Module-5-Communication-homeostasis-and-energy

To maintain stable levels of glucose in the blood.

Between the stomach and the proximal portion of the small intestine.

Endocrine communication by hormones.

The hypothalamus.

Changes in temperature, increased blood glucose, sounds, changes in colors, etc.

Bean-shaped.

By releasing glucagon to increase glucose levels.

By sending and receiving chemical signals.

Vasodilation in the skin and sweating.

A molecule released directly into the blood from endocrine tissue that acts as a chemical messenger.

Cells that have receptors complementary in shape to specific hormone molecules and respond to those hormones.

When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released to facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells.

They expose their body to the sun.

Regulating body temperature through mechanisms like sweating or shivering.

The sum total of all cell reactions.

A condition where blood glucose rises and stays high after eating.

The ability of an organism to control their own body temperature via behavioral and physiological responses.

The maintenance of a dynamic steady internal environment.

To coordinate responses to changes in internal and external environments for survival.

Insulin is released to lower the glucose concentration.

It improves the organism’s chances of survival.

Receptors detect stimuli, while effectors produce a response.

They expand their ribcage.

They increase their abdominal breathing movements to increase water loss.

A homeostatic mechanism where the response acts in the same direction as the stimulus.

They hide in burrows.

Regulates the concentration of Na+ ions in urine, sweat, pancreas, and saliva.

The adrenal glands, found just above the kidneys.

Eating regularly and controlling simple carbohydrate intake.

Type II is usually acquired later in life and is often associated with obesity.

Insulin and glucagon.

It raises blood glucose levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver.

Glucagon.

Through the actions of hormones like insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreas.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition leading to insulin deficiency, while Type 2 diabetes is often related to insulin resistance.

Vasoconstriction in the skin and rapid muscle contraction (shivering).

Dialysis and kidney transplant.

The response to an increase in blood glucose is to decrease blood glucose levels.

A treatment involving a permanent tube placed in the abdomen for waste exchange using dialysate.

Hormones travel through the blood and are not broken down as fast.

The hairs lie flat to allow heat loss.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

They stimulate the fight-or-flight response.

It acts as a second messenger that activates protein kinase A.

It lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

Around 90 mg per 100 cm³ of blood.

To regulate the water potential of the blood.

The amount of water in the blood.

The body becomes dehydrated, and more water is reabsorbed into the blood, making urine more concentrated.

At the loop of Henle, collecting duct, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

The process by which cells communicate with each other.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

They allow adjacent cells to communicate directly.

It makes their walls more permeable to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed.

Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen compounds.

When blood glucose concentration is low, during exercise, or when stressed.

Obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet, and age.

They can indicate the presence of diseases or conditions based on their composition.

They are stimulated in response to an increase or decrease in body temperature.

It helps maintain blood sugar levels by storing glycogen and regulating glucose release.

It falls.

Because it has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

They monitor the water potential of the blood and signal the hypothalamus.

The conversion of glucose to glycogen.

Urea is less soluble and less toxic than ammonia.

Aldosterone.

It allows more blood to flow to capillaries near the skin surface for heat radiation.

Insulin therapy through regular injections.

They activate an enzyme that produces a second messenger inside the cell.

They are unable to physiologically control their own body temperature.

They produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress.

To filter and purify blood.

The nephron.

They regulate blood glucose levels.

Insulin therapy, oral medications, lifestyle changes, and monitoring blood glucose levels.

A homeostatic mechanism where the response acts in the opposite direction to the stimulus.

The mechanisms that maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

It activates enzymes for glycogen breakdown and decreases glucose respiration.

It is passed into the blood and filtered out by the kidneys to be stored as urine.

Cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone.

They roll into a ball and keep still to decrease surface area.

Glycogenesis (synthesis of glycogen from glucose).

The kidney filters blood, regulates water and electrolyte balance, and produces urine.

Nephrons are the functional units that filter blood and form urine.

Just below and posterior to the liver in the peritoneal cavity.

Alpha cells and Beta cells.

The pancreas contains both endocrine and exocrine tissues, with the endocrine tissues producing hormones like insulin.

Insulin.

Chemical signaling, including autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling.

To coordinate and regulate functions among different cells and tissues.

To lower blood glucose levels.

A treatment where the patient is connected to a machine to remove waste, usually done thrice a week for 3 to 4 hours each time.

Behavioral changes such as basking in the sun or seeking shade.

A surgical option for people with chronic kidney failure where a donated kidney replaces the original one.

A condition where blood glucose concentration cannot be effectively controlled.

Protein metabolism.

Into two primary lobes: a large right lobe and a much smaller left lobe.

Healthy diet, weight loss, regular exercise, and glucose-lowering medication.

Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands).

The pancreas.

It increases.

In the kidney cortex.

When a cell targets itself for communication.

Increases permeability to glucose and activates glycogenesis.

When a cell communicates with distant cells.

Only a small amount is needed.

Any substance made by metabolism that is toxic or made in excess.

The immune system attacks the β cells in the pancreas, preventing insulin production.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

The liver processes nutrients, detoxifies harmful substances, and produces bile.

Protein kinase A.

They maintain a constant internally controlled body temperature, regardless of environmental changes.

An organ in an animal that synthesizes and releases a chemical into the bloodstream or ducts.

Inability to remove waste and maintain fluid balance in the system.

Symptoms are usually not visible before an advanced stage.

When blood glucose levels drop, glucagon is released to stimulate the liver to convert glycogen to glucose.

Low blood sugar levels.

It dephosphorylates glucose-6-phosphate, allowing glucose to enter the bloodstream.

Different hormones from the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.

Proper medication should be taken for longevity and to prevent rejection of the transplanted kidney.

Produced from every living cell as a result of respiration.

Glycogenesis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose).

It activates glucagon secretion and inhibits insulin secretion.

Kidney failure and visual impairment.

Kidney failure can lead to the accumulation of waste products, electrolyte imbalances, and fluid retention.

Any change in the environment that can evoke a response in an organism.

A gland that synthesizes and secretes chemicals into ducts, such as saliva and sweat.

A gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones directly into the blood, such as adrenaline.

It can lead to death.

Insulin and glucagon.

Endocrine glands associated with the kidneys, consisting of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla.

The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.

The release of oxytocin during childbirth increases and maintains oxytocin secretion.

Small quantities of concentrated urine are produced, indicating less water loss.

Through spontaneous contractions (shivering) of skeletal muscles.

Acute, short-term stress.

It converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP).

To raise blood glucose levels.

Insulin is released from the pancreas, stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis.

In the pyramids of the medulla.

When a cell communicates with nearby cells.

Deamination.

The removal of metabolic waste from the body.

They secrete sweat to cool the body through evaporation.

They stimulate glucose synthesis and promote the release of fatty acids, increasing blood glucose levels.

The liver, weighing about three pounds in an adult.

Hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and hepatic sinusoids.

It allows for a better understanding of the external and internal structures of the kidney.

Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body, crucial for maintaining metabolism and homeostasis.

It helps in understanding the histology and structure of liver tissue.

Due to rising levels of obesity.

Through mechanisms involving the kidneys and hormones like ADH.