What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?
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Keratinized (as in the epidermis) and non-keratinized (as in the lumen of the esophagus and vagina).
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What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Keratinized (as in the epidermis) and non-keratinized (as in the lumen of the esophagus and vagina).
What are the four basic tissue types that make up organs?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue.
What are the three germ layers involved in histogenesis?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
What are the components of a peripheral blood smear?
Red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
What type of gland is a sebaceous gland?
A sebaceous gland is a type of exocrine gland that secretes sebum, an oily substance, into hair follicles.
What type of tissue supports the epithelium in a tubular organ?
Connective tissue
Which organs have a cortex and medulla as part of their wall components?
Adrenal gland and lymph node
Identify the tissue, be specific.
The tissue is stratified squamous epithelium.
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
On absorptive surfaces such as the small intestine and secretory surfaces such as the stomach.
Which muscle tissue has a peripheral nucleus?
Smooth muscle tissue
Which organs are commonly transplanted in cases of organ failure?
Kidney, heart/lung, liver
How does epithelial tissue receive nourishment?
Epithelial tissue receives nourishment from associated vascularized connective tissue.
What is the basement membrane or basal lamina?
It is the structural attachment site for overlying epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue.
What type of secretion is characterized by the presence of serous demilunes?
Mixed sero-mucous secretion.
What are examples of compact organs?
Liver, lymph nodes, kidney, adrenal gland, etc.
What is the paracrine glands?
An individual endocrine cell of some surface epithelial cells secretes a substance or secretory material which reaches the target cells by diffusion through the extracellular space (local extracellular space), known as the paracrine secretion.
Which structures are examples of where secretion occurs?
The choroid plexus and sweat glands
What are the two main types of epithelial tissue?
Covering epithelium and glandular epithelium.
What hormone is primarily produced by the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol.
What are the cells found in cartilage?
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes
What are myoepithelial cells?
Myoepithelial cells are contractile cells having processes, derived from the neural crest cells.
Is cartilage vascular or avascular?
Avascular
What are the major organelles and inclusions visible under an electron microscope (EM)?
The major organelles and inclusions visible under an electron microscope include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and ribosomes.
What do the three germ layers give rise to?
All the tissues and organs.
What is a major limitation in organ transplantation?
Limited number of donors
What is the primary function of salivary glands?
Salivary glands produce saliva, which aids in digestion and keeps the mouth moist.
What characterizes multicellular glands?
They are based on more than one secretory cell and exhibit varying degrees of complexity, such as simple or compound glands.
What is another name for Zonula occludens?
Tight junction
What are examples of hollow or tubular organs?
Blood vessels, gastrointestinal tracts, genito-urinary system, respiratory tracts, etc.
Which type of secretion is dominantly produced by mucous cells?
Dominantly mucous secretion.
What are the main structural components of a neuron?
Cell body (soma, perikaryon), dendrites, and axon
What is the function of columnar cells with stereocilia in the epididymis?
For absorption.
What are the major components of the cell?
The plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus.
What is the role of stroma (interstitium) in assisting parenchyma?
Stroma assists parenchyma by modulating its function, such as responding to cytokine production from stromal cells (e.g., macrophages, lymphocytes) during inflammation.
Identify this tissue.
This tissue is adipose tissue.
What is a serous demilune?
A serous demilune is a crescent-shaped structure found in some salivary glands, composed of serous cells that cap mucous acini.
What are the two main components of an organ?
Parenchyma and Stroma (interstitium)
What do hepatocytes secrete into sinusoidal capillaries?
Glucose
What is scar formation in tissue repair?
Replacement with fibrous connective tissue.
What is bioprinting used for in the context of tissue repair?
Bioprinting with bioink (biomaterials, cells) is used to create 3D tissues or organs such as bone, skin, cornea, kidney, liver, and heart to repair tissues, augment organ function, or test drugs preclinically.
The pancreas originates from which germ layer?
Endoderm
What do hepatocytes secrete into bile ducts?
Bile
What are the components of the wall of a tubular organ from inside to outside?
Lumen, Epithelium & supporting connective tissue, Smooth muscle, Connective tissue ± epithelium
What are tissues?
Tissues are aggregates or groups of cells organized to perform one or more specific functions.
What is scar formation?
Scar formation is the process by which the body repairs damaged tissue by replacing it with fibrous connective tissue.
Where can adult loose areolar connective tissue be found?
In the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract (G-I) and the mesentery.
What is a common treatment for organ failure?
Transplantation
What type of cells make up a serous acinus?
A serous acinus is composed of serous cells.
What is the outermost component of the wall in a solid (compact) organ?
Dense connective tissue 'capsule'
What are the two main components of the basement membrane?
The basal lamina and the reticular lamina.
What pathway allows for the movement of larger molecules through capillary walls?
Large pore pathway
¿Qué tipo de glándula es una célula caliciforme?
Una glándula unicelular.
What are the components of the framework or stroma in tissue biology?
Capsule, Septae or trabeculae, Reticular tissue, Hilus
List three functions of the stroma (interstitium) in an organ.
Mechanical support, vascular supply via diffusion from the capillaries, and physical & biochemical barrier
Why might structures seen microscopically differ from their appearance when alive?
Structures may differ microscopically from their appearance when alive due to the preparation and staining processes used in histology.
What is merocrine secretion?
Merocrine secretion involves the release of only products via exocytosis, found in eccrine and apocrine sweat glands, exocrine pancreas, and mammary glands.
What is another name for Histology and Cell Biology?
Microscopic Anatomy
Which cells produce the reticular lamina?
The underlying connective tissue (fibroblasts).
What are the supporting tissues in tissue biology?
Blood vessels, nerves, Lymphatic vessels
What characterizes compound glands?
They have a branched duct system with secretory portions that can be branching, such as compound branched tubular, acinar, or compound tubulo-acinar glands.
What are examples of prostheses used in the treatment of critical tissue damage?
