Who are considered the actors or agents in international relations?
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Individuals or entities with subjective perceptions.
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Who are considered the actors or agents in international relations?
Individuals or entities with subjective perceptions.
Why is the interpretation of the term 'Macedonian' considered significant?
Because it has implications for EU and NATO membership.
What does the Prepspa agreement suggest about history?
It suggests that there is more than one interpretation of history.
What concept does Nye introduce in his 1990 article?
Soft power.
What does Wendt mean by 'Anarchy is what states make of it'?
It suggests that anarchy is not a given structure but a result of state practices and interactions.
How has war traditionally been viewed in the context of state practice?
As a rule-bound practice of states.
How does Constructivism explain the emergence and change of norms?
Constructivism posits that norms emerge through social interactions and can change as identities and contexts evolve.
What capacity do states, civil society, and individuals have according to Constructivism?
They have the capacity to create and change social reality/structure through actions and practice.
What are the two logics that influence norm acceptance?
Logic of consequences and logic of appropriateness.
What does 'might makes right' imply in the context of norms?
Power can dictate what is considered right, but sometimes what is right can also empower the powerful.
What do constructivist core assumptions state about objects, concepts, and events?
They do not have fixed or objective meanings.
What are some examples of socially constructed items?
Money, currencies, flags, face masks, weapons, and food.
What does the Prepspa agreement acknowledge about the term 'Macedonian'?
It acknowledges that the term can have different meanings depending on time and place.
What does co-determination imply in the context of international relations?
The shared influence of structure and agency on actions.
What do Finnemore and Sikkink discuss in their 1998 article?
International norm dynamics and political change.
What is the focus of Tannenwald's 1999 article?
The normative basis of nuclear non-use in the United States.
What is the main topic of the article by Bieber (2018)?
The benefits for Europe if Greece and Macedonia resolve their identity crisis.
What is the level of analysis problem in constructivism?
The debate between structure vs. agency.
What concept confused two traditionally distinct fields of practice?
'War on Terror'.
What is Wendt's argument in 'Anarchy is what States Make of it'?
The social construction of power politics.
How do agents relate to the structures they create in Constructivism?
Agents do not exist in isolation from the structures they create.
What is securitization in the context of political discourse?
Naming a threat as a priority justifies a suspension of normal political rules.
What extraordinary measures can be justified through securitization?
Measures like torture, the Patriot Act, and wars.
How are meanings constructed according to constructivism?
Through meaning-making and social interaction.
What is the relationship between agents and structure in Constructivism?
Agents and structure are mutually constitutive.
What does socialization and emulation refer to in the context of norms?
The process of adopting norms by doing what is perceived as the right thing.
How are borders characterized in the context of social constructs?
Borders are socially constructed.
What attributes do socially constructed items possess?
Both material and social attributes.
What does DPT stand for in the context of Constructivism?
Democratic Peace Theory, seen as an idea whose time has come.
What does the constructivist explanation of threat and response emphasize?
That not only identities but the meaning of actions is constructed through specific discourses.
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of international relations?
It refers to the idea that beliefs or expectations can influence actions and outcomes in international politics.
What historical event is associated with the inhibition of nuclear use?
The first use of nuclear weapons on Japan.
What roles do norms and ideas play in strategic behavior according to constructivism?
They can have an intrinsic role or be used instrumentally by states.
What is the debate surrounding sovereignty as a norm?
Sovereignty is contested by other norms such as human rights and self-determination.
What is the difference between a state and a nation?
A state is a political entity with sovereignty, while a nation refers to a group of people with a common identity.
How does structure influence states in Constructivism?
Structure influences and socializes states.
How did Bin Laden construct identity in his declaration of jihad?
In negative oppositional terms against Americans.
What does the phrase 'No better allies than the United Kingdom and Australia' imply?
It emphasizes the strong partnership and trust between these nations.
What does 'Forever partnership' signify in the context of AUKUS?
A commitment to long-term collaboration among the allied nations.
Can you provide examples of constructivism in international relations?
Examples include the role of international norms, identity politics, and the social construction of state interests.
What is the recent school of thought in International Relations that emerged in the early 1990s?
Constructivism.
What foundational assumptions of International Relations were criticized by Constructivism?
Nature of the state, sovereignty, anarchy, rationality, democracy, and materialism.
How are elites' ideas significant in Constructivism?
They are embedded within institutions.
What philosophical concept is associated with 'Verstehen' or interpretive understanding?
Max Weber.
What role do meanings play in international relations according to constructivism?
Meanings shape actions.
What is the fundamental belief of constructivism regarding international relations?
International relations are socially constructed.
What are the main components of the structure in international relations?
Norms, rules, institutions, and polarity.
What do practices in international relations refer to?
Change or reproducing behaviors.
What is a key controversy within constructivism regarding state focus?
Whether constructivism is state-centric or not.
What are some fundamental questions to study in constructivism?
Why do states go to war? Why do states cooperate?
What is the 'nuclear taboo' as described by Tannenwald in 1999?
A normative basis for nuclear non-use, emphasizing that nuclear weapons are not just a deterrent.
What are the origins of Constructivism?
Constructivism emerged as a response to the limitations of realism and liberalism in explaining international relations.
What lies behind the name dispute in the Balkans?
The historical and cultural legacy of the region.
What effect does the 'nuclear taboo' have on nuclear non-use?
It creates a 'demonstration effect' that inhibits the use of nuclear weapons.
What is the difference between explanatory and critical approaches in constructivism?
Explanatory approaches ask 'Why?' while critical approaches ask 'How?'.
How does the concept of anarchy differ from structural views in international relations?
Anarchy is seen as a result of practice rather than a fixed structure.
What are examples of socially created inventions or institutions in Constructivism?
