3.Population_ Forestry

By division.

The average birth rate.

Pioneer.

They are competitive species with long-lived individuals and stable populations.

The production of new individuals.

Competition among individuals of the same species.

Live and thrive in different types of ecosystems.

Bacteria.

Factors that regulate population size at or near carrying capacity by regulating the availability of environment and resources.

Net growth is zero.

A distribution where individuals are grouped together, often due to social behavior or resource availability.

They contribute to an interrelated whole.

They increase the fitness of the organism.

Type I.

Mature, stable, and predictable environments.

Species create an 'interrelated whole' by connecting with the surrounding biological complex.

Regeneration through methods like plantation and air seeding.

Size and density, age structure, dispersion and ratios, natality, mortality, and life tables.

Fragmented habitats.

The rate of death within a population.

They provide a summary of the mortality and survival rates of a population.

5000 cells per liter.

Factors that influence mortality regardless of population density, typically physical or chemical in nature.

The probability of living or surviving.

It remains almost the same across all age classes.

The range where organisms are abundant and fitness and growth are maximum.

Predation.

A population of populations.

The maximum population that a natural ecosystem can sustain under given environmental conditions.

Regeneration that occurs through seed dispersers or natural factors.

Combining observations of species occurrence or abundance with the natural environment.

Natural factors such as climate, soil, geology, and topography.

Species that can occupy large areas.

Logarithms of the number of survivors (l x).

Uttarakhand.

Constant mortality rate throughout all age classes.

It helps maintain ecological balance by controlling the proliferation of insignificant biota.

Eury.

K.

Light, humidity, and available nutrients.

Excessively high mortality rates in early life.

Less harsh with less vacant space.

The ability to replace dead and decayed parts or whole organisms by new ones.

Specific environmental requirements.

A group of individuals of the same species that live together in an area of sufficient size to permit normal dispersal and/or migration behaviors.

Carrying capacity of the environment.

Individuals are clustered in specific areas, often around resources or social groups.

A distribution where individuals are evenly spaced, often due to territorial behavior or competition for resources.

Competition.

Number or biomass per unit total space.

Weather and natural disasters.

The intrinsic growth rate or Malthusian factor, calculated as b - d.

Disease can lead to increased mortality rates, reducing population size.

Three.

Several perennial plants, hydra, many rodents, birds, and lizards.

Variable and unpredictable.

Rapid.

Adaptation is the basis of the evolutionary process.

The number of individuals added to a population per unit time.

The growth rate per organism.

The tolerance of a species to fluctuations in environmental conditions.

The production of new individuals.

The death of any individuals in a population.

Loss of individuals due to death in given ecological conditions.

Species that are restricted to small regions.

Remarkably low mortality during most of life.

It serves as a significant tree species for forest regeneration.

The study of environmental interrelationships of a particular species.

No, it is not constant due to dynamic changes in physical constraints.

They affect survival equally, whether population density is high or low.

Fire-adapted species or those resistant to pests.

Several plants, most insects, and many fishes.

Fairly constant and predictable.

Later successional stage.

High.

Through born individuals.

The investigation and interpretation of the spatio-temporal dynamics of species.

Under crowding as well as overcrowding may be limiting to populations.

Type III.

The spatial and temporal distribution of individuals.

Number of individuals per unit area or per unit volume.

300 trees per hectare.

When the environment is uniform and resources are equally available throughout the year.

Individuals are distributed without a predictable pattern, often due to the absence of strong interactions among them.

Predation can decrease the population of prey species.

Organisms are few and experience stress due to suboptimal conditions.

Time and space, size of individuals, trophic level.

Predators, accidents, and other causes.

Population size varies along environmental gradients, with maximum fitness in the optimum range.

Harsh and physically more vacant space.

Short.

Tolerance range and acclimation.

A method of reproduction in Euglena.

Exponential growth and logistic growth.

The characteristics of an organism.

A set of spatially separated populations with some form of migration or mixing behavior among them.

As a crystal of solute immersed in the solvent of the environment.

Several spatially discrete populations and areas of suitable habitat that are either occupied or unoccupied.

A group of two or more populations that exchange genes.

The degree of adaptation of any organism to fluctuations in its environment.

B = bN, where N is the population size.

The way individuals are spaced within a given area.

Migration can increase or decrease population size depending on the movement of individuals in and out of an area.

Human, whale, elephant, mountain sheep.

To ensure sustainable forest management and conservation.

Environmental resistance in logistic growth.

By shifting spatially to achieve environmental matching.

Variable.

Keen and important.

High.

Growth rate = ΔN / Δt, where ΔN is the change in the number of organisms and Δt is the time interval.

There would be no net growth in the population.

Organisms selected for wide dispersal and rapid growth in unstable environments.

Evenness in concentration of individuals is highest.

Evenness in concentration of individuals is intermediate, with each individual having an equal chance to occupy a place.

R strategists have unstable populations, while k strategists maintain stable populations.

In units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.

Several physical factors that lower natality to a level below its theoretical maximum.

Heavy mortality at the age of senescence.

Verhaulst in 1838.

Experimental.

Natural disasters can cause significant loss of life and habitat, reducing population size.

Competition between different species for resources.

Slow.

Long.

Long survival and more reproduction.

The number produced per female per unit time.

Connections among species create a complex biological system.

Adaptive traits increase the distribution of organisms.

An unhealthy population leading to a threat.

The number of individuals in a population at a given time.

Natality, mortality, emigration, and immigration.

The natality that a population realizes without any constraint, which is constant.

The ranges of change (range of demand and tolerance) in the environment.

D = dN, where N is the population size.

The ratio of birth and death.

Processes where population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population.

The range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate.

It can limit population growth by creating unfavorable living conditions.

Fairly constant, near carrying capacity (K).

Density independent, often catastrophic.

Changes in form, physiology, and behavior.

The production of clones.

The probability of death per individual.

Yes, for example, trees separated by long distances may still interact by transferring pollen.

By altering habitats, creating barriers, and transporting species to new locations.

It expresses the reaction of species against particular or groups of environmental factors.

Soil quality, moisture availability, and light conditions.

Steno.

War can lead to loss of life, displacement, and disruption of resources, impacting population size.

Diseases, such as those caused by parasites, can reduce population size.

Variable and less important.

Low.

Adaptation allows organisms to adjust and survive according to resource availability.

Through hatched individuals.

Shorea robusta (Sal).

The distribution of individuals of different ages within the population.

A region where organisms are absent due to extreme environmental conditions.

Number or biomass per unit of habitat space, i.e., actual available area.

An individual deer may be killed regardless of how many deer are in the area; survival chances remain the same.

Because it reaches a diagonal straight line.

The lower limit is where organisms begin to be absent, and the upper limit is where conditions become too extreme.

The survival and reproductive consequences of their interactions with the environment.

Density dependent.

Low.

Adaptation.

Through seed germination.