thermolabile medicines.

p.19
Sterility Evaluation

What is the purpose of observing the turbidity in the fluid thioglycollate medium and soybean casein digest medium?
A) To determine the pH level
B) To assess the color change
C) To compare with the standard tube
D) To measure the temperature
E) To check for solidification

C) To compare with the standard tube
Explanation: The observation of turbidity in the medium is conducted to compare with the standard tube, providing a visual indication of microbial growth or absence thereof, which is crucial for assessing the suitability of the sample for use.

p.16
Chemical Sterilization

What is the mechanism of action for Phenol and Phenolics?
A) Plasma membrane; enzyme denaturation and Inactivation
B) Plasma membrane disrupted
C) Iodine inhibits protein function, a strong oxidizing entity
D) Lipid dissolution and protein denaturation
E) Denaturation of enzyme and other essential proteins

A) Plasma membrane; enzyme denaturation and Inactivation
Explanation: Phenol and Phenolics act through the mechanism of plasma membrane disruption and enzyme denaturation and inactivation, making them effective for various applications such as disinfecting instruments and sterilizing medical equipment's environmental surfaces.

p.10
Radiation Sterilization

How can radiation be categorized based on its wavelength and penetration power?
A) Low energy and low penetration
B) High energy and low penetration
C) Low energy and high penetration
D) High energy and high penetration
E) Medium energy and medium penetration

D) High energy and high penetration
Explanation: Radiation can be divided into two categories based on their wavelength and penetration power, with ionizing radiations having high energy and ionizing the target molecules, making it effective for sterilization.

p.10
Radiation Sterilization

What is the principle behind the effectiveness of radiation sterilization?
A) Inhibition of enzyme activity
B) Breakage of DNA and degradation of enzymes
C) Alteration of protein structure
D) Disruption of cell membrane
E) Inactivation of metabolic pathways

B) Breakage of DNA and degradation of enzymes
Explanation: The principle behind radiation sterilization involves the breakage of DNA and degradation of enzymes, leading to the death of the irradiated cells, which ensures the effectiveness of the sterilization process.

p.28
Filtration

What is the principle behind the bubble point pressure test for filtration?
A) Applying pressure to check the integrity of filters
B) Soaking the filter in an appropriate fluid
C) Determining the pore size of filters
D) Monitoring pressure and humidity
E) Altering the chemical characteristics of substances

C) Determining the pore size of filters
Explanation: The bubble point pressure test is employed to determine the pore size of filters by applying pressure and observing the pressure difference when the first bubble of air breaks away from the filter, making option C the correct choice.

p.19
Sterilization Evaluation

What is the recommended temperature range for incubating a sample containing fluid thioglycollate medium (FTM)?
A) 10-20°C
B) 30-35°C
C) 40-45°C
D) 50-55°C
E) 60-65°C

B) 30-35°C
Explanation: The recommended temperature for incubating a sample containing fluid thioglycollate medium (FTM) is 30-35°C for not less than 7 days, which provides the optimal conditions for observing turbidity and evaluating the presence of microorganisms.

p.19
Autoclave Sterilization

What happens when the temperature inside the autoclave reaches 121°C?
A) The tubes turn green
B) The product changes color
C) The spores are killed
D) The thermocouples are activated
E) The autoclave shuts down

A) The tubes turn green
Explanation: When the temperature inside the autoclave reaches 121°C, the brown tubes placed inside turn green, providing a visual indication to determine whether the articles have been properly sterilized.

p.16
Chemical Sterilization

What is the application of Alcohol?
A) For instruments, mucous membranes, skin surfaces, and
B) Used to disinfect glass wares, utensils, water
C) Disinfecting Instruments
D) Used as germicidal and antiseptics
E) Sterilizing medical equipment's environmental surfaces

B) Used to disinfect glass wares, utensils, water
Explanation: Alcohol is used to disinfect glass wares, utensils, and water, highlighting its effectiveness as a germicidal and antiseptic agent with diverse applications.

p.23
Autoclave Sterilization

What is a disadvantage of using autoclave sterilization?
A) 80 min
B) 110 degrees Celsius
C) It is used to sterilize anything
D) It tends to corrode carbon steel burn and instruments
E) It is effective for sterilizing cloth surgical packs and towel packs

E) It is effective for sterilizing cloth surgical packs and towel packs
Explanation: A disadvantage of autoclave sterilization is that it is time-consuming, taking 80 minutes for metal instruments and 15 minutes for applications, making it less time-efficient for certain items.

p.23
Autoclave Sterilization

At what temperature does autoclave sterilization occur?
A) 110 degrees Celsius
B) 116 degrees Celsius
C) 121 degrees Celsius
D) 126 degrees Celsius
E) 130 degrees Celsius

A) 110 degrees Celsius
Explanation: Autoclave sterilization occurs at a temperature of 110 degrees Celsius, which is crucial for effectively sterilizing various items such as surgical dressings, fabrics, glass apparatus, and containers.

