What nerve does the chorda tympani hitchhike with to provide taste?
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Lingual nerve.
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What nerve does the chorda tympani hitchhike with to provide taste?
Lingual nerve.
What is the function of the coronoid process of the mandible?
It serves as the insertion point for the temporalis muscle.
Which muscles are responsible for moving the tongue?
Styloglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus, and palatoglossus.
Which muscles are weaker when reaching around an object?
Extensors.
What role does rotation about a vertical axis play in the TMJ?
It helps in grinding the teeth.
Which muscles are involved in the rotation of the right TMJ?
Left medial and lateral pterygoids, left anterior fibers of temporalis, and right masseter.
How does the anterior translation component affect the arc of movement?
It flattens the arc, increasing its radius of curvature.
What does the buccal nerve provide sensation to?
The skin of the lower cheek.
Which glands are innervated by the Facial Nerve?
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.
Where is the axis of rotation of the TMJ located during mouth opening?
Initially at the center of the mandibular condyle.
What happens to the axis of rotation as the mouth opens?
It migrates downwards towards the mandibular foramen.
What action do the lips perform to let food into the mouth?
The lips are abducted (separated or opened).
What is the primary function of the hyoid bone?
It plays a role in tongue movements, chewing, swallowing, breathing, and vocalization.
What happens when the transverse and vertical fibers of the tongue contract?
The dimensions decrease, increasing the anteroposterior length to maintain constant volume.
How is food processed during chewing?
It is crushed between the occlusal surfaces of the back teeth and torn by the front teeth.
What is the role of the genioglossus muscle in tongue movement?
It can shift the tongue to the front of the mouth but not further.
What are the bony foramina associated with the Facial Nerve (CN VII)?
Internal auditory meatus and stylomastoid foramen.
What is the action of the styloglossus muscle?
Pulls the tongue up and back.
What nerve innervates the hyoglossus muscle?
Hypoglossal nerve.
What is the function of the palatoglossus muscle?
Pulls the base of the tongue up and back.
What is the head or condyle of the mandible associated with?
It is involved in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
What cranial nerves are covered in the wet lab for week 10?
CN 3, 4, 6, 5, and 7.
What is the function of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?
To equalize air pressure by opening the Eustachian tube.
Where does the mandibular division (V3) exit the cranial cavity?
Through the foramen ovale.
What cranial nerve supplies the submandibular and sublingual glands?
CN VII (facial nerve).
What nerve is often regarded as the nerve of mastication?
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
What does the 'H' test help to understand?
The actions and synergies of the eyeball-moving muscles.
What is a common symptom of hemi-facial paralysis related to the forehead?
Inability to wrinkle the forehead.
What part of the tongue does the Facial Nerve provide taste sensation to?
The front 2/3 of the tongue.
What is the primary function of the sensory apparatus from the oral cavity to the esophagus and trachea?
To prevent aspiration and reflexively cough out misplaced particles or objects.
What is the motor arm of the gag reflex?
Vagus nerve (CN X).
What condition is associated with facial nerve palsy?
Bell's Palsy.
What is the role of the mandible during chewing?
The mandible is depressed to open the mouth for food to enter the oral cavity.
Which muscles are responsible for protracting the mandible?
The two heads of lateral pterygoid, anterior fibers of temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid.
What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
It abducts the true vocal folds, opening the airway.
Which muscles are supplied by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
Tensor tympani, tensor palati, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid.
What is the characteristic of the bone in the mandibular fossa?
The bone is thin.
Which muscle prevents food from entering the space between the front teeth and lips?
Orbicualris oris (facial nerve).
What is the function of the infrahyoid strap muscles during chewing?
They fix the hyoid bone, allowing the mylohyoid to depress the mandible.
Which muscles are stronger for grasping an object?
Flexors.
What is unique about the mandible compared to other bones in the body?
It is the only bone that doesn’t join another bone.
How does the genioglossus muscle affect the tongue?
Its lowest fibers pull the tongue forward, and the uppermost fibers pull it downward and back.
What is a muscular hydrostat?
A muscle that maintains constant volume, like plasticine.
Which nerve supplies the muscles that abduct the lips?
The facial nerve.
What anatomical feature allows the posterior cricoarytenoid to abduct the vocal folds?
Its attachment to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilages, which rotates them in the transverse plane.
What is the function of the tensor tympani muscle?
It dampens loud sounds by tensing the tympanic membrane, especially during chewing.
What is the function of the vocalis muscle?
It thickens and loosens the true vocal cords, decreasing the pitch.
Is drink chewed during the oral phase of swallowing?
No, but it is still formed into a bolus.