Anarchy, sovereignty, and the nuclear taboo.
What model explains the life cycle of norms?
The Norm Life Cycle model by Finnemore and Sikkink (1998).
What is being tested today regarding nuclear weapons?
The assumptions surrounding the 'nuclear taboo'.
Who are norm entrepreneurs?
Individuals or groups that actively promote new norms.
What concept suggests that international relations are social inventions?
IR concepts as social inventions.
What role do states play in relation to structure in Constructivism?
States reproduce or transform structure, contributing to social identity.
What is one of the longest-running disputes in the Balkans?
A dispute over a name that may have finally been resolved after several near breakthroughs.
What question arises regarding the conflict in the Balkans?
Was/is the conflict substantive?
What does the 'M-word' refer to in the context of the Balkans?
The term that may be shared amidst the dispute.
What are the two contrasting approaches to causality in constructivism?
Causality vs. co-constitution/co-determination.
What are the core assumptions of Constructivism?
Constructivism assumes that international relations are socially constructed and that identities and norms shape state behavior.
What has terrorism usually been associated with?
Non-state actors and treated as an area of crime.
What is the difference between the logic of consequences and the logic of appropriateness?
The logic of consequences focuses on outcomes and rational calculations, while the logic of appropriateness emphasizes norms and social expectations.
How can Constructivism explain threat assessment and responses to threats?
Constructivism suggests that perceptions of threats are shaped by social contexts and identities, influencing how states respond.
Can you give examples of norms that have changed over time?
Examples include the outlawing of slavery, the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, women's suffrage, and the ban on landmines.
What do constructivists argue about the 'War on Terror'?
It is seen as a social interaction.
How is identity viewed in constructivist theory?
Identity is relational.
What are some common constructivist arguments?
Constructivist arguments often emphasize the importance of social context, identity, and the influence of norms on state behavior.
What was a significant criticism of mainstream theories in International Relations?
Their failure to explain the end of the Cold War.
What is a core assumption of Constructivism regarding the perception of the world?
The world is what you believe it is.
What is the source of norms in international relations?
Norms come from the diffusion of ideas and the internationalization of norms.
What does Wendt discuss in his 1995 article?
Constructing international politics.
In which conflicts was nuclear use considered but ultimately not employed?
Korea and Vietnam.
What are some disagreements within Constructivism?
Disagreements often revolve around the role of material versus social factors in shaping international relations.
What are intersubjective meanings?
Collective or shared meanings among individuals.
What stark difference in identity was created after 9/11?
'You are either with us or you are with the terrorists.'
What is a core criticism of mainstream theories in Constructivism?
They have a materialist obsession.
What do materialist structures fail to explain according to Constructivism?
They do not tell us much about power dynamics.
What elements are considered powerful in Constructivist theory?
Ideas, norms, culture, and language.
How do states often respond to norms?
Even powerful states abide by norms, as seen in covert actions.
What is the limitation of realist theories according to constructivists?
They have limited explanatory power.
What types of power are recognized in Constructivism?
Power is both material and discursive.
What event is used to explain responses in constructivist theory?
The responses to 9/11.
What implication does the mutual constitution of agents and structure have?
Change is possible.
What role does national identity play in Constructivism?
It involves constructions of others.
What is the significance of ideas in Constructivism?
Ideas matter significantly in shaping social and political realities.
What is AUKUS?
A trilateral security pact between Australia, the UK, and the US.
What organization provided global nuclear weapon inventories in January 2022?
SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute).
What is the significance of the term 'Anglosphere' in the context of AUKUS?
It refers to the shared cultural and historical ties among English-speaking nations.
What existing alliances does AUKUS extend?
ANZUS and Five Eyes.
What responsibility do 'Anglosphere allies' claim to take?
Responsibility for defending liberty.
Why were Australia, the UK, and the US chosen for AUKUS?
Due to their deep roots in Anglo-American strategic alliances and imperial legacies.
What does Farage mean by 'Our best friends in the world speak English'?
It highlights the belief that English-speaking nations are the most reliable allies.
Why do states perceive some states as friends and others as enemies?
Perceptions are shaped by historical, cultural, and political contexts.
Do identity and culture play a role in International Relations?
Yes, they significantly influence state behavior and perceptions.
What is considered the number one nuclear threat today?
North Korean nuclear weapons.
What is a key constructivist perspective on nuclear threats?
The perception that 'the British are friends and the North Koreans are not' (Wendt 1995).
What is meant by the 'constructivist turn'?
A shift in international relations theory focusing on the role of social constructs.
How does the number of nuclear weapons affect perceived threat according to constructivists?
500 British nuclear weapons are seen as less threatening to the U.S. than 5 North Korean nuclear weapons.
How do realists and liberals view nuclear threats?
Realists focus on power dynamics, while liberals emphasize cooperation and institutions.
Is constructivism a criticism or an alternative to Realism and Liberalism?
Constructivism can be seen as both a criticism and a radical alternative.
Are there norms that states follow in international relations?
Yes, states often abide by established norms and rules.
What are the core assumptions of constructivism?
Constructivism assumes that international relations are shaped by social structures, identities, and norms.
What historical event prompted the development of Constructivism?
The end of the Cold War and subsequent developments.
What are some disagreements among constructivists?
Disagreements may arise over the importance of material versus social factors and the role of agency in shaping international relations.
Which theorists are associated with the structure-agency debates in Constructivism?
Foucault, Derrida, and Giddens.
What is the difference between material/brute facts and social/relational facts?
Material/brute facts are objective, while social/relational facts are constructed through social interaction.
How are state and national interests viewed in constructivism?
They are not explicit or fixed but perceived and constructed.
What is an example of a significant idea in Constructivism?
Gorbachev’s ‘New Thinking’ and the end of the Cold War.
