What type of symmetry do ctenophores exhibit?
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Radial symmetry.
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What type of symmetry do ctenophores exhibit?
Radial symmetry.
What type of symmetry do cnidarians exhibit?
Radial symmetry.
What is the level of organization in flatworms?
Organ level of organization.
What reproductive strategy do most animals in the Animal Kingdom exhibit?
They are usually dioecious and oviparous with indirect development.
What is a radula?
A feeding structure found in Mollusca.
What level of organization do sponges exhibit?
Cellular level of organization, with cells arranged as loose cell aggregates.
What is a unique characteristic of mammals?
The presence of mammary glands that produce milk.
How many chambers does a reptile's heart usually have?
Three chambers, but four chambers in crocodiles.
Name three examples of birds.
Crow (Corvus), Pigeon (Columba), Parrot (Psittacula).
In what types of habitats can mammals be found?
Polar ice caps, deserts, mountains, forests, grasslands, and dark caves.
What level of organization do cnidarians exhibit?
Tissue level of organization.
What are choanocytes?
Cells found in Porifera.
What is the difference between polyp and medusa forms?
Polyp is sessile and cylindrical, while medusa is umbrella-shaped and free-swimming.
What is radial symmetry?
When any plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into two identical halves.
How do birds maintain their body temperature?
They are warm-blooded (homoiothermous) animals.
Why is classification important in the Animal Kingdom?
It helps in assigning a systematic position to newly described species and organizes the diversity of over a million species.
Which animal group is characterized by scales?
Reptilia.
What are the reproductive characteristics of cartilaginous fish?
They have internal fertilization and many are viviparous.
What percentage of all named species on Earth are arthropods?
Over two-thirds.
What is the typical heart structure of bony fishes?
Two-chambered (one auricle and one ventricle).
What are the three main body segments of arthropods?
Head, thorax, and abdomen.
What are gill slits associated with?
They are found in Cyclostomata and Chondrichthyes.
What is metagenesis in cnidarians?
The alternation of generations where polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form polyps sexually.
What is the symmetry and germ layer organization of Aschelminthes?
Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and pseudocoelomate.
What is the second largest animal phylum?
Phylum Mollusca.
What are some examples of cnidarians?
Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia (Sea-fan), and Meandrina (Brain coral).
What does the class name 'Reptilia' refer to?
Their creeping or crawling mode of locomotion.
What is the largest phylum of Animalia?
Phylum Arthropoda.
What adaptations do mammals have for movement?
Two pairs of limbs adapted for walking, running, climbing, burrowing, swimming, or flying.
What type of symmetry do adult echinoderms exhibit?
Radial symmetry.
What are the three subphyla of Phylum Chordata?
Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
How do ctenophores locomote?
Using eight external rows of ciliated comb plates.
What is a key feature of amphibians?
They can live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
What type of respiration do birds use?
They have lungs supplemented by air sacs.
How do birds reproduce?
They have separate sexes, internal fertilization, and are oviparous with direct development.
What type of heart do cartilaginous fish have?
Two-chambered (one auricle and one ventricle).
Which animals exhibit organ level of organization?
Members of Platyhelminthes and other higher phyla.
What is a distinctive feature of animals in the Phylum Echinodermata?
They have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles.
What are hairs associated with in the animal kingdom?
They can be found in Mammalia.
What are the two types of circulatory systems?
Open type and closed type.
What are the characteristic features of Aves (birds)?
Presence of feathers, beak, and modified forelimbs into wings.
What type of skin do reptiles have?
Dry and cornified skin covered by epidermal scales or scutes.
What is the organ system level of organization?
A pattern where organs are associated to form functional systems, each concerned with a specific physiological function.
What type of thermoregulation do reptiles exhibit?
They are poikilotherms.
What are the key characteristics of Phylum Chordata?
Hollow nerve cord, paired pharyngeal gill slits, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate with organ-system level of organization.
What type of organization do Porifera exhibit?
Cellular level of organization.
What is the digestive system structure of echinoderms?
Complete, with mouth on the lower side and anus on the upper side.
What type of circulatory system do arthropods possess?
Open type.
What are members of the phylum Porifera commonly known as?
Sponges.
What type of heart do amphibians have?
Three-chambered (two auricles and one ventricle).
What additional chambers are present in the digestive tract of birds?
The crop and gizzard.
What level of organization do sponges have?
Cellular level of organization.
What is a notable feature of the class Chondrichthyes?
They have a cartilaginous endoskeleton.
What are parapodia associated with?
They are structures found in Annelida.
What are comb plates used for?
They are found in Ctenophora.
What is the significance of the organ level of organization?
Tissues are grouped together to form organs, each specialized for a particular function.
What is the reproductive method of reptiles?
They are oviparous with internal fertilization.
How are animals categorized based on symmetry?
Animals can be asymmetrical, radially symmetrical, or bilaterally symmetrical.
