Chpt_3-Deviance and Social Control (Note)

Stereotypical gender inequalities.

Conformity and obedience become less significant as social forces.

Social control refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in all levels of any society.

A victimless crime is the willing exchange among adults of widely desired but illegal goods and services, such as prostitution, drug abuse, and gambling, where there is no obvious victim.

Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

Crime is a deviation from formal social norms administered by the state.

Deviance is identified as a by-product of economic inequalities.

Deviance refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or expectations.

Factors leading to corruption include greed, opportunity, cultural norms that tolerate unethical behavior, and inadequate legal frameworks.

Deviance can be categorized into crime and non-crime deviance.

A person can acquire a deviant identity through physical appearances, physical or mental abilities or disabilities, behavioral characteristics, or involuntary memberships.

Outer control (social bonds) and inner control (self-control).

Individuals become delinquent through associating with people who follow criminal norms.

Cutting classes, bribing a traffic police official, cheating in an examination, drawing graffiti, using a mobile phone in the cinema, wearing very short pants while shopping.

Labeling theory suggests that people become 'deviant' because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.

Both weak social bonds and weak social control systems lead to deviance and crime.

Formal sanctions are official responses to deviant behavior, typically enforced by legal or institutional authorities, such as fines, imprisonment, or expulsion.

Formal sanctions are applied by a specific group or agency to ensure that a particular set of norms is followed.

Both focus on the impacts of weak social relations and social bonds on deviance.

Any type of behaviour that breaks a law.

Social stigma refers to the labels society uses to devalue or discredit members of certain social groups.

Because of its alleged harm to users.

Yes, deviance may involve an individual or a group.

Cigarettes and alcohol.

Crime that occurs across multiple national borders, such as slavery and human, drug, and firearms trafficking, especially due to globalization.

For many indigenous tribes and ethnic groups in East Malaysia, tattoos are a core part of their cultures and a type of norm.

Deviance refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or expectations.

Deviance is defined as actions or behaviors that differ from the accepted standards of a society.

Sociological perspectives on deviance and crime include various theories that explain the causes and consequences of deviant behavior and criminal activity.

Crime is the outcome of this imbalance.

Competing values and interests.

Powerful elites define deviance to suit their needs, often making it a deliberate choice that is political in nature, responding to inequalities in the capitalist system.

It can lead to low self-esteem.

The effects of social networks on communal bonds, which may be enhanced or weakened by ties to groups outside the immediate community.

Control Theory suggests that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless deterred by social or physical controls.

Offenses committed by large corporations in society, such as false advertising, pollution, and violations of health and safety regulations.

Feminist theory deals with women as both victims and offenders.

Durkheim's ideas helped to shift attention from individual explanations to social forces.

A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.

They argue that offenders can also be victims, that these crimes can cause significant personal and property damage, may motivate further criminal activities, and that such categorization excuses crimes that objectify women and promote violence against them.

Social control is the mechanism societies use to enforce norms and alleviate deviance, promoting predictability and social order.

No, marital rape is NOT criminalized in Malaysia.

Deviance refers to behaviors or characteristics that violate societal norms, and a person can be considered deviant without actively doing anything.

They were developed with ONLY men in mind.

Rejecting labels and embracing labels.

Yes, it can include noncriminal deviant acts such as drinking among Muslims.

Crime is defined as an act that violates a law and is punishable by the state.

Edwin H. Sutherland.

It implies that the term is used non-judgmentally and does not indicate agreement that an act is bad, but rather that people judge it negatively.

Sociologists classify crimes in terms of how they are committed and how society views the offenses.

Inner controls include internalized morality, fear of punishment, feelings of integrity, and the desire to be a 'good' person.

Labeling theorists maintain that an act is deviant when people notice it and then take action to label it as a violation and apply appropriate sanctions.

They are unwillingly cast in negative social roles and have difficulty presenting a positive image to others.

The process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules.

Informal sanctions are less organized and more spontaneous reactions to nonconformity, usually casually enforced.

By supervising them, punishing their deviant acts, and using shame to keep them in line.

Anomie

The decision on who, where, how, and with whom gambling is legal and illegal in Malaysia is made by the government and regulatory authorities.

Crime committed by a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals, also known as a career criminal.

The work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs, firearms, and humans.

Going along with peers – individuals of our own status who have NO special right to direct our behaviour.

Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.

An offender is motivated to choose a victim based on gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, or other personal characteristics, with evidence showing that hatred prompted the crime.

In the case whereby men are victims of male rape, it is NOT considered as rape.

Functionalist theories argue that crime is a natural part of society, not an aberration or alien element.

Social control refers to the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that societies use to regulate individual behavior and maintain social order.

Humans weigh the benefits and risks of engaging in criminal activity.

In response to a perceived need for formal social control.

Types of crime include violent crime, property crime, white-collar crime, and cybercrime.

