What are the two main compartments where water is found in the body?
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Extracellular space (outside cells) and intracellular space (inside cells).
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What are the two main compartments where water is found in the body?
Extracellular space (outside cells) and intracellular space (inside cells).
What hormone does the pituitary gland secrete to regulate water absorption?
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH).
What factors influence water balance in the body?
Diet, physical activity, climate, and health status.
What percentage of the human body consists of water?
1/2 to 3/4.
What is water intoxication?
A condition that occurs when excessive water intake disrupts electrolyte balance.
What is hyponatremia?
A condition where water moves out of the blood vessels into the tissues, causing swelling.
What is osmosis?
The passive diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What happens to blood volume with a small drop in body water?
Blood volume decreases.
What can happen with a loss of 5% of body water?
It can cause severe symptoms.
What emotional problem can lead to excessive water intake?
Psychogenic water drinking.
What can happen if there is a deficiency of ADH?
It can lead to conditions like diabetes insipidus, resulting in excessive urination and thirst.
What is water intoxication?
Overhydration that can affect the distribution of water among body compartments.
What is the pH of blood?
Approximately 7.35 to 7.45.
What determines the concentration of water in body fluids?
The concentration of particles in each compartment.
What is the primary consequence of water deficiency?
Dehydration.
Which hormone plays a key role in regulating water balance?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
What drives the movement of water in osmosis?
Concentration gradients.
What are early symptoms of mild dehydration?
Headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry eyes and mouth, and dark colored urine.
How does ADH affect urine production?
ADH decreases urine production by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys.
What energy source do body cells use to maintain electrolyte distribution across cell membranes?
ATP.
How do dairy products contribute to hydration?
They contain water as part of their composition.
What causes swelling in the brain during hyponatremia?
Osmosis, as water moves into the tissues.
What is an example of a mineral salt and its components when dissolved?
NaCl breaks down into Na+ and Cl-.
What percentage of water intake comes from fluids we drink?
75% - 85%.
How does the body respond to dehydration?
By increasing thirst and releasing ADH.
Why is water essential for life?
It is crucial for biochemical reactions, temperature regulation, and nutrient transport.
What is one source of water in the My Pyramid food groups?
Fruits.
What is obligatory water loss?
Water lost through urine, feces, sweat, and respiration that must be replaced daily.
What is the significance of water in the My Pyramid food groups?
It helps maintain hydration and supports overall health.
What are ions or electrolytes?
They are the separate particles formed when mineral salts dissolve in water.
What factors influence water needs?
Food intake, activity level, temperature, humidity, etc.
What happens to the mouth when the body is low on water?
It becomes dry due to less water available to make saliva.
What health issues can lead to problems with water intoxication?
Kidney disease and pituitary problems.
Why is it important to replace obligatory water loss?
To maintain proper hydration and bodily functions.
What are some potential consequences of brain swelling due to hyponatremia?
Disorientation, convulsions, coma, and death.
How is water intake regulated in the body?
By thirst.
What is the chemical formula for water?
H2O.
Why is maintaining water balance important?
To ensure proper physiological functions and prevent dehydration.
What two factors contribute to the feeling of thirst?
A dry mouth and signals from the brain.
What percentage of the human body is composed of water?
Approximately 60%.
What gland is stimulated by the hypothalamus during dehydration?
The pituitary gland.
What is the pH of stomach acid?
Around 1.5 to 3.5.
What is the pH of urine?
Usually between 4.5 and 8.0.
What is the primary mechanism for regulating water intake in the body?
The sensation of thirst.
What is a significant risk associated with thirst lagging behind water loss?
Dehydration can become serious if not recognized.
What triggers the feeling of thirst?
Increased osmolarity of blood and decreased blood volume.
How does aging affect thirst?
The elderly have a blunted thirst mechanism.
What is the significance of Table 8-1 on page 267?
The content of Table 8-1 is not provided, so its significance cannot be determined.
What does high particle concentration indicate about water concentration?
It indicates low water concentration and is termed hypertonic.
What triggers thirst signals in the brain?
A decrease in blood volume and an increase in the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood.
What role do the kidneys play in water regulation?
They filter blood and adjust water reabsorption based on hydration status.
What can commercially bottled mineral water lead to in susceptible individuals?
Fluid retention, swelling, and increased blood pressure.
Where is ADH produced?
In the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.
What is water often referred to as due to its properties?
The Universal Solvent.
What condition results from too much water relative to sodium in the body?
Hyponatremia.
Why is the maintenance of electrolytes important in body fluids?
It helps water distribute properly across fluid compartments.
What are the main particles found in body fluids?
Mineral salts, glucose, and proteins.
What role do grains play in hydration according to My Pyramid?
Some grains, when cooked, contain water.
What is vital for the movement of water between compartments in the body?
Osmosis.
What restores water balance in the body?
Drinking and increased absorption of water.
What does low particle concentration indicate about water concentration?
It indicates high water concentration and is termed hypotonic.
