What is the pressure potential in open air?
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𝚿 p = 0 MPa.
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What is the pressure potential in open air?
𝚿 p = 0 MPa.
What is the concentration of NaCl inside the plant cell?
0.15M.
What is the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in a hypotonic solution compared to inside the cell?
Lower outside of the cell.
What is the value of R used in the calculation?
0.0831 liter bar/mol K
How does solute concentration affect water flow?
Water flows from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
What is the value of 'i' for a NaCl solution?
-2
What is the formula for calculating solute potential?
𝚿 s = -iCRT
What is the rate of water diffusion in an isotonic solution?
Water diffuses into the cell at the same rate it moves out.
What is the Ψ of the 0.2M sucrose solution at 20°C?
-4.87 bars.
What is the concentration (C) of the NaCl solution in the problem?
0.2 mol/L
What does tonicity depend on?
The concentration of solutes that cannot pass through the cell membrane.
What is the calculated solute potential (𝚿 s) of the 0.2M NaCl solution?
-10.07 bars
How is solute potential expressed?
As a negative number.
What is the formula used to calculate solute potential?
𝚿 s = -iCRT.
What is the formula for calculating water potential?
𝚿 = 𝚿 s + 𝚿 p
What is the value of Ψ in the root tissue of the plant?
-4.6 bars.
How do you convert Celsius to Kelvin?
K = 273 + ℃.
What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
Cells gain water.
What is tonicity?
The ability of an extracellular solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
What is the overall water potential (𝚿) calculated in the problem?
-7.48 bars
What is the molar concentration of the sugar solution?
0.3M.
What happens to water when a plant cell is placed in a 0.3M NaCl solution?
Water will leave the cell.
What is happening in the picture below?
Without the picture, I cannot provide a specific answer, but it likely illustrates the process of osmosis.
What occurs to animal cells in a hypotonic solution?
They swell and lyse.
In which direction does water flow according to water potential?
From areas of high water potential to areas of low water potential.
What does the Greek letter 'psi' (𝚿) represent?
Water potential.
How do animal cells react compared to plant cells in terms of osmoregulation?
Animal cells react differently than cells with cell walls, like plants, fungi, and some protists.
In which direction does water diffuse in this scenario?
From low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
What is the temperature in Kelvin for the calculation?
300 K.
What is the calculated solute potential at 27 ℃?
-7.48 bars.
What are the three types of solutions cells can be in?
Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.
In what units is water potential measured?
Megapascals (MPa) or bars.
What does an increase in solutes do to water potential?
It reduces water potential.
What is the value of 'i' for the sugar solution?
-1.
What occurs in animal cells when placed in a hypertonic solution?
They shrivel due to water loss.
What is the solute potential (𝚿 s) in the given problem?
-7.48 bars
How do plant cells respond in a hypotonic solution?
They work optimally and maintain turgor pressure.
What is osmoregulation?
The ability of cells to regulate their solute concentrations and maintain water balance.
What is pressure potential?
The physical pressure on a solution.
What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?
They lose water to their extracellular surroundings.
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
What is water potential?
A physical property that predicts the direction water will flow.
How is solute potential measured?
In MPa or bars.
How do isotonic solutions affect animal and plant cells?
Both types of cells experience no net movement of water.
What is the net flow of water when root tissue is placed in the sucrose solution?
Water will move into the solution.
What is the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in a hypertonic solution?
Higher outside of the cell.
What is the value of 'R' in the solute potential formula?
0.0831 liter bar/mol K.
What is the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in an isotonic solution?
It is equal inside and outside the cell.
What is plasmolysis in plant cells?
The vacuole shrinks and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.
What is the formula for water potential?
𝚿 = 𝚿 s + 𝚿 p
How does physical pressure influence water movement?
Water flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
What is the final calculation for Ψ of the solution?
Ψ = Ψs + Ψp = -4.87 + 0 = -4.87 bars.
What is the result of water moving to the extracellular fluid in hypertonic solutions?
Cells shrivel and die.
What does the ionization constant represent?
The number of particles formed.
What is the pressure constant value in liter MPa/mol K?
0.00831.
What is the formula to calculate solute potential?
𝚿 s = -iCRT
What happens to cells immersed in an isotonic solution?
There is no net movement of water.
What factors are included in water potential?
Solute concentration and physical pressure.
What is the ionization constant for sucrose?
1, since no ions are formed.
What is the pressure constant value in liter bars/mol - K?
0.0831.
What is the solute potential of pure water?
0 MPa.
What is the temperature (T) in Kelvin for the calculation?
303 K
What is the pressure potential (𝚿 p) in the given problem?
0 bars
How is Ψs calculated?
Ψs = -iCRT, where i = -1, C = 0.2 mol/L, R = 0.0831 liter bar/mol K, T = 293K.
Can pressure potential be positive or negative?
Yes, it can be + or - relative to atmospheric pressure.
