Who were the main contributors to the development of Functionalism?
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John Dewey and William James.
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Who were the main contributors to the development of Functionalism?
John Dewey and William James.
What issues does community psychology address?
Community problems, social issues, and health issues, helping people deal with their problems and traditional forms of psychotherapy.
What concept did Ivan Pavlov study that contributed to Behaviorism?
Conditioned reflex.
What do School Psychologists primarily focus on?
The psychology of learning and the effectiveness of school programs.
How is psychology defined?
It is the science of human and animal behavior and its application to different problems.
Which Greek philosophers contributed to early thoughts on human nature?
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
What does social psychology study?
Groups of people, their relationships, characteristics, attitudes, beliefs, decision-making processes, and communication.
What is the focus of developmental psychology?
Behavior across the lifespan, from childhood through adulthood, and changes in behavioral patterns at different developmental stages.
What does Behaviorism emphasize in psychology?
The study of observable forms of behavior.
What is Ivan Pavlov known for?
Classical conditioning.
What was the first textbook on psychology?
The Principles of Psychology.
How long ago did psychology become an independent discipline?
Approximately 138 years ago.
What psychological theory is Sigmund Freud known for?
Psychoanalysis.
What does the experimental method in psychology involve?
Manipulating one variable to determine if changes in that variable cause changes in another variable.
What is the primary concern of Clinical Psychology?
Assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
What does a positive correlation imply?
An increase in one score corresponds to an increase in another score.
Who are the main proponents of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud and his followers.
What is the experimental method of study in psychology?
A method that involves manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
What does Cognitive Psychology study?
How the human mind thinks, remembers, and learns.
What is the role of a sports psychologist?
To enhance performance in sports by focusing on psychological aspects and working with teams at various levels.
What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
No correlation between the two sets of scores.
Where was the study of psychology first started in India?
University of Allahabad.
What are the three primary types of research methods used in psychology?
Descriptive method, experimental method, and correlational method.
What is the range of values for the correlation coefficient?
From +1 to -1.
What does Experimental Psychology study?
Different facets of behavior like learning, memory, and perception using controlled experiments.
What does a negative correlation imply?
An increase in one score corresponds to a decrease in another score.
What key feature is emphasized in the Humanistic Perspective?
Self-actualization and freedom to choose one's destiny.
Who are the key figures associated with structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.
What is the goal of the control step in psychological research?
Modifying behavior from undesirable to desirable.
Who are the founders of Behaviorism?
John B. Watson and Burrhus Fredrick Skinner.
Which psychologists are associated with Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler.
What does the idiographic approach focus on?
Understanding a particular individual or event.
What does health psychology focus on?
Physiological processes, behavior, and social factors that influence health and illness.
What is a hypothesis?
A statement about the expected outcome of events.
Who remarked that 'psychology has a short history but a long past'?
Hermann Ebbinghaus.
How does psychology qualify as a science?
It minimizes subjective bias and errors in data collection and interpretation.
What is a case study?
A detailed account of an individual’s behavior and emotions based on a small set of participants.
What is Gestalt Psychology concerned with?
The whole notion of sensory experience and the organization of sensations.
Who are the main figures in Humanistic psychology?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
What type of study would a researcher conduct to estimate the relationship between birth order and achievement motivation?
Correlational study.
What does a correlation coefficient of -1 indicate?
A perfect negative correlation between two variables.
What significant work did Wilhelm Wundt publish?
Principles of Physiological Psychology.
What is the focus of Environmental Psychology?
The human-environment interrelationship and improving sustainable living.
What role does unconscious motivation play according to Freud?
It plays an important role in nervous disorders.
What makes psychology a scientific discipline?
It relies on empirical observation based on experiments.
What concept is Leon Festinger known for?
Cognitive dissonance.
What is the significance of David M. Buss in psychology?
Evolutionary psychology.
Who founded Gestalt Psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler.
What emerges from the observations made by a psychologist?
A theory that explains the observed phenomenon.
What does Cognitive psychology study?
Mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
What does clinical psychology focus on?
The assessment and treatment of mental illness and abnormal behavior.
What is the observation method in psychological research?
Watching a participant in their natural setting and recording relevant behavior for later analysis.
What type of problems do Counseling Psychologists typically address?
Milder emotional or personal issues, such as career choices or family problems.
Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner.
How can correlations be visually represented?
Using a scattergram.
What are the various perspectives from which psychology views human behavior?
Structuralism, functionalism, gestalt, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, biological, cognitive, humanistic, evolutionary, and sociocultural.
What do Organizational Psychologists aim to enhance?
The well-being and performance of employees in work-settings.
What ethical considerations must be kept in mind during experiments?
The potential danger to participants and the treatment of animals used in experiments.
What follows the formulation of a research question?
The development of a hypothesis.
What does replication in research aim to establish?
The reliability of the results.
What is the focus of Functionalism?