How does the sublingual gland release saliva?
Through many openings into the floor of the mouth.
What models should be used to study the facial nerve (CN7)?
Plastic models of the face and wet specimens.
What is the function of the mylohyoid muscle?
It elevates the hyoid bone, lifts the tongue, and can depress the mandible with reversed origin.
What is the process of transporting food from the mouth to the stomach called?
Swallowing.
What are the four main functions of the larynx?
Protection, breathing, closure to prevent air escape, and phonation.
What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
A truly multiaxial joint.
Which muscles are associated with the Facial Nerve?
Stapedius, posterior belly of digastric, and stylohyoid.
Which muscles are responsible for adducting the vocal cords?
Lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and interarytenoids.
What is the primary function of the tongue's intrinsic muscle fibers?
They allow the tongue to protrude into the air.
How can the true vocal folds be opened or closed?
By the movement of the arytenoid cartilages on top of the cricoid cartilages.
Which joint is involved in the movement of the mandible?
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
What structure lies in the median longitudinal fissure of the brain?
The falx cerebri.
What is the initial action of the tongue during swallowing?
The tongue presses against the hard palate.
Which nerve supplies the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
How many divisions does the trigeminal nerve have?
Three divisions.
What structures form the hard palate?
The palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal process of the palatine bone.
What role do the spaces in the larynx play in phonation?
They enable sound resonation, contributing to varied phonation.
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sensory supply of the gag reflex?
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
What happens to the mandible in the case of a mandibular nerve lesion?
The mandible swings to the affected side due to the action of the intact side's medial and lateral pterygoids.
What muscle passes between the upper and middle constrictor of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus.
What do the vocal fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle do?
They tighten the closed glottis.
What causes the tongue to bend to the left in a paralyzed state?
The functioning side of the tongue shortens while the paralyzed side remains unchanged in length, causing a deflection.
Which nerve initiates the swallowing reflex?
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
What are the three phases of swallowing?
Oral (preparatory), Pharyngeal (transfer), and Esophageal (transport).
What forms a chute for the bolus to slide down during swallowing?
The posterior pillars (palatopharyngeus).
What are the three cranial fossae and their primary functions?
Anterior cranial fossa (frontal lobe), middle cranial fossa (temporal lobe), posterior cranial fossa (cerebellum).
What produces the fundamental tone at the larynx?
The vibration of the true vocal folds adducted against each other.
What separates the head of the mandible from the temporal bone?
The articular disc.
What does the mylohyoid line provide attachment for?
It provides attachment for the mylohyoid muscle.
What are the paired mental spines for?
They are for the insertion of genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles.
What are the three main nerves that the ophthalmic division divides into?
Frontal, lacrimal, and nasociliary nerves.
What happens to the nasolabial fold in hemi-facial paralysis?
It is only present on the unaffected side.
What type of muscle is the tongue?
A deformable muscle shaped by intrinsic fibers and moved by extrinsic muscles.
What are the three main paired salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
Which nerve is involved in both sensory and motor functions of the laryngeal reflex?
Vagus nerve (CN X).
What are the ramus and body of the mandible known for?
They have many muscle attachment sites.
What is the function of the mandibular fossa?
It is for the resting head of the mandible.
What do the alveolar processes of the mandible contain?
Tooth sockets for teeth.
What is the role of the vagus nerve in swallowing?
It controls the motor part of the swallowing reflex.
What role do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue play during chewing?
They help mix food with saliva.
What prevents food from passing from the oral cavity into the nasal cavity?
Closure of the velopharyngeal sphincter.
What is the purpose of the mandibular foramen?
It is for the inferior alveolar nerve.
What is a symptom of hemi-facial paralysis affecting the eyelid?
Inability to close the eyelid.
What is the function of the lacrimal nerve?
It supplies the lacrimal gland and the skin of the upper eyelid.
Where do the main nerves of the ophthalmic division exit the cranial cavity?
Through the superior orbital fissure.
What do the three superior alveolar nerves provide?
Sensation and parasympathetic innervation of the mucous glands of the maxillary sinus.
What ganglion gives rise to maxillary nerve branches?
The pterygopalatine ganglion.
Which nerves innervate parts of the nasal septum and soft palate?
Greater palatine, lesser palatine, and nasopalatine nerves.
Which muscle of the larynx is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
The cricothyroid muscle.
What type of rotation occurs in the mandible?
Rotation about a vertical axis.
What is the function of the mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal nerve?
It is both sensory and motor.
What muscles are responsible for depressing the mandible?
The digastric muscle (anterior and posterior bellies) and mylohyoid.