p.6
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the principle of sterilization by moist heat?
A) Killing microorganisms with cold water
B) Killing microorganisms with hot water or steam
C) Killing microorganisms with dry heat
D) Killing microorganisms with UV light
E) Killing microorganisms with chemicals

B) Killing microorganisms with hot water or steam
Explanation: Sterilization by moist heat involves the killing of microorganisms with hot water or steam, and this method is effective due to the denaturation and coagulation of proteins, making it a crucial principle in the field of sterilization.

p.27
Sterility Evaluation

What is essential for products to be labeled as 'sterile'?
A) Presence of viable microorganisms
B) Absence of viable microorganisms
C) High temperature resistance
D) Low salinity
E) Presence of chemical indicators

B) Absence of viable microorganisms
Explanation: Products labeled as 'sterile' must undergo strict controls to ensure the absence of viable microorganisms. This is a crucial criterion for maintaining the sterility of the products and ensuring their safety for medical use.

p.6
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is the temperature and duration for the Holder method of pasteurization?
A) 72°C for 20 seconds
B) 63°C for 30 minutes
C) 100°C for 10 minutes
D) 50°C for 5 minutes
E) 80°C for 15 minutes

B) 63°C for 30 minutes
Explanation: The Holder method of pasteurization involves heating milk at 63°C for 30 minutes, which is an effective process for sterilizing milk and eliminating non-sporing pathogens.

p.26
Sterility Evaluation

Why is sterility testing necessary for the described method?
A) It is not reliable
B) It allows medicaments to be absorbed from a solution
C) There are no immediate indications when the media is defective
D) It is not possible to sterilize suspensions and oily preparations
E) All types of bacteria are removed

A) It is not reliable
Explanation: Sterility testing is necessary because the method is not reliable, emphasizing the importance of verifying the effectiveness of the sterilization process to ensure the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.

p.26
Introduction to Sterilization Techniques

What is a disadvantage of the described sterilization process?
A) It can rapidly supply a small quantity of parenteral solution in an emergency
B) It is suitable for sterilizing blood plasma
C) Filters may allow medicaments to be absorbed from a solution
D) Aseptic techniques must be used
E) There are no immediate indications when the media is defective

C) Filters may allow medicaments to be absorbed from a solution
Explanation: Filters may allow medicaments to be absorbed from a solution, highlighting a potential drawback of the described sterilization process and the need for careful consideration of filtration methods in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

p.22
Autoclave Sterilization

What is the standard operating procedure for autoclaving in terms of temperature and time?
A) 110°C, 20 minutes
B) 115°C, 30 minutes
C) 120°C, 10 minutes
D) 125°C, 40 minutes
E) 130°C, 25 minutes

B) 115°C, half an hour. 121°C, 15 minutes.
Explanation: The standard operating procedure for autoclaving is to maintain a temperature of 115°C for half an hour and 121°C for 15 minutes, ensuring effective sterilization within specified time and temperature parameters.

p.13
Chemical Sterilization

What is the primary function of heavy metals in the sterilization method?
A) Inhibit microbial growth
B) Promote microbial growth
C) Alter the genetic makeup of microbes
D) Create a favorable environment for microbes
E) Destroy microbes

E) Destroy microbes
Explanation: Heavy metals such as copper sulfate, mercuric salts, and silver nitrate are used in the sterilization method to effectively destroy microbes, ensuring the elimination of harmful microorganisms.

p.16
Chemical Sterilization

What is the application of Chlorohexidine?
A) For instruments, mucous membranes, skin surfaces, and
B) Used to disinfect glass wares, utensils, water
C) Disinfecting Instruments
D) Used as germicidal and antiseptics
E) Powerful antiseptics

A) For instruments, mucous membranes, skin surfaces, and
Explanation: Chlorohexidine is applied for instruments, mucous membranes, and skin surfaces, making it a versatile antiseptic and disinfectant with broad applications.

p.14
Chemical Sterilization

What is the mechanism of action of ethylene oxide as a sterilizing agent?
A) It reacts with DNA and RNA
B) It kills only vegetative cells
C) It is only effective for heat-sensitive materials
D) It has poor penetrating power
E) It is ineffective against viruses

A) It reacts with DNA and RNA
Explanation: The action of ethylene oxide as a sterilizing agent is due to its power of alkylating the amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and protein molecules. It also reacts with DNA and RNA, making it a powerful sterilizing agent for various materials, including heat and moisture-sensitive items.

p.23
Autoclave Sterilization

At what pressure is autoclave sterilization typically conducted?
A) 0 lbs
B) 5 lbs
C) 10 lbs
D) 15 lbs
E) 20 lbs

D) 15 lbs
Explanation: Autoclave sterilization is typically conducted at a pressure of 15 lbs, which is essential for ensuring the effectiveness of the sterilization process, particularly for items such as aqueous parenteral solutions and liquid media.