Prosthetic knee joint, prosthetic hip joint, mechanical heart valve.
Where can stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium be found?
In the excretory ducts of sweat and salivary glands, and the conjunctiva.
What are the two surfaces that exhibit differences in structures and functions in epithelial cells?
Basal surface and free (apical) surface
What is regeneration in tissue repair?
Replacement with parenchymal cells.
What are the three types of secretory products in exocrine glands?
Serous, mucous, and mixed sero-mucous.
What structures can be found on the apical surface of epithelial cells?
Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli, Stereocilia
What is a lifelong requirement for patients who have undergone organ transplantation?
Dependence on immunosuppression
What are the two layers of the basal lamina?
Lamina lucida and lamina densa.
What are some examples of organs that can be created using bioprinting?
Examples include bone, skin, cornea, kidney, liver, and heart.
Where can a columnar cell with a cilium among microvilli typically be found?
Central canal
What type of cells are considered parenchymal cells in glandular epithelium?
Glandular epithelium cells dividing in the Cortex and Medulla
What are the two types of cells found in pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Columnar cells and short (basal) cells.
Quais são os tipos de células encontradas no tecido ósseo?
Osteoprogenitoras, osteoblastos, osteócitos e osteoclastos.
What characterizes apocrine secretion?
Apocrine secretion involves the release of products together with a small amount of the apical cytoplasm, found in mammary glands.
What do seminiferous tubules secrete?
Sperms
What is the main objective of the course?
To understand the 4 types of basic tissues and to correlate structures with their functions.
What is stratified columnar epithelium?
Stratified columnar epithelium is a type of epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers of column-shaped cells.
What is the role of covering epithelia?
Covering epithelia protect the body surfaces and line internal cavities.
What type of gland is the testis considered as an exocrine gland?
Cytogenic gland.
How do endocrine glands release their hormones?
By diffusing hormones directly into the bloodstream
What is autografting?
Transplantation of self tissue, such as a skin graft or nerve graft.
What type of epithelium is found in the conjunctiva?
Stratified squamous to columnar epithelium containing numerous mucous-secreting goblet cells.
Where are Golgi apparatus mostly found?
Golgi apparatus are mostly found at supra-nucleolar areas or surrounding nuclei.
What are the two main types of tissue repair after injury?
Regeneration and scar formation.
How do sodium ions enter absorptive cells in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Sodium ions diffuse passively through the apical membrane.
Which germ layer gives rise to the heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels including their endothelial lining?
Mesoderm
What is an example of a unicellular gland?
Goblet (mucous-secreting) cell
What type of tissue primarily makes up the stroma (interstitium) of an organ?
Connective tissue
How many layers does the basement membrane consist of in TEM?
It consists of two layers: the dense basal lamina and the reticular lamina.
What separates the lobes or lobules in organs like the kidney and thymus gland?
Connective tissue septum/trabecula
What are the functions of the basement membrane?
Give examples of multicellular glands.
Salivary glands, mammary glands
What conditions can 3D printed bone implants treat?
Bone defects from cancer, trauma, or congenital anomalies.
What are myoepithelial cells?
Myoepithelial cells are specialized cells that have characteristics of both muscle and epithelial cells.
What does the tissue concept provide?
The tissue concept provides a basis for understanding and recognizing the many cell types within the body and how they interrelate.
What are the benefits of 3D printed bone implants?
They are individualized, accurately designed, and eliminate the need for autologous or allogenic bone grafts.
Where are myoepithelial cells commonly found?
Myoepithelial cells are commonly found in glandular tissue, such as salivary glands, mammary glands, and sweat glands.
What are epithelioid patterns?
Epithelioid patterns are formed by accumulations of connective tissue macrophages in response to certain types of injury and infections, as well as by many tumors derived from the epithelium.
What are the two types of embryonic connective tissues?
Mesenchyme (mesoderm) and Mucous connective tissue in the umbilical cord
What is the primary function of myoepithelial cells?
The primary function of myoepithelial cells is to contract and help expel secretions from glandular acini into ducts.
What are the two types of glandular epithelium?
Endocrine gland and exocrine gland.
How can a tubular (hollow) organ increase its luminal surface area, especially for absorption?
By forming folds at different levels.
What is another name for a gap junction?
Nexus
What is a mechanical heart valve?
A mechanical heart valve is an artificial device implanted in the heart to replace a damaged or diseased valve.
What are the possible apical cell modifications in simple columnar epithelium?
The cells can have cilia or microvilli, such as a brush border, or both a cilium and microvilli.
What is the innermost component of a tubular organ?
Lumen
What is the name of the space inside a capillary where blood flows?
Capillary lumen
Where does absorption of ions and water across epithelial cells commonly occur?
In the gallbladder and intestine
What are the three types of junctions in a junctional complex?
Zonula occludens (tight junction), Zonula adherens, Macula adherens (Desmosomes)
What is the process of transporting water from capillaries into the lumen called?
Secretion
Where are basal striations commonly found?
In ductal epithelia engaged in active transport, such as the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the kidney and ducts of glands.
Why is pseudostratified columnar epithelium considered a type of simple epithelium?
Because all cells attach to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the surface.
What is the basic structural unit of all multicellular organisms?
The cell (cytology).
What characterizes connective tissue?
The abundance of extracellular material produced by its connective tissue cells.
What is merocrine secretion?
Merocrine secretion involves the release of secretory products through exocytosis without any loss of cellular material.
What is epithelioid tissue?
In special situations, epithelial cells lack a free surface and are called epithelioid tissue. The epithelioid cells are derived from progenitor mesenchymal cells. Epithelioid organization is typical of most endocrine glands, such as interstitial cells of Leydig in the testis, lutein cells of the corpus luteum of the ovary, Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, parenchyma of the adrenal gland and anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and epithelio-reticular cells (as stroma) of the thymus.
What are the three main groups of connective tissue?
Embryonic connective tissues, Adult connective tissues (proper), Specialized connective tissues
What are the components of the testis involved in mixed exo-endocrine function?