What does the tentorium cerebelli separate?
The cerebellum from the occipital lobe.
What is the primary action in the Oral Phase of swallowing?
Formation of a bolus by the intrinsic muscles of the tongue.
Which muscles contract to propel the bolus downwards in the pharynx?
The superior, middle, and inferior constrictor muscles.
Which infrahyoid muscles are mentioned in the text?
Sternohyoid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid, and sternothyroid.
What are the two branches of the frontal nerve in the orbit?
Supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve.
What is the nature of the ophthalmic division (V1) of the trigeminal nerve?
It is purely sensory.
Through which structure does the ophthalmic division pass before dividing?
The cavernous sinus.
What happens if the mouth needs to be opened more widely?
The condyle and ligament slide forward onto the articular eminence.
How does Bell's Palsy affect salivary glands?
Salivary glands do not work on the affected side.
What are some passive structures of the larynx?
Spaces lined with mucous membranes such as the ventricle, vestibule, and infraglottic space.
What movement is involved in grinding solid food between the molars?
Lateral deviation in the transverse plane.
Which nerve supplies all but one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve.
What is formed during the oral phase of swallowing?
A swallowable portion called a bolus.
What is the function of the nasopalatine nerve?
It provides sensation from the palate and passes through the incisive foramen.
What is the angle of the mandible?
It is where the vertical ramus joins the horizontal body.
What muscles retract the mandible back to its resting position?
The posterior fibers of temporalis and digastric.
What is the effect of losing the left hypoglossal nerve on tongue movement?
The tongue will deflect to the side of the nerve loss and cannot be protruded straight.
What is the mental protuberance?
It is the forwardly sticking out part of the chin.
Which muscles raise and widen the pharynx during swallowing?
Stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and palatopharyngeus.
Where do the sensory nerve cell bodies of the trigeminal nerve lie?
In a ganglion located in Meckel’s cave.
What muscle is involved in pushing the bolus against the hard palate?
The mylohyoid muscle.
What is required to elevate the mandible compared to depressing it?
More powerful muscles are required to elevate the mandible due to greater resistance.
What is the role of the trigeminal nerve (CN5)?
Supplies sensory and motor functions to the face.
What type of muscles are found in the pharynx?
Outer circular muscles (constrictors) and inner longitudinal muscles.
What is the movement called when the mandible slides forward?
Protraction or protrusion of the mandible.
Which cranial nerve is affected in Bell's Palsy?
Cranial Nerve VII (facial).
In which planes can the mandible move?
In all three cardinal planes.
What causes the downward migration of the instantaneous center of rotation?
Translation of the mandible.
What is the function of the parasympathetic nerve supply to the parotid gland?
It stimulates saliva production.
What are the main branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
Buccal, auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, and lingual nerves.
Which glands primarily produce saliva?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
What is the smallest muscle in the body and its function?
The stapedius muscle; it dampens over-loud sounds.
What effect do the cricothyroid muscles have on vocal cords?
They elongate and tighten the vocal cords, raising the pitch of vocalization.
What does the mental foramen allow for?
It allows passage for the mental nerve.
What area does the lingual nerve supply sensation and taste to?
The front 2/3 of the tongue.
Which muscle partly attaches to the articular disc?
The lateral pterygoid.
Which nerves are involved in the contraction of the velopharyngeal sphincter?
The vagus nerve.
How can swallowing be divided?
Into three phases, either from an anatomical or physiological perspective.
Where does the maxillary division exit the cranial cavity?
Through the foramen rotundum.
Which muscles are involved in left deviation of the mandible?
Left temporalis, left masseter, right medial pterygoid, and right lateral pterygoid.
Through which foramen does the greater palatine nerve pass?
The greater palatine foramen.
What is the role of the uppermost fibers of the genioglossus muscle?
They pull the tongue back from a protruding position.
Which cranial nerve supplies the parotid gland?
CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve).
What muscle prevents food from entering the space between the cheeks and teeth?
Buccinator muscle (facial nerve).
Which muscles are responsible for elevating the mandible during chewing?
Temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid.
What role can genioglossus play in mandible retraction?
It can retract the mandible if the tongue is fixed.
How does the bone of the articular tubercle compare to that of the mandibular fossa?
The bone is thick.
What assists in the depression of the mandible during chewing?
Gravity, although it is normally not significant.
What are the suprahyoid muscles involved in mandible depression?
Digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, and geniohyoid.
What occurs during the first phase of mouth opening?
Mostly pure rotation of the mandibular condyle on the ligament.
Which cranial nerve supplies the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
The vagus nerve (CN X).
Where is the parotid gland located?
