Integrated Systems :: Respiratory :: Wrongs

The presence of hemoglobin in normal arterial blood increases oxygen concentration by 70 times.

The most important stimulus controlling the level of resting ventilation is the pH of CSF on central chemoreceptors.

During moderate exercise, there is no change in PO₂, PCO₂, and pH.

Ventilation after strenuous exercise is most likely stimulated by an increase in H+ mean arterial concentration.

Surfactant is responsible for reducing surface tension, which increases lung compliance and helps prevent hysteresis.

In respiration, 65% of the work is to overcome elastic forces, while 35% is to overcome resistance. This includes 2/3rd for surface tension forces and 28% for airway resistance.

Climbing to higher altitudes results in decreased pO₂, leading to cerebral fluid leakage due to vasodilation from the intravascular space.

The apneustic center increases the depth of inspiration by stimulating the respiratory centers.

The Hamburger effect, or Cl⁻ shift, results in a higher packed cell volume in venous blood due to the exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions.

Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to hypoxia, playing a crucial role in the body's response to low oxygen levels.

Coughing against a closed glottis results in forceful expiration that helps to remove harmful substances from the respiratory tract.

The least A-V difference is seen in the kidney.

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is calculated as the volume of CO₂ produced divided by the volume of O₂ consumed: RQ = Volume of CO₂ produced / Volume of O₂ consumed.

The minimal volume of the lung remaining when chest wall recoil is eliminated is referred to as the minimal volume.

Acclimatization at high altitudes involves physiological adaptations to maintain oxygen delivery and utilization despite lower atmospheric oxygen levels.

The Gibbs-Donnan effect governs the chloride shift, which is important for maintaining acid-base balance in the blood during gas exchange.

Small airways have extremely low velocity laminar flow due to their small diameter and high surface area, which minimizes turbulence and allows for efficient gas exchange.

Tracheo-bronchial luminal neuroendocrine cells (APUD cells) contain serotonin, which is relevant in the treatment of carcinoid tumors.

The critical closing volume is defined as the sum of the residual volume and the closing volume of the lungs.

The primary causes of death following smoke inhalation include:

1. Hypoxemia
2. Anaemic Hypoxia
3. Ischemic Hypoxia

During inspiration at the mid clavicular line, the inferior border of the pleura is at the 8th rib and the inferior border of the lung is at the 6th rib.

During inspiration at the mid axillary line, the inferior border of the pleura is at the 10th rib and the inferior border of the lung is at the 8th rib.

During inspiration at the para vertebral line, the inferior border of the pleura is at the 12th rib and the inferior border of the lung is at the 10th rib.