Seminiferous tubules and cells in inter-tubular spaces.
What fraction of the total body fluid is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
2/3 of total body fluid
What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Excretory, secretory, and absorption.
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Providing a matrix that connects and binds other tissues and cells in organs, maintaining the frame network of organs (as stroma), and giving metabolic support to cells as the medium for diffusion of nutrients and waste products.
What is the function of hemidesmosomes?
Hemidesmosomes are specialized junctions that link cells to the basal lamina.
What is the covering of cartilage that contains blood vessels called?
Perichondrium
What type of gland is the submucosal gland in the duodenum?
Simple branched tubular gland
What are the functions of stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium?
Protection, secretion, and absorption.
¿Cómo se comparan las células epiteliales en términos de forma, tamaño y ubicación de los contenidos citoplasmáticos a nivel de microscopía electrónica (EM) y microscopía óptica (LM)?
A nivel de microscopía electrónica (EM), las células epiteliales muestran detalles más finos de los contenidos citoplasmáticos, como organelos y estructuras subcelulares, mientras que a nivel de microscopía óptica (LM), se observan principalmente la forma y el tamaño general de las células, sin tanto detalle interno.
What is the parenchyma of an organ mostly composed of?
Mostly epithelium or gland
What are basal striations in light microscopy (LM)?
Basal infoldings of the basal plasma membrane.
What are the four types of simple epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium, Simple cuboidal epithelium, Simple columnar epithelium, Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the function of ciliated columnar cells with goblet cells in the respiratory tract?
To move mucus and dust.
Which type of secretion is dominantly produced by serous cells?
Dominantly serous secretion.
What is another name for gap junctions found on the lateral surface of epithelial cells?
Nexus
How do secretory granules in paracrine glands need to be demonstrated?
The secretory granules have to be demonstrated by histo- or cytochemistry processes.
What is another name for Macula adherens?
Desmosomes
What is the classification of exocrine glands based on?
The classification of exocrine glands is based on the morphology of the excretory duct and the secretory portion.
How are exocrine glands classified based on the number of cells?
They are classified as either unicellular or multicellular glands.
What is the function of basal cells in pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to mature functional (columnar) cells of that epithelium.
Where do simple epithelia typically lie?
On absorptive or secretory surfaces.
What are taste buds?
Taste buds are sensory organs located on the tongue that allow us to experience tastes such as sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.
What is the only legal way of obtaining organs for transplantation?
Tissue/organ donation
Where is transitional epithelium commonly found?
In the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found in the body?
Stratified columnar epithelium can be found in parts of the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts.
What is the apical surface?
The apical surface is the uppermost surface of an epithelial cell that faces the lumen or external environment.
What is the purpose of silver staining in histology?
Silver staining is used for reticular fibers.
What types of tissues are found in the middle layer of tissue structure?
The middle layer contains connective tissue (dense irregular as submucosa), muscularis as smooth muscle, and nervous tissue (ganglion plexuses).
What are cilia?
Cilia are hair-like structures on the apical surface of some epithelial cells that help in movement of substances across the cell surface.
What is a common treatment for critical tissue damage?
Stem cell transplantation.
What type of muscle tissue is nonstriated and spindle-shaped?
Smooth muscle tissue
What are the three types of tissue organization mentioned?
Follicular type, Plate-like type, Cord-like type
What is the term for the fluid that surrounds tissue cells?
Interstitial fluid
What type of muscle tissue has branching fibers and intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle tissue
What are the major organelles and inclusions visible under a light microscope (LM)?
The major organelles and inclusions visible under a light microscope include the nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
What is the endocrine function of hepatocytes?
Secreting glucose into sinusoidal capillaries
What type of cell is characterized by having a cilium among microvilli, as seen in TEM?
Columnar cell
What is the role of mammary glands?
Mammary glands are specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish offspring.
What are the functional units of the nervous system?
Neurons
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia found?
In the male excretory ducts such as the epididymis.
How does merocrine secretion work?
In merocrine secretion, cells excrete their substances by exocytosis without any loss of cellular material.
What are the two main parts of the adrenal gland?
The adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.
What is the recommended sequence of magnifications to view a slide tissue?
The recommended sequence of magnifications to view a slide tissue is starting from low magnification: x5, x10, x20, x40 (not x100 with oil).
What is the Islet of Langerhans?
The Islet of Langerhans is a group of pancreatic cells that produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon.
What colors do basophilic cell nuclei and cytoplasm stain in H&E sections?
Basophilic cell nuclei stain blue, while cytoplasm stains pink.
What are the two main types of glands in the body?
Exocrine and endocrine glands.
What are the secretory products of endocrine glands?
Hormones or factors
What types of tissues construct a long, tubelike organ?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
What is apocrine secretion?
Apocrine secretion involves the release of secretory products along with a portion of the cell's cytoplasm.
What are the main components of tissue fluid?
Tissue fluid mainly consists of water, electrolytes, and small molecules that pass through the capillary walls.
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
Cytosol, various membrane-bound organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeletal elements.
How do myoepithelial cells contribute to glandular function?
Myoepithelial cells contract to assist in the expulsion of glandular secretions, facilitating the movement of these secretions into ducts and out of the gland.
What is the size range of glycogen granules found as non-membranous inclusions?
0.010 - 0.40 μm.
What types of tastes can taste buds detect?
Taste buds can detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami tastes.
What conditions typically lead to a deceased donor being eligible for organ donation?
Brain death from trauma or accident
What does a mixed tubulo-acinar gland consist of?
It consists of both tubular and acinar (or alveolar) secretory portions.
How are organelles visualized in light microscopy (LM)?
Organelles are visualized in LM with the help of specific staining.
Where are myoepithelial cells located?
Myoepithelial cells are located between secretory cells and the basement membrane, embracing secretory acini and the beginning of excretory portions.
From which germ layer does the active mammary gland originate?