Feminist theory argues that many theories about deviance may be valid for male behavior but not necessarily valid for female behavior.

Some social environments encourage illegal activities, while others do not.

Criminal activities by means of electronic networks or involving the use of new information technologies, such as electronic money laundering, personal identity theft, and malicious hacking and information theft.

Social Bond Theory

Corruption happens due to various factors including lack of accountability, weak institutions, and socio-economic disparities.

No, deviance includes not only criminal behavior but also many actions that are not subjected to prosecution.

Apparent disorganization.

A subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority.

Anomie refers to a breakdown of social norms, leading to deviance as a response to societal pressures.

Negative sanctions are expressions of disapproval for breaking a norm, which can range from mild informal reactions like a frown to formal reactions such as fines or prison sentences.

Outer controls include family members, friends, and police officials.

Mainstream Malaysian society views having tattoos as a deviant behaviour.

Deviance is necessary because it has an adaptive function that introduces new ideas and social challenges, promoting change. It also helps maintain boundaries between 'good' and 'bad' behaviors, clarifying social norms and heightening group solidarity.

Social control is the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that societies use to regulate individual behavior and maintain social order.

Conflict Theory argues that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature, as a response to the inequalities of the capitalist system.

Bizarre clothing, tattooed individuals, piercing, hair dying, and uttering foul words.

Social stigma arises when individuals are labeled as deviant, leading to negative perceptions and discrimination.

Milgram distinguished between group level, which is conformity, and societal level, which is obedience.

Criminal behavior is learned, thus, criminals constitute a special type of conformist in that they conform to the norms of the group with which they associate.

Control Theory views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it.

Criminal activity committed by affluent people or those in professional jobs, including tax fraud, land fraud, illegal sales practices, antitrust violations, and embezzlement.

The absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as family, religion, government, and education.

Anomie is a state of normlessness where there are no clear standards to guide behavior, leading to feelings of disorientation and anxiety.

Strain Theory refers to the strain created when society encourages many people to aspire to cultural goals, like success, while limiting access to approved means of achieving those goals. One adaptation to this strain can be crime, as individuals may choose innovative means to reach their goals.

Yes, a type of crime may overlap with the domain of another type of crime, meaning some types of crimes are not exclusive.

Deviance is defined as nonconformity to a set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society.

Informal sanctions are unofficial responses to deviant behavior, often carried out by individuals or groups, such as social ostracism, ridicule, or disapproval.

Strain refers to the frustration people feel when their access to success is blocked.

Techniques for social control operate on both the group level and the societal level.

It narrowly defines rape.

Snatchers typically engage in criminal behavior as a form of adaptation to economic strain.

Structural strain, which is a disconnect between cultural valued goals and legitimate means to achieve those goals.

Feminist Theory examines how gender inequalities influence the definitions of deviance and crime, highlighting that women's experiences and perspectives are often marginalized in traditional sociological analyses.

Differential justice refers to the differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups, putting them at a disadvantage in the justice system.

People who represent law and order or who impose definitions of morality on others do most of the labeling.

Differential Association Theory explains that deviance is learned through interactions with others, particularly in intimate groups.

The two main types of social control are formal social control, which involves laws and regulations, and informal social control, which includes social norms and expectations.

Conflict theory views deviance as a result of social inequality, where those in power define what is considered deviant to maintain their dominance.

A loose term for criminal offences taking place in public places, such as snatch theft, robbery without firearms, pickpocketing, vandalism, and street prostitution.

Inner control and outer control.

The five basic forms of adaptation to strain are conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.

The relativity of deviance refers to the idea that what is considered deviant varies between different groups, as norms differ; thus, something deemed deviant by one group may not be seen as such by another.

Crime is defined as an act that violates a law and is punishable by the state.

Deviance involves the violation of group norms, which may or may not be formalized into law.

Norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens MUST follow.

Speeding, disregarding red lights, murder, sexual assault, robbery, prostitution, and burglary.

Social control is important because it helps maintain social order and predictability, which are foundational to social life.

Normal behavior aligns with the established social norms and values of that society.

Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms or societal standards.

Many theories about deviance may not necessarily be valid for female behavior.

It involves how people neutralize deviance.

Social bonds (outer control) can reduce the tendency to deviate.

It signifies how people cherish their deviant identity.

They are concerned with why certain people are viewed as deviants, delinquents, criminals, etc.

Social control is the techniques and strategies for preventing deviances.

Involvements signify participating in approved activities.

Bullies learn bullying motives and techniques from one another, aside from mass media influences.

Cultural transmission is the process through which one learns criminal behavior by interacting with others, including techniques of lawbreaking and motives for the acts.

Deviant behavior is any action that violates societal norms or expectations.

He suggests that delinquents have low levels of self-control resulting from inadequate socialization at home or at school.

