What state is the infant no longer in after 18-24 months in the sensorimotor stage?
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A state of solipsism.
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What state is the infant no longer in after 18-24 months in the sensorimotor stage?
A state of solipsism.
What is the critical period for imprinting?
It is time sensitive, lasting 10-30 hours.
Who is a key figure in behaviorism?
B.F. Skinner.
How are children and adults different in psychological terms?
They are qualitatively different.
Which theories are examined in the study of development?
Behaviourism, Nativism, Constructivism, and Maturation, evolution, and ethology.
What is genetically determined behavior?
Behavior that is influenced by genetic factors.
What is the Continuous-Discontinuous perspective in development?
It examines whether development is a gradual process or occurs in distinct stages.
What is deep structure in language?
An innate grammatical structuring of language that is universal among humans.
What are innate faculties and modules?
Mental structures that are pre-wired for language acquisition.
What factors contribute to development according to Constructivism?
Development is a product of both nature and nurture.
How does development occur according to Piaget?
Development occurs in stages.
What is a key characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?
Lack of mental imagery.
Is development continuous?
Yes, development can be viewed as continuous.
What is the key concept of how development occurs?
Development occurs in stages.
What does 'nature' refer to in the context of development?
Genetic inheritance.
What principle of behaviorism applies to both babies and adults?
The same principles of shaping through successive approximation apply to babies, adults, and animals.
What understanding does the infant gain during the sensorimotor stage?
The understanding that there is 'self' and there is the 'world'.
How does the infant acquire the understanding of 'self' and 'world'?
Through the acquisition of mental imagery.
What is the value of comparative psychology?
It helps in understanding behavior across different species.
What is the process of development from childhood to adulthood?
It occurs through a succession of stages.
What does solipsism refer to in the context of the sensorimotor stage?
Failure to distinguish between the self and the rest of the universe.
What is object permanence?
Understanding that things continue to exist even when we can’t sense them directly.
What is the key concept of continuous development?
Development occurs gradually without distinct stages.
What is the main question regarding nature and nurture?
The relative contribution of nature and nurture to development.
What does radical empiricism deny?
Nativism.
Who is associated with the study of imprinting and ethology?
Konrad Lorenz.
What is egocentrism in the context of Piaget's Preoperational stage?
The inability to see a situation from another person's perspective.
What is the key development in the sensorimotor stage at 18-24 months?
The infant can conceive the existence of an object independently of self.
What is imprinting in animals?
The process of attachment a baby animal forms with the first thing they encounter at birth.
How is perception related to action in the sensorimotor stage?
Perception is subordinate to action.
What question does continuous development raise about the nature of development?
How does development occur?
What is a key consideration in major developmental perspectives?
The stance adopted on the influence of nature versus nurture.
What may long-term separation lead to?
Developmental delays physically, intellectually, and emotionally.
Who are the key figures associated with the evolution of attachment theory?
Bowlby and Ainsworth.
Is development considered continuous in behaviourism?
Behaviourism does not explicitly address the continuity of development.
What is the defining characteristic of the Formal Operational stage?
The ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically, usually beginning at age 12 and continuing into adulthood.
What is the relationship between behaviorism and child development?
Behaviorism explains development as a product of shaping through successive approximation.
What does the Nature-Nurture debate focus on?
The relative contributions of genetic inheritance and environmental factors to human development.
What does 'nurture' refer to in the context of development?
Environment and experience.
What is the process of moving from subjective to objective perspective called?
Escaping from your own perspective.
Which theory emphasizes the importance of adjusting to environments for survival?
Constructivism (Piaget).
What is the focus of behaviourism?
Behaviour and the environment.
Who is a prominent figure associated with behaviourism?
B.F. Skinner.
During which stage do children develop logical thinking about concrete events?
Concrete Operational stage, typically from ages 7 to 11.
What are the two main perspectives in the character of development?
Nature-Nurture and Continuous-Discontinuous.
What are the two types of environments humans need to adjust to?
Human (social, psychological) and physical environments.
What type of development occurs from childhood through adulthood?
Continuous development.
What prevents adjustment to environments according to the text?
Egocentrism.
Who is a key figure associated with behaviorism in child development?
B.F. Skinner.
How do children differ from adults in terms of development?
Children are not qualitatively different; they simply have less knowledge.
What is egocentrism in the context of development?
Difficulty taking on board another person’s perspective.
What are the two types of reinforcement in behaviorism?
Positive and negative reinforcement.
What does innate knowledge of language refer to?
The idea that humans are born with an understanding of language.
What did Lorenz suggest about attachment in humans?
Attachment is a natural process under maturational control.
How does children's thought differ from that of adults?
Children's thought is qualitatively different from that of adults.
What is shaping behavior?
A process in behaviorism where successive approximations are reinforced.
What can happen if the attachment process is disrupted?
It can have detrimental consequences.
What does Piaget's theory suggest about cognitive development?
Development is not an evolution but a revolution, requiring the shedding of previous cognitive limitations.
What are successive approximations?
Steps taken towards a desired behavior that are reinforced.
At what age does separation distress typically begin to show?
From 8 or 9 months of age.
What is the main idea of Constructivism?
Knowledge is actively generated by the individual rather than transmitted by another person.
What does Chomsky suggest about the mechanisms underlying behavior?
The same mechanisms underlie both child and adult behavior.
What is considered irrelevant in behaviourism?
Cognitive processes.
What does biological preparedness refer to?
A genetically determined readiness to learn specific skills, such as walking.
What is maturational unfolding?
A genetically determined developmental progression.
What does the term 'black box' refer to in behaviourism?
The mind's internal processes that are not observable.
What are the four main stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
What is a key feature of the Preoperational stage?
Children begin to use language and think symbolically, but their thinking is egocentric and intuitive, typically from ages 2 to 7.
What characterizes the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?
Infants learn through sensory experiences and manipulating objects, typically from birth to 2 years.
What cognitive abilities are developed during the Concrete Operational stage?
Logical reasoning about concrete objects and understanding the concept of conservation.
