Foundations of Medical Studies

Medical terminology is crucial for effective communication among healthcare professionals. It allows for precise descriptions of the human body, conditions, procedures, and treatments, ensuring clarity and understanding in patient care.

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It is crucial for survival and is regulated by mechanisms such as temperature regulation, blood sugar control, and fluid balance, ensuring that bodily functions operate optimally.

Cellular respiration involves three main stages:

1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a small amount of ATP.
2. Krebs Cycle: Pyruvate is further broken down in the mitochondria, releasing energy-rich molecules.
3. Electron Transport Chain: Electrons are transferred through proteins in the mitochondria, generating a large amount of ATP.

Drugs can be administered through various routes:

1. Oral Administration: Taken by mouth (e.g., tablets, capsules).
2. Intravenous (IV) Administration: Injected directly into the bloodstream.
3. Intramuscular (IM) Administration: Injected into muscle tissue.
4. Subcutaneous Administration: Injected under the skin.
5. Topical Administration: Applied directly to the skin (e.g., creams).
6. Inhalation: Inhaled into the lungs (e.g., asthma inhalers).

The four main principles of medical ethics are:

1. Autonomy: Respecting a patient’s right to make their own healthcare decisions.
2. Beneficence: Acting in the best interest of the patient.
3. Non-maleficence: Avoiding harm to the patient.
4. Justice: Ensuring fairness in the distribution of healthcare resources and treating all patients equally.

Key aspects include:

• Hand hygiene: Washing hands before and after patient contact.
• Personal protective equipment (PPE): Using gloves, masks, and gowns as needed.
• Sterilization: Ensuring medical equipment is properly sterilized.
• Isolation precautions: Implementing measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

Proper nutrition is essential for:

• Boosting immunity: Nutrients strengthen the immune system.
• Supporting growth and development: Proteins and calcium are vital for building muscles and bones.
• Preventing chronic diseases: A balanced diet reduces the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.
• Enhancing mental health: Certain nutrients are linked to improved mood and cognitive function.

Nurses are responsible for:

• Monitoring patient health: Assessing vital signs and reporting changes.
• Administering treatments: Delivering medications and performing wound care.
• Educating patients: Teaching about managing conditions and healthy lifestyles.
• Advocating for patients: Ensuring appropriate care and respecting patient rights.

Key milestones include:

• Ancient Times: Care provided by family or religious figures based on tradition.
• Middle Ages: Monastic orders emphasized compassion and charity in care.
• 19th Century: Florence Nightingale introduced hygiene practices and formal training.
• Modern Era: Nursing evolved into a respected profession with specialized fields and evidence-based practices.