Surface ectoderm
What is the process of moving ions and water from the lumen to blood vessels called?
Absorption
What type of cells make up a mucous acinus?
A mucous acinus is composed of mucous cells.
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia found?
In the respiratory tract as ciliated columnar cells with goblet cells.
What type of muscle is found in the wall of a tubular organ?
Smooth muscle
What are the three types of junctional complexes found on the lateral surface of epithelial cells?
Tight junctions, Adherens junctions, Desmosomes
What term describes the maintenance of the proper amount of fluid in tissues and organs?
Fluid balance
¿Qué tipo de glándula es una glándula salival?
Una glándula multicelular.
What is the exocrine function of hepatocytes?
Secreting bile into bile ducts
What type of secretion do both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands use?
Merocrine secretion
What structures are found on the basal surface of epithelial cells?
Hemidesmosomes, Basal striations
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium typically found?
In small ducts and tubules in glands.
What are the characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells with the outermost layer being flat and scale-like.
How do exocrine glands release their secretions?
Exocrine glands release their secretions onto the free surface via ducts.
Quais são as coberturas de tecido conjuntivo do tecido ósseo?
Periósteo e endósteo (tecido conjuntivo denso irregular).
What are the four basic tissues that constitute the functional constitution of organs?
The four basic tissues are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
Which stain is used to visualize connective tissue?
Mallory-Azan stain is used to visualize connective tissue.
What is the size range of lipid droplets found as non-membranous inclusions?
0.2 - 5 μm, up to 80 μm.
What is cytogenic secretion?
Cytogenic secretion involves the discharge of cells along the excretory portion, found in seminiferous tubules of the testis (releasing sperms).
What are some modifications of the cell membrane in epithelial cells?
Modifications can include microvilli, cilia, and tight junctions.
What percentage of tumors are of epithelial origin after age 45?
More than 90% of all tumors are of epithelial origin after age 45.
ในร่างกายมนุษย์มีเนื้อเยื่อพื้นฐานกี่ชนิด?
มีเนื้อเยื่อพื้นฐาน 4 ชนิด
What is the primary function of muscle fibers or cells?
Contraction, facilitated by microfilaments actin and myosin.
¿Cuál es la función principal de la córnea?
La función principal de la córnea es refractar la luz que entra en el ojo para ayudar a enfocar la visión.
What is the composition of the outer layer (adventitia) in tissue structure?
The outer layer (adventitia) consists of connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nervous tissue. If the outer wall is covered with simple squamous epithelium, it is known as serosa.
What are stereocilia?
Stereocilia are long, branched microvilli found on the apical surface of certain epithelial cells, aiding in absorption and sensory functions.
What characteristic feature distinguishes transitional epithelium from other types of epithelial tissue?
Its ability to stretch and return to its original shape
What are the key processes involved in tissue repair?
Inflammation, cell proliferation (stem cell, growth factors), and cell-extracellular matrix interaction.
What are the primary mechanisms of glandular secretion?
The primary mechanisms of glandular secretion are merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
What is a novel treatment for critical tissue damage involving bone defects?
3D printed bone implant.
Which cells produce the basal lamina?
The adjacent epithelium.
What is the future potential of bioprinting in tissue repair?
The future potential includes in situ printing, where tissues or organs are printed directly at the site of damage.
What are the two main types of glandular epithelia?
Exocrine glands and endocrine glands.
What are the two main components of tissue?
Cell and Extracellular matrix
What type of tissue is involved in scar formation?
Fibrous connective tissue is involved in scar formation.
What are the two types of cell processes in neurons?
Dendrites and axon
What is another name for transitional epithelium?
Urothelium
What is the function of the plasma membrane (plasmalemma)?
It encloses the cellular contents and separates them from the external environment.
What type of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium classified as?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with modified cilia
What are the primary functions of simple epithelia?
Absorption, filtration, secretion, and providing little protection against mechanical abrasion.
What are the components of the inner layer (mucosa) in tissue structure?
The inner layer (mucosa) consists of epithelium (as parenchyma or functional tissue) and connective tissue (as loose CT = lamina propria).
What is the renewal rate of epithelial cells in the intestinal epithelium?
The renewal rate in the intestinal epithelium is fast, being replaced every 4 hours to 4 days.
How many basic tissue types are involved in the construction of an organ like the gut?
Four basic tissue types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
What percentage of extracellular fluid (ECF) is blood?
20% of ECF
Which cell type plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood flow and vascular resistance?
Endothelial cell
Describe the structure of the cilia found in the olfactory epithelium neuroepithelium.
Long, non-motile cilia: proximal third as 9 + 2 axoneme, but distal two-thirds as 9 peripheral single MTs surrounding a central pair of MTs
What is the third type of glandular epithelium?
Mixed exo-endocrine gland.
What is the primary function of endothelial cells in the circulatory system?
To provide a barrier between the blood and the rest of the vessel wall, and to regulate the exchange of substances between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues.
What type of tissue repair occurs in non-dividing tissues such as cardiac muscle?
Scar formation
มีประเภทของเยื่อบุผิวกี่ประเภท?
มี 2 ประเภท: เยื่อบุผิ���ปกคลุมหรือเยื่อบุผิว และเยื่อบุผิวต่อม
What happens when there is an injury to the epidermis of the skin?
Regeneration
How do endothelial cells contribute to the process of angiogenesis?
By proliferating and forming new blood vessels from pre-existing ones.
Neuroepithelium พบในอวัยวะใดบ้าง?
พบในอวัยวะรับความรู้สึกพิเศษ เช่น Rods & Cones ของเรตินา (รับภาพ), Auditory (ได้ยิน), Olfactory (รับกลิ่น) และ Gustatory cells (รับรส)
What is the function of the terminal web in epithelial cells?
The terminal web is a network of actin filaments at the base of microvilli that provides structural support and helps maintain cell shape.
¿Cuál es la función principal de los bastones en la retina?