How the mind allows people to function in the real world.
What does a correlation coefficient of +1 indicate?
A perfect positive correlation between two variables.
What is the main idea of Structuralism?
Focuses on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.
What is the main concern of Educational Psychology?
The psychology of teaching and enhancing students' learning efficiency.
What are participants in an experiment?
The person or animal on which the experiment is conducted.
What does Functionalism emphasize?
The purpose of mental processes and behavior in adapting to the environment.
What is an independent variable?
The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
What is the significance of empirical observation in psychology?
It is based on experiments rather than opinion or belief.
What is the purpose of the experimental method in psychology?
To investigate a research problem by making assumptions known as hypotheses about observable events.
What does the prediction step in psychological research involve?
Changing or modifying behavior.
What was the main focus of early psychologists in studying the mind?
An empirical approach to understand thinking, attention, and imagery.
In which decade did the Cognitive Perspective gain prominence?
1960s.
Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus and what did he study?
A German psychologist who studied memory by investigating the formation of associations through learning serial lists of nonsense syllables.
What theory did Leon Festinger propose?
Cognitive dissonance theory.
What was the first psychology journal founded in India?
Indian Journal of Psychology.
What is the main idea of Gestalt psychology?
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, focusing on perception and sensation.
Who are the key figures in Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler.
What does Cognitive psychology study?
Mental processes such as perception, thinking, memory, and decision-making.
Who is considered the Father of Psychology?
William Wundt.
What is one reason to study psychology?
To understand the human mind and how it works.
What is the first step in the experimental method?
Identifying a research problem that needs to be investigated.
Who founded Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud.
What educational background did Wilhelm Wundt have?
He began at a Catholic gymnasium, later graduated from a gymnasium in Heidelberg.
What method did Freud use to reveal unconscious thoughts?
Free-talk and dream interpretation.
What are the three main types of descriptive research design?
Case study, survey, and systematic observation.
Who are the main founders of the Humanistic Perspective?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
What is the main idea of Gestalt psychology?
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
What was the first formal psychology laboratory in the USA and who set it up?
Johns Hopkins University, set up by G. Stanley Hall.
Trace the development of psychology as a discipline in India.
Psychology began to be studied formally in universities, starting with the University of Allahabad.
What does the A-B-A design help to confirm?
That the observed effect was due to the independent variable introduced.
What is systematic observation?
A method of collecting data by making systematic observations of naturally occurring behaviors without manipulating variables.
What influenced the emergence of psychology as a discipline in India?
The development of psychology in the West.
What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
A psychologist has a doctorate in psychology, while a psychiatrist has a medical degree.
What is the main focus of the Sociocultural Perspective?
Social and cultural factors that influence behavior.
What does the Biological Perspective focus on?
The biological bases of behavior and mental processes.
What is the focus of psychology in India today?
The study of human behavior using indigenous techniques along with western models.
What is the focus of William James's contributions?
Functionalism in psychology.
What does the correlation method aim to understand?
The association or relationship that exists between two variables.
What is forensic psychology?
A field that applies psychological principles to the criminal justice system and legal investigations.
What psychological approach was influenced by Darwin's theory of natural selection?
Functionalism.
Why is psychology considered a science?
Because it systematically gathers data by observing and recording behaviors under controlled experimental conditions.
What is the focus of Physiological Psychology?
The relationship between the brain and behavior in humans and animals.
What is an example of a research question that could use the correlational method?
Are intelligent people also happier?
What is a major disadvantage of case studies?
Results cannot be easily generalized and are prone to subjective bias.
What is the main idea of Humanistic psychology?
Emphasizes personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.
What is a key disadvantage of the survey method?
Participants may not provide accurate answers due to social desirability bias.
What is the focus of Socio-cultural psychology?
How social and cultural factors influence behavior and mental processes.
What is inductive reasoning in the context of systematic observation?
Making observations to deduce logical causes of behavior and develop principles.
Who was the first faculty member in psychology at the University of Calcutta?
Dr. N. N. Sengupta, a Harvard-trained scholar.
Why is psychology considered a science?
Because it employs systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis.
What was established in 1924 in India related to psychology?
The Indian Psychological Association.
Who is the main proponent of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud.
What is the scientific study of human and animal behavior called?
Psychology.
What is science defined as in the context of psychology?
A systematized body of knowledge gathered through carefully observing and measuring events.
What is the primary focus of counseling psychology?
Helping people with milder emotional or personal problems, such as career choices or educational decisions.
What is the purpose of the correlational method in psychology?
To understand the relationship between two sets of scores.
Who is considered the Father of Experimental Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt.
Who is referred to as the experimenter?
The person who conducts the experiment.
What is Abraham Maslow famous for?
The hierarchy of needs.
What is the focus of the Humanistic Perspective?
People's ability to direct their own lives.
Who were some major figures in the historical development of psychology?
Figures like Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud.
Who are some notable figures that used case studies?
