What components are found in tissue fluid?
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Ions, nutrients, gases, and water.
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What components are found in tissue fluid?
Ions, nutrients, gases, and water.
What prevents backflow in lymphatic capillaries?
Interstitial fluid pressure pushes the flaps together.
Where are the Lingual Tonsils found?
On the posterior surface of the tongue.
Where are lymphatic nodules commonly found?
In mucous membranes in vulnerable areas of the body, such as the digestive tract.
What are lymphatic capillaries?
Small, closed-ended vessels made of endothelial cells that form minivalves.
What are the Palatine Tonsils known for?
They are located on the lateral walls of the pharynx, behind the mouth and palate, and are the largest and most frequently infected during childhood.
What are lymphatic nodules?
Clusters of lymphocytes in the connective tissue of easily infected mucous membranes.
How does tissue fluid enter lymphatic capillaries?
It opens under pressure from accumulated tissue fluid.
What is the pressure condition in lymphatic vessels?
Lymphatic vessels operate under low pressure and are not influenced by the heart.
What is the location of the Right Lymphatic Duct?
A short, 1 cm duct in the upper right thorax.
How is tissue fluid formed?
Blood flows into capillaries from arterioles, and plasma exits capillaries into tissues.
How do the walls of lymphatic vessels compare to blood veins?
Lymphatic vessels have thinner walls than blood veins.
What are the two main lymphatic ducts?
Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct.
What happens to excess tissue fluid that doesn't re-enter the bloodstream?
It drains into lymphatic capillaries.
What type of valves do lymphatic vessels have?
Valves consist of two semilunar flaps.
Where does lymph from the lymphatic ducts drain into the venous system?
At the junction of the internal jugular veins and subclavian veins.
What is the function of lymphatic nodules?
To kill harmful bacteria and generate memory lymphocytes for long-term immune response.
What happens when macrophages detect antigens in lymph?
They engulf and digest antigens, transforming into antigen-presenting cells.
What gives the spleen its dark purple color?
Its high blood content.
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow and thymus.
What is lymph?
The interstitial fluid contained inside lymphatic vessels.
What is the progression of lymph flow in the lymphatic system?
Lymph moves from lymphatic capillaries to larger lymphatic collecting vessels.
What is the primary function of the tonsils?
To form a ring of lymphoid tissue that collects and removes pathogens from inhaled air and swallowed food.
What are the two layers of the outer cortex of lymph nodes?
The paracortical layer and the superficial layer.
Where is the thymus located?
Between the sternum and the upper heart.
What is the function of the white pulp in the spleen?
To trigger immune responses.
What is the length of the thoracic duct?
40 cm long.
What is the function of lacteals?
Absorb and transport lipids and chylomicrons, emptying them into the lymph nodes.
What is the role of minivalves in lymphatic capillaries?
They allow tissue fluid to enter while preventing backflow.
What aids in the propulsion of lymph through lymphatic vessels?
Squeezing from nearby skeletal muscle contractions and pulsations of neighboring arteries.
What is the structure of lymph nodes?
Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs ranging from 1 mm to 2 cm in length, distributed along lymphatic vessels.
What is the structure of the thymus?
A bi-lobed organ with a lumpy surface, consisting of an outer cortex densely packed with immature T-cells and an inner medulla containing mature T-cells and Hassall’s corpuscles.
What are the two main tissues of the spleen?
White pulp (lymphoid tissue) and red pulp (blood-filled sinuses and cords).
Where does the thoracic duct begin?
At the cisterna chyli.
What are lacteals and where are they located?
Single lacteals surrounded by capillaries, located in the small intestine’s intestinal villus.
Where are the Tubal Tonsils located?
Behind the openings of the Eustachian tubes, slightly below the adenoid.
What role do tonsillar crypts play?
They trap bacteria and help migrate pathogens into lymphoid tissue.
What types of cells are found in the superficial layer of lymph nodes?
B-cells and macrophages.
What is the primary function of the thymus?
To mature T-cells which are then distributed to other lymphatic organs to trigger immune responses.
Where is the spleen located?
In the upper left abdomen, near the diaphragm.
What percentage of the body's lymph drainage is covered by the thoracic duct?
~75%.
What are Peyer's Patches?
Aggregations of lymphatic nodules in the ileum of the small intestine.
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
To kill pathogens in lymph.
What does the red pulp in the spleen do?
Breaks down old, abnormal, and damaged red blood cells and serves as a blood reservoir, releasing blood in emergencies.
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
Drains lymph from the entire left side of the body and the right lower body.
What is the function of germinal centers in lymph nodes?
They form when B-cells are actively proliferating.
When is the thymus most active?
During youth, and it degenerates after puberty.
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Maturation of B-lymphocytes (B-cells).
What type of cells are found in the paracortical layer of lymph nodes?
T-cells.
What do plasma cells produce in response to activated B-cells?
Antibodies that bind to the antigen.
What is the function of the right lymphatic duct?
Drains lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body (right arm, right side of head, and neck).
What is the function of the thymus?
Maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells).
What is the lymph flow pathway through a lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vein to subcapsular sinus to trabecular sinus to medullary sinus to efferent lymphatic vein at the hilem.
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
On the roof of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity.
What percentage of the body's lymph drainage is covered by the right lymphatic duct?
~25%.
What are the secondary lymphatic organs?
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules.