La función principal de los bastones es detectar la luz tenue y proporcionar visión en blanco y negro.
What type of epithelium contains mucus-secreting goblet cells?
Stratified squamous to columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells.
Where can mixed exo-endocrine glands be found?
In the pancreas, testis, and liver.
What is the primary function of glandular epithelia?
Glandular epithelia are specialized for secretion.
What are the four basic types of tissues?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
What is holocrine secretion?
Holocrine secretion involves the release of secretory products along with the entire cell, which disintegrates to release its contents.
What are the two main types of epithelium?
Covering epithelium and glandular epithelium.
How are epithelial cells renewed?
Epithelial cells are renewed continuously by mitotic activity.
What are the components of the cell body of a neuron?
Nucleus and cytoplasm
What subjects should students understand for this course?
Cytology, Basic Tissues, Organs, and Systems.
Where are taste buds primarily located?
Taste buds are primarily located on the tongue, but they can also be found on the roof of the mouth, the throat, and the esophagus.
What are the two subtypes of adult connective tissues (proper)?
General adult connective tissue and Special adult connective tissue
What is a compound acinar gland?
A gland with a branched secretory portion that is acinar (or alveolar) in shape.
What does epithelioid organization refer to?
Epithelioid organization refers to a tissue structure where cells are arranged in a pattern similar to epithelial cells, often seen in certain types of tumors or granulomas.
Where does mitotic activity occur in stratified epithelial tissue?
Mitotic activity occurs within the basal layer in contact with the basement membrane.
What features do differentiated carcinoma cells reflect?
Differentiated carcinoma cells reflect cell-specific morphologic features and behaviors, such as the production of keratins, mucins, and hormones.
How are endocrine cells typically arranged?
In clumps or cords-like or follicles and surrounded by the basement membrane
What happens to the thymus gland as a person ages?
It gradually shrinks and becomes replaced by fat.
Which type of cells are known for containing lipid droplets as non-membranous inclusions?
Adipocytes.
What is the role of cilia in epithelial cells?
Cilia are hair-like structures that help in moving fluids or mucus over the epithelial surface, commonly found in the respiratory tract.
เยื่อบุผิวต่อมแบ่งออกเป็นกี่ประเภท?
แบ่งออกเป็น 2 ประเภท: ต่อมเอ็กโซครินและต่อมเอ็นโดคริน
¿Qué tipo de células fotorreceptoras son más sensibles a la luz tenue?
Los bastones son más sensibles a la luz tenue.
What is a hypertrophic scar?
A prominent scar within the original lesion
What are the components of tissue and organ?
The components of tissue include cells and extracellular matrix. Organs are composed of multiple tissues, including epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues, which work together to perform specific functions.
Give an example of a condition that can cause dehydration.
Severe diarrhea.
How is stratified epithelium classified?
Based on the number and shape of surface cells.
What are the considerations for tissue/organ donation?
Tissue and organ donation involve the removal of tissues or organs from a donor to be transplanted into a recipient, requiring careful matching and consideration of immunological compatibility.
What is the etymology of the term 'tunica'?
A covering or coat.
What is the etymology of the term 'stratum'?
A layer.
suffix '-cyte' หมายถึงอะไร?
cell
How is the basement membrane stained in PAS reaction and H&E?
The basement membrane is stained in PAS reaction and H&E respectively.
What are APUD cells?
APUD cells are sometimes called paracrine glands and stand for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation.
What characterizes apocrine secretion?
Apocrine secretion involves the release of a portion of the cell's cytoplasm along with the secretory product.
What are the two main characteristics used to classify exocrine glands?
Branching and shape of both the excretory and secretory portions.
What characterizes simple glands?
Simple glands have a single or unbranched duct and a secretory portion that can be tubular or acinar (coiled and/or branched).
Why does scar tissue form instead of normal tissue?
Scar tissue forms instead of normal tissue because the body prioritizes quick repair over perfect restoration, leading to the formation of fibrous connective tissue.
What hormone is primarily produced by the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline (epinephrine).
What percentage of extracellular fluid (ECF) is interstitial (tissue) fluid?
80% of ECF
What is the parenchyma of the parathyroid gland?
The parenchyma of the parathyroid gland consists of the functional cells that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).
What type of epithelium is found in the conjunctiva?
Transitional epithelium is found in the conjunctiva.
What is the primary function of transitional epithelium?
To allow the urinary organs to expand and stretch
How do endocrine glands release their secretions?
Endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the bloodstream.
What structural feature can simple cuboidal epithelium have?
It can have microvilli.
Which stain is used for elastic fibers?
Resorcin-fuchsin is used for elastic staining.
What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?
Passive transport of fluid, nutrients, or metabolites, secretion, absorption, and reducing friction.
What are microvilli and where are they commonly found?
Microvilli are small, finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption and are commonly found on the apical surface of epithelial cells in the intestines.
Give an example of unicellular endocrine glands.
Individual endocrine cells in the epithelial lining of the GI and RS tract
What must be compatible between the donor and recipient for a successful organ transplantation?
Same blood group with tissue compatibility
Give an example of multicellular endocrine glands.
Adrenal gland, pituitary gland
On what bases is epithelial tissue classified?
Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape, number of layers, and apical cell surface differentiations correlated with the function of the epithelium.
From which germ layers do epithelia derive?
Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm.
How can heart or renal failure lead to edema?
Heart or renal failure increases capillary hydrostatic pressure.
How do epithelial tissues receive nutrients?
Nutrients are delivered by diffusion as epithelial tissue is avascular.
อะไรคือความหมายของ prefix 'demi-'?
half
What are the characteristics of exocrine glands?
Exocrine glands have both secretory and excretory portions.
What are the terms used for grey matter in the CNS?
Nucleus, Cortex, Grey Matter
What is the term used for white matter in the CNS?
Tract or White Matter
คำว่า 'chondrocyte' ใช้รากศัพท์อะไร?
chondr-
คำว่า 'lysosome' ใช้ suffix อะไร?
