PA Unit 5

Compensatory mechanisms begin to fail, sodium ions accumulate, and potassium ions leak out due to abnormal kidney permeability.

It continues to increase due to low oxygen levels and low hydrostatic pressure.

Histamine is released, making the blood more viscous due to plasma loss from edema.

Every vital organ fails one after the other, leading to an irreversible condition.

Accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity.

Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, often associated with conditions like cirrhosis of the liver.

Generalized edema that affects the entire body, often associated with heart failure, renal disease, or severe malnutrition.

Deoxygenated blood.

Elevated hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels due to conditions like hyperemia or congestion.

A final stage common to various potentially fatal processes such as trauma, burns, infarctions, sepsis, and hemorrhage.

Veins have thinner walls, lower pressure, and higher elasticity.

A decrease in plasma proteins, such as albumin, leads to reduced osmotic pressure and hypoproteinemia.

The body attempts to counter the injury by producing pus in response to superimposed infections.

They prevent the backward flow of blood and help maintain flow toward the heart.

It stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys, which can lead to sodium retention.

Insufficient blood reaching all body tissues due to compromised circulatory system function.

A mechanism where changes in thoracic pressure during breathing assist in moving blood through veins toward the heart.

A condition that occurs when there is an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels, impairing normal lymphatic fluid flow.

Cardiogenic, Obstructive, Hypovolemic, and Distributive Shock.

Conditions that affect the normal flow of blood within the vascular system.

Propagation, where a thrombus can grow or enlarge over time.

Contraction of skeletal muscles during physical activity that squeezes nearby veins, pushing blood toward the heart.

Cancerous tumors, removal of lymphatic vessels, or parasitic infections.

Failure in cardiac output due to dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, or congestive heart failure.

A decrease in blood volume in the circulatory system, often due to hemorrhage.

Thrombi can become dislodged and travel through the bloodstream as emboli.

An increase in blood flow to a specific tissue due to arteriolar dilation, often seen during exercise.

Accumulation of fluid in the layer of tissue just beneath the skin, often resulting in pitting edema.

Physical thrombotic obstruction such as cardiac tamponade or pulmonary embolism.

A thrombus from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs travels to the lungs, obstructing smaller blood vessels.

Blood pressure reduction and potentially shock.

A decrease in blood flow due to closure or constriction of venules, leading to blood accumulation in tissues.

A condition where pits form when pressure is applied to the affected area, often seen in distal areas.

Loss of blood or plasma volume due to coagulative issues, anemia, or extensive burns.

Severe bone fractures that allow fat from the bone marrow to enter the bloodstream.

An increase in blood volume in the circulatory system due to excess fluid retention.

A characteristic appearance of the liver due to congestion within its parenchyma, creating yellowish biliary islets.

It is caused by external agents or autoimmune system disease attacks, such as septic or anaphylactic shock.

Hypovolemia.

Amniotic fluid containing proteins enters the maternal bloodstream during childbirth, leading to abnormal blood clotting.

Increased blood pressure, which can result in hypertension and edema.

A condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues, leading to swelling.

Hypoperfusion leads to tissue hypoxia and lactic acidosis due to anaerobic metabolism.

Weakness, low blood pressure, and in severe cases, shock.

The introduction of gas bubbles into the bloodstream due to sudden changes in atmospheric pressure.

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, which can lead to breathing difficulties.

A blood clot that forms within blood vessels, potentially obstructing blood flow.

Responses include hyperventilation, hypertension, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Iron.

Thrombi that can form in the popliteal area due to altered blood flow, which may embolize to the lungs, heart, or brain.

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, potentially affecting heart function.

It can travel through the bloodstream and become stuck in a narrow vessel, causing hypoxia and ischemia.

It leads to water and sodium retention, potentially causing edema.

The process where thrombi can be dissolved by factors like plasmin, which breaks down the fibrin network.

Bilirubin and hemosiderin.

Accumulation of fluid in the brain tissue, which can be life-threatening if it leads to increased intracranial pressure.

To pump blood throughout the body.

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) to limit bleeding.

Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts grow into the thrombus, stabilizing it and sometimes forming new vascular channels.

The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a non-traumatized blood vessel.

A temporal or permanent decrease of blood supply in an area due to thrombus occlusion, mainly in arteries.

To carry high volumes of blood away from the heart to various parts of the body.

Endothelial injury, altered blood flow, and hypercoagulability state.

Ischemic necrosis due to occlusion of a blood vessel, resulting in systemic necrosis from lack of circulation.

The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues.

Occurs when there is venous circulation occlusion, leading to congestion and necrosis in loose tissues.

Lines of Zahn.

Forces that control the exchange of fluids in capillaries, balancing hydrostatic and oncotic pressures.

They occur in solid parenchymal organs due to arterial occlusion, leading to coagulative necrosis.

Red, due to a high concentration of red blood cells.

A condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs.

To collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to circulation, and to support immune function.

Arterial thrombi are usually white or pale and associated with atherosclerosis.

Compromised heart pumping function leads to increased pressure in pulmonary circulation, causing fluid to leak into the lungs.

By preventing excess fluid accumulation in tissues.

Embolisms in other parts of the body, such as the brain.

It can increase the size of the lungs by 2 to 3 times and cause respiratory distress (dyspnea).

They contain immune cells that participate in the body's immune response.

Accumulation of excess fluid within the brain tissue leading to increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

It causes compression of brain structures, flattening of gyri, and narrowing of sulci.

Vasoconstriction occurs to decrease blood flow, and the damaged endothelium exposes collagen fibers.

Activated platelets form a platelet plug at the site of injury.

A series of biochemical reactions involving clotting factors that lead to the formation of a fibrin network.

Plasmin breaks down fibrin into soluble fibrinogen, allowing the clot to dissolve.

Uncontrolled bleeding from an injured vessel that results in blood loss outside the vessel.

Accumulation of blood that produces a localized swelling.

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.

Hematomas that appear beneath the skin or mucous membranes, visually assessed by their characteristic appearance.

Bruises typically start as reddish or purplish and gradually change to green or yellow as the body reabsorbs the blood.