Freud and Jean Piaget.
Who established the first psychology lab and when?
Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
What does the survey method involve?
Asking questions about the problem being studied through various means like interviews or questionnaires.
What is the correlation method used for in psychology?
To understand the relationship between two sets of scores from one or two samples.
What stimulated interest in studying higher-order mental processes in the Cognitive Perspective?
The gestalt approach and the development of computers.
What is essential for hypothesis testing in scientific investigation?
Research design and methods for data collection and analysis.
Who became the first president of the Indian Psychoanalytic Society?
Girindra Shekhar Bose in 1922.
What are the different approaches to study psychology scientifically?
Qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods.
Who is David Buss and what is his contribution?
One of the main founders of evolutionary psychology.
What is the Biological perspective in psychology?
Behavior is the result of genetic influence, hormones, and neural mechanisms.
Who are the main figures in Evolutionary psychology?
David M. Buss and D. Singh.
What did Socrates emphasize with his famous thought 'know thyself'?
The importance of self and personal reflection.
What is a dependent variable?
The response of the person to a particular stimulus.
What does Behaviorism focus on?
Observable behaviors and the effects of learning.
What is the advantage of a within-group design?
Each subject serves as their own control, allowing for pre and post comparisons.
What is naturalistic observation?
Observing human or animal behavior in natural conditions.
What is the main idea of Evolutionary psychology?
Behavior and mental processes are shaped by evolutionary pressures.
What is the role of a psychiatric social worker?
To address environmental conditions impacting psychological disorders.
What does Structuralism focus on?
Identifying the basic elements or 'structures' of psychological experience through introspection.
What are the three basic components of evolution according to Darwin?
Variation, inheritance, and selection.
Who are the main proponents of Behaviorism?
Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner.
Who are the main figures in Socio-cultural psychology?
Fritz Heider, Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter.
What does the Evolutionary perspective focus on?
The evolutionary origin of behavior.
What did Functionalism focus on?
The functions of mind and behavior, such as learning and problem-solving.
Who established the first psychology laboratory and when?
Wilhelm Wundt in 1879.
What is structuralism primarily concerned with?
Analyzing the basic structures of the human mind.
How was psychology in India influenced?
It was greatly influenced by western theories and concepts.
What is a hypothesis in the context of psychological research?
A statement about the expected outcome of events based on literature review and theoretical background.
When did psychology courses start at Mysore University?
In 1924.
Who is associated with Functionalism?
William James.
How did the approach to psychology change over time?
From philosophical to more empirical, objective, and scientific.
Who are the key proponents of Cognitive psychology?
Hermann Ebbinghaus, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget.
What is the primary focus of a psychologist when observing behavior?
Describing what is happening, where it is happening, to whom it happens, and the context of the event.
Why is replicability important in experiments?
To confirm or reconfirm the obtained findings under the same conditions.
What is the first step in conducting research in psychology?
Identifying a problem or forming a question.
Who prepared the syllabus for psychology at the University of Calcutta?
Sir Brojendra Nath Seal in 1905.
What is psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
When was psychology introduced at the Masters level in the University of Delhi?
In 1957.
What does Behaviorism focus on?
Observable behavior only.
What does Socio-cultural psychology focus on?
How social situations and cultures influence thinking and behavior.
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To serve as a baseline against which the experimental group is checked.
What year was Gestalt Psychology founded?
What does the systematic observation method involve?
Making systematic observations of naturally occurring events without manipulating an independent variable.
What method did Wundt use to examine subjective experiences?
Objective introspection.
What does Biological psychology examine?
The relationship between biological processes and behavior.
What are some key areas of focus in the Cognitive Perspective?
Memory, intelligence, language, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Why is reporting results important in psychological research?
To allow replication and contribute to ongoing investigation and knowledge.
What does Psychoanalysis emphasize?
The role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, memories, and early childhood experiences in determining behavior.
When was the study of psychology first initiated in India?
In 1916 at the University of Calcutta.
What was the first university to initiate the study of psychology in India?
University of Calcutta in 1916.
What happens after results are obtained in research?
The hypothesis is accepted or rejected based on the analysis.
What significant contribution did Girindra Shekhar Bose make?
He blended Hindu thought with Freudian concepts.
What inspired the Evolutionary Perspective?
Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
Name a prominent Indian psychologist known for influential writings.
H.S. Asthana.
What are the key features of Humanistic psychology?
Self-actualization and free will.
What is a limitation of experimental findings?
They may not apply to real-life or natural situations due to the artificial nature of experiments.
What fields is psychology applied in?
Counseling, clinical, organization, forensic, sports, health, school, etc.
What areas might psychologists specialize in?
Social psychology, cognitive psychology, community psychology, and developmental psychology.
Who are the main proponents of Structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener.
Who are the key proponents of the Biological perspective?
Charles Darwin, E. Wilson, J. M. Harlow.