Richard Quinney argues that the criminal justice system serves the interests of the powerful.

Differential association can only occur through a learning process named cultural transmission.

Functionalist Theories focus on how deviance contributes to social stability and the functioning of society.

Accepted the goals but pursues them with means that are regarded as improper.

Beliefs are convictions that certain actions are morally wrong.

Social control mechanisms are strategies used by society to regulate individual behavior and maintain social order.

Labels are framed by wealthy individuals for the poor, by men for women, by older people for younger people, and by ethnic majorities for minority groups.

The key components include techniques of lawbreaking, motives, drives, and rationalizations of the acts.

It is NOT the act itself that makes one a deviant, but rather the way others react to it.

Labeling Theory suggests that deviance is not inherent in an act but is instead the result of society's reaction to the act, labeling individuals as deviant.

Social Disorganization Theory focuses on how a breakdown in social structures and community ties can lead to increased crime and deviance.

Commitments refer to having a stake in society that you don’t want to risk, such as reputation and job.

Labeling theory suggests that deviance is not inherent in an act but is instead the result of society labeling certain behaviors as deviant.

A diagram depicting the concepts of deviance and crime.

Social norms carry sanctions that promote conformity and protect against nonconformity.

Vagrant beggars often resort to begging as a survival strategy in response to economic and social strains.

Higher levels of self-control (inner control) are associated with a lower tendency to deviate.

Deviance may occur when norms are unrealistic, such as the exaggerated ideals of beauty in the beauty myth.

Social stigma refers to the labels society uses to devalue or discredit members of certain social groups.

Strain theory posits that deviance occurs when individuals experience a disconnect between societal goals and the means available to achieve them.

Conflict Theory posits that society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources. It emphasizes the role of power dynamics and inequality in shaping social structures and behaviors.

Deviance is the behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.

The main perspectives are Functionalist Theories, Interactionist Theories, and Conflict Theories.

Individuals may violate common social norms in certain situations, indicating that deviance is a part of human behavior.

Attachments refer to our affection and respect for people who conform to mainstream norms.

Withdrawn from the mainstream society.

A crime that does not directly harm or violate the rights of another individual.

Yes, social stigma can be applied even when the person involved may no longer engage in the specific deviant behavior, such as an ex-convict.

A deviant subculture among drug addicts.

Social relations and interactions are considered during the decision-making process.

Labeling can reinforce the perception of certain behaviors as deviant, influencing societal attitudes and potentially leading to further deviance.

Interactionist Theories emphasize the social processes and interactions that define deviance.

Felt alienated by the dominant goals and means and attempted to create new social structure or social order.

Conformity involves aligning one's attitudes and behaviors with social norms, while obedience refers to following direct commands from authority figures, both serving to maintain social order.

Criminal activities that involve computers and networks, such as hacking or online fraud.

Criminal activities that are carried out by individuals who make a living from crime.

The norms involved can be formal (laws) or informal (social expectations).

No, while some types of deviance will stigmatize a person, others do not carry a significant penalty.

The four types of bonds are Attachments, Commitments, Involvements, and Beliefs.

Control Theory posits that individuals are naturally inclined to commit deviant acts unless they are restrained by social bonds and controls.

Social control refers to the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that societies use to regulate individual behavior and maintain social order.

Deviance refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or expectations.

Differential association theory argues that deviance is learned through interactions with others, particularly in intimate groups.

Crimes that occur in public places and typically involve violence or theft.

A crime motivated by bias against a person's race, religion, sexual orientation, or other characteristics.

Criminal activities that are coordinated and carried out by structured groups, often involving illegal trade.

It suggests that everyone exhibits deviant behavior at some point, violating social norms in certain situations.

Most common adaptation and the exact opposite of deviance.

Abandoned the goal of material success and become compulsively committed to the institutional means; blindly applies rules and regulations.

They are the ones who impose definitions of morality and label others as deviants.

Formal social control involves laws and regulations enforced by institutions, while informal social control includes social norms and expectations upheld by individuals and communities.

Improper behavior is influenced by the types of groups one belongs to and the kinds of friendships one has.

Illegal actions taken by a corporation or individuals acting on its behalf, often for profit.

Authorities may include police, doctors, teachers, school officials, judges, lawyers, employers, religious authorities, and movie makers.

Crime is the violation of criminal law for which government applies formal penalties.

The powerful also break laws but are rarely caught.

Conflict Theories highlight the power dynamics and inequalities that shape definitions of deviance.

Social stigma refers to the negative labels attached to individuals or groups, which can lead to discrimination and exclusion from society.

Non-violent crime committed for financial gain within a business or professional context.

Criminal activities that cross national borders, such as human trafficking or drug smuggling.

Deviance refers to behaviors, beliefs, or conditions that violate societal norms or expectations.