-some
What is the role of connective tissue in relation to other basic tissues?
It underlies or supports the other three basic tissues, both structurally and functionally.
What is a carcinoma?
A carcinoma is a malignant tumor of epithelial cell origin.
What is holocrine secretion?
Holocrine secretion involves the discharge of the whole products, found in sebaceous glands.
What is the structure of stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium?
Stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells, with the surface layer being either cuboidal or columnar in shape.
What are adenocarcinomas?
Adenocarcinomas are malignant tumors derived from glandular epithelial tissue.
Can you give examples of simple glands?
Examples of simple glands include sweat glands, gastric glands, and intestinal glands.
What is the special form of stratified or pseudostratified epithelium found in the urinary tract?
Transitional or uro-epithelium.
What is the primary function of the thymus gland?
The maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells).
Name the types of simple epithelium.
Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified columnar.
What are the two main functions of transitional or uro-epithelium?
To accommodate a great degree of stretch and withstand the toxicity of urine.
What are the three subtypes of specialized connective tissues?
Fluid connective tissue (blood & lymph), Supporting connective tissue (bone & cartilage), Haematopoietic connective tissue (bone marrow)
How is the balance of components in fluid compartments maintained?
The balance of components in these compartments is maintained.
According to the old theory, what are the shapes of the basal, intermediate, and surface cells in transitional epithelium?
Basal cells are cuboidal, intermediate cells are polygonal, and surface cells are round.
Why are undifferentiated carcinomas difficult to diagnose?
Undifferentiated carcinomas are often difficult to diagnose by morphological analysis alone.
What is the role of mast cells in connective tissue?
Mast cells are involved in the inflammatory response and play a key role in allergy and anaphylaxis by releasing histamine and other mediators.
What are the main components of compound salivary glands?
The main components of compound salivary glands are the excretory portions and the secretory portions.
What cytoskeletal structure supports microvilli?
Microvilli are supported by a core of actin filaments.
What is a septum in tissue biology?
A septum is a wall or partition that separates different sections or lobules within a tissue or organ.
¿En qué parte del ojo se encuentran los bastones y los conos?
Los bastones y los conos se encuentran en la retina.
What is dehydration in terms of tissue fluid?
Dehydration is a decrease in tissue fluid.
What is edema?
Edema is the clinical condition characterized by an excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues, leading to swelling.
What are artifacts in tissue sections?
Artifacts in tissue sections are minor structural abnormalities produced during tissue preparation, such as shrinkage of cells or tissue regions, loss of molecules like lipids and glycogen, slight cracks, wrinkles in sections, and shrinkage that may be confused with cellular structures like cytoplasmic granules.
prefix 'trans-' หมายถึงอะไร?
through, across, beyond
What is the term used for a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS?
Ganglion
What are the specialized functions of nervous tissue cells?
Receiving, generating, and transmitting nerve impulses
คำว่า 'osteoclast' ใช้ suffix อะไร?
-clast
What are examples of non-membranous inclusions in cells?
Pigments, food storage as lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and lipofuscin pigments.
What are interstitial cells?
Interstitial cells are cells that are found in the spaces between the functional cells of a tissue or organ.
Describe holocrine secretion.
In holocrine secretion, the entire cell disintegrates to release its substance, resulting in the loss of the whole cell.
What is a simple tubular gland?
A gland with an unbranched secretory portion that is tubular in shape.
How do exocrine glands release their secretions?
Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue.
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
What are the two types of donors for organ transplantation?
Deceased donor and living donor
What levels of composition in an organism are identified in Microscopic Anatomy?
EM level, LM level, and units in different levels of composition.
What are GAGs and their role in connective tissue?
GAGs, or glycosaminoglycans, are long unbranched polysaccharides that play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissue by attracting water and providing resistance to compression.
What is the primary function of the apical domain in epithelial cells?
The primary function of the apical domain in epithelial cells is to facilitate absorption, secretion, and cellular communication.
How does the appearance of transitional epithelium change when stretched?
The cells appear flattened and more squamous-like
What function do adhesive glycoproteins serve in connective tissue?
Adhesive glycoproteins help in cell adhesion, migration, and maintaining the structure of the extracellular matrix.
¿Qué tipo de tejido compone la córnea?
La córnea está compuesta principalmente por tejido epitelial y tejido conectivo.
In which type of tissue are endothelial cells primarily found?
Vascular tissue
¿Cómo se nutre la córnea si no tiene vasos sanguíneos?
La córnea se nutre a través de la difusión de oxígeno y nutrientes desde el humor acuoso y las lágrimas.
What is the brush border?
The brush border is a dense layer of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells, particularly in the intestines, enhancing absorption.
What is the main responsibility of contractile cells in muscular tissue?
Movement.
What is a potential cause of edema related to the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic obstruction.
เยื่อบุผิวชนิดใดที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นเยื่อบุผิวต่อม?
เยื่อบุผิวชนิด B ทำหน้าที่เป็นเยื่อบุผิวต่อม
What are the types of supporting cells in the PNS?
Schwann Cells, Satellite Cells
What is involved in tissue injury and repair?
Tissue injury and repair involve processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling to restore normal function.
What is the 'Parenchyma' in histology?
The essential elements of an organ.
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection, absorption, transport of material at the surface, secretion, excretion, receptors, gliding between surfaces, and gas exchange.
คำว่า 'stereocilia' ใช้ prefix อะไร?
stereo-
What is the difference between simple cuboidal epithelium with and without microvilli?
Simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli has small, finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption, while without microvilli, it does not have these projections.
What is transitional epithelium and how is it newly classified?
Transitional epithelium is now classified as pseudostratified epithelium in newer textbooks.
What is the primary characteristic of endocrine glands?
Endocrine glands have only secretory portions and release their secretory products, such as hormones, into the blood and lymph stream.