What type of body organization do Aschelminthes exhibit?
Organ-system level of body organization.
What type of symmetry do platyhelminths exhibit?
Bilateral symmetry.
What type of symmetry do sponges generally exhibit?
Mostly asymmetrical.
How do Aschelminthes excrete waste?
Through an excretory tube that removes waste via an excretory pore.
How do mammals respire?
By lungs.
What is the reproductive method of amphibians?
External fertilization and they are oviparous.
What is a pseudocoelom?
A body cavity not lined by mesoderm, with mesoderm present as scattered pouches.
How does water enter and exit the sponge's body?
Water enters through ostia and exits through the osculum.
What is the function of an operculum?
It is a structure found in Mollusca.
What level of organization is found in coelenterates?
Tissue level of organization, where cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues.
What are ctenophores commonly known as?
Sea walnuts or comb jellies.
What distinguishes the Class Osteichthyes?
It includes both marine and freshwater fishes with a bony endoskeleton.
What type of body covering do arthropods have?
Chitinous exoskeleton.
How do bony fishes regulate buoyancy?
Through an air bladder.
What type of skeleton do birds have?
Fully ossified (bony) endoskeleton with hollow long bones.
What is the function of malpighian tubules in arthropods?
Excretion.
What additional features do vertebrates have compared to other chordates?
A ventral muscular heart with two, three, or four chambers, kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation, and paired appendages (fins or limbs).
What is the circulation type in Cyclostomes?
Closed type.
What type of body covering do molluscs have?
Calcareous shell.
What type of body do molluscs have?
A soft body surrounded by an external calcareous shell.
What is the significance of the post-anal tail in chordates?
It is a characteristic feature present in chordates but absent in non-chordates.
How do parasitic flatworms absorb nutrients?
Directly through their body surface.
What distinguishes the mammal's ear structure?
Presence of external ears or pinnae.
What type of digestion occurs in sponges?
Intracellular digestion.
What is a notochord?
A mesodermally derived rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development.
What are the fundamental features used for animal classification?
Arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, and patterns of digestive, circulatory, or reproductive systems.
What are cnidoblasts or cnidocytes?
Cells that contain stinging capsules called nematocysts, present on the tentacles and body of cnidarians.
What type of digestive system do Platyhelminthes have?
An incomplete digestive system with a single opening serving as both mouth and anus.
What are the two basic body forms of cnidarians?
Polyp and medusa.
What is the body shape of Aschelminthes?
Circular in cross-section, hence called roundworms.
What type of mouth do Cyclostomes possess?
A sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
What unique feature do mammals possess?
Hair.
What is the skeleton composition of some cnidarians like corals?
Calcium carbonate.
What is the main characteristic that defines animals in the Phylum Chordata?
The presence of a notochord.
What is mesoglea?
An undifferentiated layer present between the ectoderm and endoderm in diploblastic animals.
What is the common chamber for the alimentary canal, urinary, and reproductive tracts in amphibians called?
Cloaca.
What type of body shape do Chondrichthyes have?
Streamlined body.
What cells line the spongocoel and canals in sponges?
Choanocytes or collar cells.
What are the two superclasses under Gnathostomata?
Pisces and Tetrapoda.
What type of circulatory system do Annelida possess?
A closed circulatory system.
What is the developmental process of mammals?
Direct development.
What is viviparity?
A reproductive method where animals give birth to live young.
What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
Intracellular digestion occurs within cells, while extracellular digestion occurs outside cells in a digestive cavity.
Why do arthropods constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom?
Due to their diverse adaptations, exoskeleton, and ability to occupy various ecological niches.
What are the basic fundamental features used to classify the animal kingdom?
Level of organization, symmetry, cell organization, coelom, segmentation, notochord, etc.
What type of body cavity do cnidarians have?
A central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening.
What level of organization do ctenophores have?
Tissue level of organization.
How many pairs of gill slits do Cyclostomes have?
6-15 pairs.
What system is unique to echinoderms that aids in locomotion and food transport?
Water vascular system.
Which group includes Osteichthyes?
Bony fish.
What is a notable feature of ctenophores related to light?
Bioluminescence.
What is a coelom?
A body cavity lined by mesoderm.
What is a distinctive feature of arthropods?
The presence of jointed appendages.
Where do Cyclostomes migrate for spawning?
To fresh water.
How does the heart structure differ between chordates and non-chordates?
In chordates, the heart is ventral; in non-chordates, it is dorsal (if present).
What are some examples of Aschelminthes?
Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm).
What specialized cells do flatworms use for osmoregulation?
Flame cells.
What supports the body of sponges?
A skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibers.
Give an example of an oviparous mammal.
Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).
What type of fertilization occurs in sponges?
Internal fertilization.
What type of coelom do mammals possess?
Coelomate.
In which group is segmentation first observed?
Annelida.
What are the living members of the class Cyclostomata primarily known for?
They are ectoparasites on some fishes.