Just in front of your ear.
What is the role of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
It rotates the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage inwards toward the midline.
What is the primary function of saliva in the oral phase?
To moisten and mix with food to form a bolus.
What is the primary action involved in chewing food?
The upper and lower teeth are approximated by elevating the mandible.
How can the geniohyoid contribute to the retraction of the mandible?
It can produce this movement if the hyoid bone is fixed.
Where does the mandibular division (V3) enter after exiting the cranial cavity?
The infratemporal fossa.
What occurs if only the right side of the genioglossus is functioning?
The tongue will be pulled towards the front and left of the mouth, deviating to the left.
Why are the temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid considered powerful closers of the mouth?
They have a large moment arm to a moving axis of rotation, producing high torque.
Why are people advised to swallow during descent in a car or airplane?
To avoid ear ache by equalizing air pressure.
What is the role of the false vocal folds?
They close when air attempts to exit through the larynx upwards.
What happens to mouth movement in hemi-facial paralysis?
Inability to move the mouth on one side.
What is the function of the constrictor muscles in the pharynx?
To produce peristalsis and help transport the bolus.
What sensation does the posterior superior alveolar nerve provide?
Sensation from the molar teeth and adjacent gums.
Which muscles are involved in the abduction of the lips?
Levator and depressor anguli oris, levator and depressor labii superioris, risorius, and zygomaticus major and minor.
What is the function of the facial nerve (CN7)?
Supplies all muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of digastric.
How do the interarytenoids contribute to vocal cord function?
They adduct the arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the glottis.
How does the duct of the parotid gland open?
It runs through the buccinator muscle and opens just behind the second upper molar tooth.
What are the actions/functions of the muscles supplied by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve?
Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, anterior belly digastric, mylohyoid, tensor palate, tensor tympani.
What is the purpose of the articular tubercle?
It is for the head of the mandible when the mouth is opened widely.
Where does the duct of the submandibular gland open?
Under the tongue.
What is the role of the true vocal folds during swallowing?
To close (adduct) and protect the airways to prevent aspiration.
What area does the supraorbital nerve provide sensation to?
The skin of the upper eyelids and the forehead up to the top of the head.
What is expectoration?
The act of expelling material from the chest.
What type of pain is associated with Bell's Palsy?
Pain behind the ear.
What regions does the infraorbital nerve provide sensation to?
The skin of the cheek, lower eyelid, side of the nose, front of the nostril, and upper lip.
What is Bell's Palsy?
A condition causing hemi-facial paralysis and other symptoms due to facial nerve dysfunction.
What is the role of the motor neurons in relation to the trigeminal nerve?
They join the third division, the mandibular division.
Which muscles are involved in adducting the true vocal folds?
The interarytenoids and thyroarytenoid muscle.
How does the epiglottis contribute to swallowing?
It passively flips over the laryngopharynx to cover the larynx and divert the bolus.
What is hyperacusis?
Increased sensitivity to normal sound levels, often seen in Bell's Palsy.
What is the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve responsible for?
It is purely sensory.
What happens to the pharynx when the bolus is accepted?
It is raised and widened.
How do the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages differ in humans compared to other animals?
They are smaller in humans, allowing for longer true vocal cords.
What does the parotid duct transport?
Saliva from the parotid gland to the oral cavity.
What nerve provides sensation from the inside of the cheek?
Buccal nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
What do the long ciliary nerves provide sensation to?
The eyeball and the cornea.
What nerves provide sensation to the larynx?
The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Which muscles are involved in closing the velopharyngeal sphincter?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor, palatopharyngeus, levator veli palatine, and musculus uvulae (all innervated by the vagus nerve).
What is the role of the tensor palati muscle?
It helps tense the soft palate and prevents food from entering the nasopharynx.
What happens when the tongue presses against the posterior pharyngeal wall?
The pillars of the fauces contract to close off the opening from the oropharynx to the oral cavity.
What is the function of the aryepiglottic fold?
To strengthen the fold and help direct food into the pyriform recess.
What does the anterior ethmoidal nerve supply sensation to?
The walls of the nasal cavity, nasal septum, and skin of the middle of the nose.
What sensory loss is associated with Bell's Palsy?
Loss of taste.
What prevents the bolus from entering the nasopharynx?
Closure of the velopharyngeal sphincter.
What does the intra-articular ligament (disc) do in the TMJ?
It divides the joint into two cavities.
What happens to the upper esophageal sphincter during swallowing?
It opens to allow the passage of the bolus into the esophagus.
What is affected regarding tear production in Bell's Palsy?
Tears are not produced on the affected side.