What type of cell lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?
Endothelial cell
What is an example of where simple cuboidal epithelium can be found in the body?
Germinal epithelium of the ovary.
What is the endocrine portion of the testis called?
Interstitial of Leydig’s.
What is a key characteristic of simple squamous epithelium?
It is compatible with a high rate of trans-epithelial transport, especially as endothelium.
Can scar tissue be remodeled over time?
Yes, scar tissue can be remodeled over time, but it will never fully regain the properties of the original tissue.
Which type of basic tissue is primarily responsible for the main function of an organ?
Epithelial tissue.
How do lipofuscin pigments appear when stained with toluidine blue?
As a purple haze.
What are niches in the context of epithelial cell renewal?
Niches are sites where stem cells are located, restricted at some distance from the transit amplifying and differentiated cells.
What are the two portions of an exocrine gland?
Excretory portion (duct) and secretory portion.
What are microvilli?
Microvilli are small, finger-like projections on the apical surface of epithelial cells that increase surface area for absorption.
What are the classifications of the secretory portion of exocrine glands?
Simple and compound, tubular and acinar/alveolar.
What type of epithelial tissue lines the excretory portions of compound salivary glands?
The excretory portions of compound salivary glands are lined with stratified cuboidal or stratified columnar epithelium.
เยื่อบุผิวประกอบด้วยเซลล์ชนิดใด?
ประกอบด้วยเซลล์หลายเหลี่ยมที่มีการเกาะติดกันอย่างแน่นหนาและมีสารระหว่างเซลล์น้อยมาก
What is a keloid?
A scar that extends beyond the original lesion and continually grows
What is the 'Cortex' in the context of organ structure?
The outer portion of an organ.
How is covering epithelium classified based on the shapes of surface cells?
Covering epithelium is classified into squamous, cuboidal, and columnar shapes based on the shapes of surface cells.
What is the role of basal cells in stratified epithelium?
Basal cells are specialized for mitotic division.
prefix 'intra-' หมายถึงอะไร?
inside, within
What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Non-keratinized (moist type) and keratinized (dry type).
เนื้อเยื่อ (Tissue) ประกอบด้วยอะไรบ้าง?
เนื้อเยื่อประกอบด้วยเซลล์และสารระหว่างเซลล์ (matrix) ซึ่งอาจมีปริมาณน้อย ไม่มี หรือมีปริมาณมาก
Is scar tissue functionally the same as the original tissue?
No, scar tissue is not functionally the same as the original tissue; it is less flexible and lacks the specialized functions of the original tissue.
¿Qué es la córnea?
La córnea es la capa transparente y exterior del ojo que cubre el iris, la pupila y la cámara anterior.
What are mixed exo-endocrine glands?
Mixed exo-endocrine glands have both exocrine and endocrine functions.
What type of vessels are numerous in ductless glands?
Blood and lymphatic vessels
Where is the thymus gland located?
In the upper anterior part of the chest, behind the sternum.
What is the term for the epithelium that lines body cavities such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity?
Mesothelium
What is the primary function of exocrine glands?
The primary function of exocrine glands is to produce and secrete substances such as enzymes, sweat, and saliva.
What is a lobule in the context of tissue structure?
A lobule is a small, defined section of a tissue or organ, often separated by connective tissue septa.
ระบบ (System) ประกอบด้วยอะไรบ้าง?
ระบบประกอบด้วยอวัยวะ ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่เป็นอวัยวะภายในระบบ และมีอวัยวะภายนอกเพียงหนึ่งเดียวคือผิวหนัง
What is edema?
Edema is an increase in tissue fluid.
What happens when there is an injury deep to the epidermis of the skin?
Scarring
How do stereocilia differ from microvilli?
Stereocilia are longer than microvilli and are involved in sensory functions, such as in the inner ear, whereas microvilli primarily increase surface area for absorption.
What are tissue, organ, and organ system?
Tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function. An organ is a structure composed of multiple tissues working together to perform complex functions. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
How is the cohesive nature of an epithelium maintained?
By cell adhesion molecules and junctional complexes.
To what are epithelial cells anchored?
Epithelial cells are anchored to a basal lamina.
What is the 'Stroma' in histology?
The supporting tissue.
Which surfaces of the body are not covered by epithelial tissue?
Articular surfaces, enamel of the tooth, and the anterior surface of the iris.
What defines stratified epithelium?
Stratified epithelium consists of more than one cell layer.
What is the origin of the term 'osteocyte'?
Derived from the nouns 'oste-' (bone) and '-cyte' (cell).
suffix '-form' หมายถึงอะไร?
shape
From which cells is the special epithelium of the olfactory neuroepithelium derived?
Neural crest cells
What are the primary functions of covering epithelia?
Covering epithelia form the boundary between the external environment and body tissues, cover body surfaces, line lumens of internal organs, line body cavities, and line blood and lymph vessels.
What is the primary function of stratified columnar epithelium?
The primary function of stratified columnar epithelium is to provide protection and secretion.
What is contained within the nucleus?
Genetic material (DNA) and it is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
What is the function of lobar ducts in tissue biology?
Lobar ducts are responsible for transporting secretions from lobules to larger ducts.
อวัยวะ (Organ) ประกอบด้วยเนื้อเยื่อพื้นฐานชนิดใด?
อวัยวะประกอบด้วยเนื้อเยื่อพื้นฐาน 1 ใน 4 ชนิด (ส่วนใหญ่เป็นเนื้อเยื่อบุ��ิวที่เป็นหน่วยทำงานของอวัยวะ) ร่วมกับเนื้อเยื่อพื้นฐานชนิดอื่นอย่างน้อย 1 ชนิดเพื่อเป็นเนื้อเยื่อสนับสนุน
Who can be a living donor for organ transplantation?
Relatives or spouse
What is the term for the epithelium that lines blood and lymph vessels?
Endothelium
What is the role of the perimysium in muscular tissue?
It surrounds bundles or fascicles of muscle fibers.