p.13
Chemical Sterilization

What is gaseous sterilization?
A) Destruction of all living microorganisms with a liquid chemical
B) Destruction of all living microorganisms with a solid chemical
C) Destruction of all living microorganisms with a gaseous or vapor state chemical
D) Destruction of all living microorganisms with a physical method
E) Destruction of all living microorganisms with a biological method

C) Destruction of all living microorganisms with a gaseous or vapor state chemical
Explanation: Gaseous sterilization is defined as the destruction of all living microorganisms with a chemical in a gaseous or vapor state, offering an effective method for ensuring sterilization.

p.10
Radiation Sterilization

What is a disadvantage of radiation sterilization?
A) Low cost
B) No chemical residue
C) Requires highly specialized equipment
D) Limited dosage distribution
E) Leaves no chemical residue

C) Requires highly specialized equipment
Explanation: A disadvantage of radiation sterilization is the requirement for highly specialized equipment, making it a more costly alternative to heat sterilization.

p.6
Moist Heat Sterilization

What are the disadvantages of moist heat sterilization?
A) Suitable for anhydrous materials such as powders and oils
B) Can be used for thermolabile substances
C) Does not destroy pyrogens
D) Effective for all types of pathogens
E) Rapidly penetrates porous materials

C) Does not destroy pyrogens
Explanation: One of the disadvantages of moist heat sterilization is that it does not destroy pyrogens, which are fever-inducing substances. Additionally, it is not suitable for anhydrous materials such as powders and oils, and cannot be used for thermolabile substances.

p.19
Autoclave Sterilization

What is the purpose of the autoclave tane changing color when heated to 121°C?
A) To determine the pH level
B) To assess the color change
C) To check for solidification
D) To ensure proper sterilization
E) To measure the temperature

D) To ensure proper sterilization
Explanation: The autoclave tane changing color when heated to 121°C serves the purpose of ensuring proper sterilization by indicating the ability to kill bacteria (microorganisms) and confirming the elimination of all microorganisms.

p.14
Mechanical Sterilization

What is the primary use of filtration as a sterilization method?
A) Sterilization of medical and biological preparations
B) Sterilization of heavy equipment
C) Sterilization of clothing
D) Sterilization of liquid substances or fluids
E) Sterilization of books

D) Sterilization of liquid substances or fluids
Explanation: Filtration is primarily used for the sterilization of liquid substances or fluids, such as sera and solutions of heat-labile substances like sugars and urea. This method is essential for ensuring the sterility of these specific types of materials.

p.6
Moist Heat Sterilization

What is pasteurization and what is it used for?
A) Sterilization by dry heat, used for surgical instruments
B) Sterilization by moist heat, used for medical implants
C) Sterilization by heat, used for plastic containers
D) Sterilization by heat, used for milk
E) Sterilization by chemicals, used for ophthalmic solutions

D) Sterilization by heat, used for milk
Explanation: Pasteurization is a method of sterilization by heat, specifically used for milk. It involves two different types of methods - the Holder method and flash method, which are effective against non-sporing pathogens found in milk.

p.16
Chemical Sterilization

What is the mechanism of action for Aldehydes?
A) Acid anionic detergent enzyme disruption and inactivation may take place
B) Lipid dissolution and protein denaturation
C) Denaturation of enzyme and other essential proteins
D) Metabolic Inhibition- largely affecting moulds
E) Affords protein denaturation

C) Denaturation of enzyme and other essential proteins
Explanation: Aldehydes act through the denaturation of enzyme and other essential proteins, showcasing their effectiveness in metabolic inhibition and largely affecting moulds, making them a valuable tool for sterilization and disinfection.

p.27
Sterility Evaluation

How can the sterilization process be monitored?
A) By using only physical indicators
B) By using only chemical indicators
C) By using only biological indicators
D) By using physical, chemical, or biological indicators
E) By using radiation indicators

D) By using physical, chemical, or biological indicators
Explanation: The sterilization process can be monitored using physical, chemical, or biological indicators to assess the performance and effectiveness of the sterilization method. These indicators play a crucial role in ensuring the quality and safety of the sterilization process.

p.16
Chemical Sterilization

What is the mechanism of action for Halogens?
A) Acid anionic detergent enzyme disruption and inactivation may take place
B) Lipid dissolution and protein denaturation
C) Denaturation of enzyme and other essential proteins
D) Iodine inhibits protein function, a strong oxidizing entity
E) Chlorine forms the strong oxidizing agent hypochlorous acid that changes cellular constituents

E) Chlorine forms the strong oxidizing agent hypochlorous acid that changes cellular constituents
Explanation: Halogens act by forming the strong oxidizing agent hypochlorous acid, which changes cellular constituents, showcasing their powerful disinfecting properties and broad spectrum of applications.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder