What role do valves in veins play?
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They prevent the backward flow of blood and help maintain flow toward the heart.
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What role do valves in veins play?
They prevent the backward flow of blood and help maintain flow toward the heart.
What is released during the progressive phase that affects blood viscosity?
Histamine is released, making the blood more viscous due to plasma loss from edema.
What happens during the progressive phase of pathology?
Compensatory mechanisms begin to fail, sodium ions accumulate, and potassium ions leak out due to abnormal kidney permeability.
What is ascites?
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, often associated with conditions like cirrhosis of the liver.
What is hypovolemia?
A decrease in blood volume in the circulatory system, often due to hemorrhage.
What is shock in the context of pathology?
A final stage common to various potentially fatal processes such as trauma, burns, infarctions, sepsis, and hemorrhage.
What is the skeletal muscle pump?
Contraction of skeletal muscles during physical activity that squeezes nearby veins, pushing blood toward the heart.
What can severe hypovolemia lead to?
Blood pressure reduction and potentially shock.
What condition results from hemorrhage leading to loss of blood volume?
Hypovolemia.
What is hydroarthrosis?
Accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity.
What are the four factors causing shock?
Cardiogenic, Obstructive, Hypovolemic, and Distributive Shock.
What can cause lymphedema?
Cancerous tumors, removal of lymphatic vessels, or parasitic infections.
What is hypervolemia?
An increase in blood volume in the circulatory system due to excess fluid retention.
What are the consequences of hypervolemia?
Increased blood pressure, which can result in hypertension and edema.
What type of blood do veins carry?
Deoxygenated blood.
How do veins differ from arteries?
Veins have thinner walls, lower pressure, and higher elasticity.
What are hemodynamic disorders?
Conditions that affect the normal flow of blood within the vascular system.
What is a Gaseous Embolism?
The introduction of gas bubbles into the bloodstream due to sudden changes in atmospheric pressure.
What role does aldosterone play in edema?
It stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys, which can lead to sodium retention.
What is active hyperemia?
An increase in blood flow to a specific tissue due to arteriolar dilation, often seen during exercise.
What causes Fat Embolism?
Severe bone fractures that allow fat from the bone marrow to enter the bloodstream.
What mechanisms does the body initiate during the compensatory phase of shock?
Responses include hyperventilation, hypertension, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
What characterizes the refractory phase of pathology?
Every vital organ fails one after the other, leading to an irreversible condition.
What is anasarca?
Generalized edema that affects the entire body, often associated with heart failure, renal disease, or severe malnutrition.
What causes edema related to increased hydrostatic pressure?
Elevated hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels due to conditions like hyperemia or congestion.
How does reduced oncotic pressure contribute to edema?
A decrease in plasma proteins, such as albumin, leads to reduced osmotic pressure and hypoproteinemia.
What is subcutaneous edema?
Accumulation of fluid in the layer of tissue just beneath the skin, often resulting in pitting edema.
What is Amniotic Fluid Embolism (AFE)?
Amniotic fluid containing proteins enters the maternal bloodstream during childbirth, leading to abnormal blood clotting.
What metabolites are produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin?
Bilirubin and hemosiderin.
What is passive hyperemia?
A decrease in blood flow due to closure or constriction of venules, leading to blood accumulation in tissues.
What occurs during organization and recanalization of a thrombus?
Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts grow into the thrombus, stabilizing it and sometimes forming new vascular channels.
What is thrombosis?
Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a non-traumatized blood vessel.
What is the effect of metabolic acidosis in the progressive phase?
It continues to increase due to low oxygen levels and low hydrostatic pressure.
What is the initial body response to injury in shock?
The body attempts to counter the injury by producing pus in response to superimposed infections.
What is the respiratory pump?
A mechanism where changes in thoracic pressure during breathing assist in moving blood through veins toward the heart.
What is one possible fate of a thrombus?
Propagation, where a thrombus can grow or enlarge over time.
What causes Obstructive Shock?
Physical thrombotic obstruction such as cardiac tamponade or pulmonary embolism.
What is Hypovolemic Shock related to?
Loss of blood or plasma volume due to coagulative issues, anemia, or extensive burns.
What is nutmeg liver?
A characteristic appearance of the liver due to congestion within its parenchyma, creating yellowish biliary islets.
What is hydropericardium?
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, potentially affecting heart function.
What leads to systemic tissue hypoperfusion in shock?
Insufficient blood reaching all body tissues due to compromised circulatory system function.
What is lymphedema?
A condition that occurs when there is an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels, impairing normal lymphatic fluid flow.
What happens during embolization?
Thrombi can become dislodged and travel through the bloodstream as emboli.
What is a key feature of Distributive Shock?
It is caused by external agents or autoimmune system disease attacks, such as septic or anaphylactic shock.
What is edema?
A condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues, leading to swelling.
What occurs during the initial phase of shock?
Hypoperfusion leads to tissue hypoxia and lactic acidosis due to anaerobic metabolism.
What are the symptoms of hypovolemia?
Weakness, low blood pressure, and in severe cases, shock.
What is Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)?
Thrombi that can form in the popliteal area due to altered blood flow, which may embolize to the lungs, heart, or brain.
What is the primary function of the heart in the cardiovascular system?
To pump blood throughout the body.
What are the two sides of the heart responsible for?
The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.
What characterizes a red infarct?
Occurs when there is venous circulation occlusion, leading to congestion and necrosis in loose tissues.
How does the lymphatic system contribute to tissue health?
By preventing excess fluid accumulation in tissues.
What is a hematoma?
Accumulation of blood that produces a localized swelling.
What characterizes Cardiogenic Shock?
Failure in cardiac output due to dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, or congestive heart failure.
What is Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE)?
A thrombus from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs travels to the lungs, obstructing smaller blood vessels.
What is pitting edema?
A condition where pits form when pressure is applied to the affected area, often seen in distal areas.
What is hydrothorax?
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, which can lead to breathing difficulties.
What is thrombus dissolution?
The process where thrombi can be dissolved by factors like plasmin, which breaks down the fibrin network.
What are the three primary factors in Virchow's triad?
Endothelial injury, altered blood flow, and hypercoagulability state.
What initiates the coagulation process after a blood vessel injury?
Vasoconstriction occurs to decrease blood flow, and the damaged endothelium exposes collagen fibers.
What happens during clot dissolution?
Plasmin breaks down fibrin into soluble fibrinogen, allowing the clot to dissolve.
What are bruises?
Hematomas that appear beneath the skin or mucous membranes, visually assessed by their characteristic appearance.
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot that forms within blood vessels, potentially obstructing blood flow.
What can happen if a thrombus embolizes?
It can travel through the bloodstream and become stuck in a narrow vessel, causing hypoxia and ischemia.
What histological feature characterizes thrombi?
Lines of Zahn.
What happens to the brain structure due to brain edema?
It causes compression of brain structures, flattening of gyri, and narrowing of sulci.
What is hemothorax?
Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
What is pulmonary edema?
A condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs.
What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?
They contain immune cells that participate in the body's immune response.
What is hemorrhage?
Uncontrolled bleeding from an injured vessel that results in blood loss outside the vessel.
What crucial component of hemoglobin is affected by hemorrhage?
Iron.
What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin Axis in shock?
It leads to water and sodium retention, potentially causing edema.
What is the capillary network responsible for?
The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues.
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
To collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to circulation, and to support immune function.
What is brain edema?
Accumulation of excess fluid within the brain tissue leading to increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
What is hydrocephalus?
Accumulation of fluid in the brain tissue, which can be life-threatening if it leads to increased intracranial pressure.
What is ischemia?
A temporal or permanent decrease of blood supply in an area due to thrombus occlusion, mainly in arteries.
What is the effect of pulmonary edema on lung size?
It can increase the size of the lungs by 2 to 3 times and cause respiratory distress (dyspnea).
What is infarctation?
Ischemic necrosis due to occlusion of a blood vessel, resulting in systemic necrosis from lack of circulation.
What are Starling forces?
Forces that control the exchange of fluids in capillaries, balancing hydrostatic and oncotic pressures.
What can cardiac thrombi lead to if dislodged?
Embolisms in other parts of the body, such as the brain.
What is the coagulation cascade?
A series of biochemical reactions involving clotting factors that lead to the formation of a fibrin network.
What is the ultimate goal of normal hemostasis?
Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) to limit bleeding.
What are white infarcts?
They occur in solid parenchymal organs due to arterial occlusion, leading to coagulative necrosis.
What is the role of arteries in the cardiovascular system?
To carry high volumes of blood away from the heart to various parts of the body.
What can cause pulmonary edema in heart failure?
Compromised heart pumping function leads to increased pressure in pulmonary circulation, causing fluid to leak into the lungs.
How do venous thrombi typically appear?
Red, due to a high concentration of red blood cells.
What distinguishes arterial thrombi from venous thrombi?
Arterial thrombi are usually white or pale and associated with atherosclerosis.
What is the role of platelets in coagulation?
Activated platelets form a platelet plug at the site of injury.
What is the progression of color in bruises?
Bruises typically start as reddish or purplish and gradually change to green or yellow as the body reabsorbs the blood.