¿Cuáles son los dos tipos principales de células fotorreceptoras en la retina?
Los dos tipos principales de células fotorreceptoras en la retina son los bastones y los conos.
What are some causes of edema related to inflammation or allergy?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased vascular permeability.
¿Qué tipo de células fotorreceptoras son responsables de la visión en color?
Los conos son responsables de la visión en color.
What is the structural and functional characteristic of epithelial cells?
Epithelial cells exhibit distinct polarity.
¿Cuál es la función principal de los conos en la retina?
La función principal de los conos es detectar la luz brillante y proporcionar visión en color.
How do most epithelial cells renew?
Most epithelial cells renew continuously by mitosis.
ยกตัวอย่างคำที่ใช้ prefix 'juxta-'
juxtaglomerular cell
What are the main functions of stratified epithelium?
Mainly protective and barrier functions.
What are some common artifacts found in tissue sections?
Common artifacts in tissue sections include slight cracks, wrinkles, and shrinkage of cells or tissue.
รากศัพท์ 'hepat-' หมายถึงอะไร?
liver
suffix '-phage' หรือ 'phago-' หมายถึงอะไร?
eat
What type of tissue repair occurs in dividing tissues such as epithelium?
Regeneration
What are the types of stratified epithelium?
Stratified squamous (keratinized and non-keratinized), stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional epithelium.
What type of connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle?
Epimysium, which is dense connective tissue.
What do some new textbooks describe transitional epithelium as?
A pseudostratified epithelium with plaques on the surface membrane.
What is metaplasia in epithelial tissue?
Metaplasia is the conversion of one type of differentiated epithelium into another in response to persistent injury.
¿Qué características tiene la córnea que le permiten ser transparente?
La córnea es transparente debido a la organización regular de sus fibras de colágeno y la ausencia de vasos sanguíneos.
How does venous obstruction contribute to edema?
Venous obstruction increases capillary hydrostatic pressure.
เยื่อบุผิวชนิดใดที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นเยื่อบุผิวปกคลุม?
เยื่อบุผิวชนิด A ทำหน้าที่เป็นเยื่อบุผิวปกคลุม
What is the organization of a tubular organ?
Tubular organs, such as the stomach and intestine, are organized into layers including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa or adventitia.
What are the layers of meninges in the CNS?
Pia Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Dura Mater
Do epithelial cells have free intercellular substances?
Epithelial cells have almost no free intercellular substances.
What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands do not have an excretory portion and are associated with blood vessels (bl.vv).
คำว่า 'interlobar' ใช้ prefix อะไร?
inter-
รากศัพท์ 'aden-' หมายถึงอะไร?
gland
What are the two types of simple columnar epithelium?
Simple columnar epithelium can be with cilia or without cilia.
How do taste buds send signals to the brain?
Taste buds send signals to the brain through gustatory cells that transmit information via the cranial nerves.
What does the Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain help identify?
The Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain helps identify minor features in tissues.
What is the primary function of endocrine glands?
The primary function of endocrine glands is to produce and secrete hormones.
What is the role of interlobular ducts?
Interlobular ducts transport secretions between lobules and larger ducts.
What is the endomysium and what does it surround?
The endomysium is a delicate layer of reticular tissue and extracellular matrix that surrounds each myofiber, similar to the basal lamina.
What is fibrosis?
Excessive fibrous tissue deposition in internal organs after chronic inflammation
What does the term 'Efferent' mean in histology?
Convey away from an organ.
What is the 'Medulla' in the context of organ structure?
The inner portion of an organ.
What are the connective tissue layers in the PNS?
Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium
What can cause artificial spaces between cells in tissue sections?
Shrinkage of cells or tissue regions can produce artificial spaces between cells and other tissue components.
What is a mixed exo-endocrine gland?
A gland that has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
What is the term used for a bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS?
Nerve
คำว่า 'nucleoid' ใช้ suffix อะไร?
-oid
How is liver tissue restored?
Liver tissue is restored by the stimulated mitotic activity of healthy liver tissue.
What is neuro-epithelium and where is it found?
Neuro-epithelium is a special type of epithelium found in organs of special senses such as the rods and cones of the retina, auditory epithelium, olfactory epithelium, and gustatory cells.
What are intra-lobular ducts?
Intra-lobular ducts are small ducts within a lobule that collect secretions from acini or tubules.
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the secretory portions of compound salivary glands?
The secretory portions of compound salivary glands are typically lined with simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium.
What does the term 'Afferent' mean in histology?
Conveying toward an organ.
What are the types of supporting cells in the CNS?
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal Cells, Microglia
What components make up the 'Mucosa'?
Comprised of an epithelium, lamina propria, and often a muscularis mucosae.
What are the two main classifications of epithelium based on the number of cell layers?
Epithelium is classified into simple epithelium (one cell layer) and stratified epithelium (more than one cell layer).
What is the characteristic of simple epithelium?
Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells.
What is the etymology of the term 'vas'?
A vessel.
คำว่า 'epidermis' ใช้รากศัพท์อะไร?
derm-
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and what are its variations?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells. It can have cilia or stereocilia, or be without either.
What is the organization of a solid organ?
Solid organs, such as the liver and kidney, have a more complex internal structure with parenchyma (functional tissue) and stroma (supportive tissue).
What are the two main types of epithelia?
Lining and covering epithelia, and glandular epithelia.
What are the main components of nervous tissue?
Neurons and Supporting Cells
Why might special stains be needed in tissue sections?
Special stains might be needed to recognize the loss of molecules such as lipids and glycogen in tissue sections.
Why is it important for students to recognize artifacts in tissue sections?
It is important for students to recognize artifacts in tissue sections to avoid confusing them with actual cellular structures and to accurately interpret histological data.
What are the three types of simple epithelium based on cell shape?
Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, and simple columnar.
How can you identify stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium?
By the shape of the upper or surface cells, which are cuboidal or columnar respectively.