What regulates the output of water in the body?
The kidneys.
What symptoms can occur with a 5% loss of body weight?
Nausea and difficulty in concentration.
What happens to blood volume and solute concentration when we drink water?
Blood volume increases and solute concentration decreases, restoring water balance.
What effect does ADH have on the kidneys?
It causes the kidneys to absorb more water.
What are the main sources of water in our body?
Diet, solid foods, and metabolic water.
What are the main sources of water intake?
Drinking water, food, and metabolic processes.
How is water intoxication usually reversed?
By the kidneys.
What happens to solute concentration in the blood during dehydration?
It increases.
What triggers the release of ADH?
Increased blood osmolarity or decreased blood volume.
What role does water play in digestion?
It helps dissolve nutrients and aids in the absorption process.
What role does water play in biological systems?
It is essential for life and sustains all living organisms.
When is water intoxication most common?
During illness and exercise.
What do sugary drinks provide to the diet?
Additional energy (kilojoules) but no essential nutrients.
How do artificially sweetened drinks differ from sugary drinks in terms of energy?
They add very little energy (kilocalories) to the diet.
Which food group provides hydration through vegetables?
Vegetables.
What is water balance?
The equilibrium between water intake and water loss in the body.
What percentage of body weight loss constitutes mild dehydration?
1% to 2%.
What is the primary function of ADH?
To regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys.
Which part of the brain senses concentrated blood due to dehydration?
The hypothalamus.
What is a suggested alternative to commercially bottled mineral water?
Using a home soda water maker with tap water.
Why is water considered a perfect beverage for quenching thirst?
Because it is a zero-calorie beverage.
What happens to sodium concentration in the blood during water intoxication?
It drops.
What is the best drink for hydrating the body?
Fresh water, because it does not contain energy (kilojoules).
What happens to mineral salts when they dissolve in water?
They break apart into ions or electrolytes.
How does the body primarily lose water?
Through urine, sweat, respiration, and feces.
How quickly do symptoms of water deficiency appear compared to other nutrient deficiencies?
Symptoms appear more rapidly than any other nutrient deficiency.
What does ADH stand for?
Antidiuretic Hormone.
What is the average daily water intake recommended?
9 to 13 cups per day.
How significant is metabolic water in meeting body needs?
Not significant.
What is inappropriate ADH?
A condition where the body produces too much antidiuretic hormone, affecting water balance.
How does water regulate body temperature?
Through sweating and evaporation.
How does water help in temperature regulation?
It helps to keep the body from overheating.
What is the pH range of pure water?
Approximately 7 (neutral).
What percentage of water intake comes from solid foods?
20% - 25%.
What is the effect of reduced blood volume on the body?
It reduces the ability of blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products.
What are the three states of water?
Solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).
What are some functions of water in the body?
Carries nutrients to cells, removes waste, restores fluids, regulates body temperature, lubricates joints, maintains healthy skin, and aids digestion.
What mechanism is stimulated by the hypothalamus in response to dehydration?
The thirst mechanism.
What nutrients does water dissolve?
Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients.
What types of drinks are included in the recommendation to limit sugary drinks?
Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, fruit drinks, vitamin-style waters, flavored mineral waters, and energy and sports drinks.
What potential negative effects can artificially sweetened drinks have?
They may lead to decreased bone density and contribute to tooth decay due to their acidity.
What can a 7% loss of body weight lead to?
Confusion and disorientation.
Why is water considered the most indispensable nutrient?
Because animals cannot survive more than 3 to 7 days without it.
What is the recommended daily water intake for teens?
6-8 glasses (8 fl. oz each) in addition to around 4 cups from food.
What is the pH of saliva?
Typically between 6.2 and 7.6.
What does RNI Malaysia recommend regarding sugary drinks?
To limit their intake of drinks containing added sugar.
How dangerous can overhydration be compared to dehydration?
It can be as dangerous as dehydration.
What percentage of milk is water?
About 90%.
What is the potential outcome of a 10% to 20% loss of body weight?
It can result in death.
What is the recommended sodium content for low-sodium mineral water?
Less than 30 mg sodium per 100 ml.
What are the health risks associated with sugary drinks?
Excess weight gain, reduced bone strength, and tooth decay.
Why is tap water considered a good source of hydration?
It is mostly free and generally available wherever you go.
What habit may artificially sweetened drinks maintain?
The habit of drinking sweet drinks.
What types of milk are recommended for everyone else?
Low-fat and reduced-fat varieties.
What is the pH of vinegar?
About 2.5.
What is the pH of coffee?
Typically around 4.5 to 6.0.
How can tea contribute to hydration?
Tea can help meet daily fluid recommendations and is a source of antioxidants and polyphenols.
What is the pH of soft drinks?
Usually between 2.5 and 4.0.
What type of milk should children under 2 years old consume?
Full-fat milk.
What benefits do whole pieces of fresh fruit provide compared to fruit juice?
They provide fluids, fiber, and nutrients while avoiding extra sugar.