What are the characteristic cells found in Porifera?
Flagellated choanocytes.
What is the difference in the notochord between Urochordata and Cephalochordata?
In Urochordata, the notochord is present only in the larval tail, while in Cephalochordata, it extends from head to tail and is persistent throughout life.
What type of digestion occurs in ctenophores?
Both extracellular and intracellular digestion.
What is the type of skeleton found in Cyclostomes?
Cartilaginous cranium and vertebral column.
What type of heart do mammals have?
Four-chambered heart.
How do amphibians breathe?
Through gills, lungs, and skin.
What type of symmetry do hemichordates exhibit?
Bilateral symmetry.
What type of symmetry do flatworms exhibit?
Bilateral symmetry.
What is the function of the radula in molluscs?
Feeding.
What are the characteristics of reptiles?
They have dry and cornified skin and limbs are absent in snakes.
What are acoelomates?
Animals that lack a body cavity.
What is the function of the powerful jaws in Chondrichthyes?
They are predaceous.
What are some examples of Annelida?
Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm), Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech).
What are non-chordates?
Animals that do not form a notochord, such as porifera to echinoderms.
What type of circulatory system do mammals have?
Present circulatory system.
What features do coelenterates possess?
Tentacles and cnidoblasts.
What is a defining feature of Vertebrata?
They possess a notochord during the embryonic period, which is replaced by a vertebral column in adults.
What type of symmetry do annelids and arthropods exhibit?
Bilateral symmetry.
What is the central nervous system structure in chordates?
Dorsal, solid, hollow, and single.
How do echinoderms reproduce?
Sexual reproduction with usually external fertilization.
What are animals with a pseudocoelom called?
Pseudocoelomates.
What distinguishes Aves from other animal groups?
Aves are warm-blooded with feathers and forelimbs modified into wings.
Which flatworm is known for its high regeneration capacity?
Planaria.
Name a viviparous mammal.
Macropus (Kangaroo).
What type of symmetry is present in most mammals?
Bilateral symmetry.
What respiratory system do mammals possess?
Present respiratory system.
What type of circulatory system do hemichordates possess?
Open type.
What defines diploblastic animals?
Animals with cells arranged in two embryonic layers: ectoderm and endoderm.
What is the reproductive strategy of Aschelminthes?
Sexes are separate (dioecious) with internal fertilization.
What is the name of the central cavity in sponges?
Spongocoel.
What is the most distinctive feature of echinoderms?
The presence of a water vascular system.
What type of body organization do Annelida exhibit?
Organ-system level of body organization.
What type of teeth do mammals have?
Different types of teeth in the jaw.
How do flatworms reproduce?
Through internal fertilization and many larval stages.
What is metamerism?
The external and internal division of the body into segments with serial repetition of organs.
Why do Chondrichthyes need to swim constantly?
Due to the absence of an air bladder, to avoid sinking.
What is the level of organization in the animal kingdom?
Various levels including cellular, tissue, organ, and organ-system.
What type of digestive system do mammals have?
Complete digestive system.
Can the number of eggs or young produced by an oviparous and viviparous mother be equal? Why?
No, typically viviparous mothers produce fewer young due to the energy required for gestation.
What distinguishes annelids from other phyla?
They are metamerically segmented animals with a true coelom.
What type of body do flatworms have?
Dorso-ventrally flattened body.
What are animals possessing a coelom called?
Coelomates.
What is the reproductive method of mammals?
Viviparous with few exceptions.
What is the fertilization process in mammals?
Internal fertilization.
What adaptations do amphibians have?
They have adapted to live both on land and water.
What is the significance of the study of body cavity and coelom in animal classification?
It helps in understanding the evolutionary relationships and structural organization of animals.
What is the difference between direct and indirect development?
Direct development involves a young organism resembling the adult, while indirect development includes larval stages.
What is the space between the mantle and the visceral hump in molluscs called?
Mantle cavity.
What is the location of the mouth in Chondrichthyes?
Ventrally located.
What type of scales do Chondrichthyes have?
Minute placoid scales.
What type of skeleton do Chondrichthyes have?
Cartilaginous endoskeleton.
Are sponges hermaphroditic?
Yes, they produce both eggs and sperms.
What are animals with a notochord called?
Chordates.
Justify the statement: 'All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.'
Chordates include both vertebrates and invertebrates, while vertebrates are a subgroup of chordates with a backbone.
What is the structure in hemichordates that is similar to a notochord?
Stomochord.
What is a defining characteristic of phylum Chordata?
Possession of a notochord either throughout or during early embryonic life.
What is the body structure of Annelida?
Metamerically segmented and coelomate.
What are the unique features of mammals?
Presence of mammary glands and hairs on the skin, commonly exhibiting viviparity.
What is the importance of the air bladder in Pisces?
It helps in buoyancy control and maintaining depth in water.
What modifications in birds help them fly?
Hollow bones, feathers, and a keeled sternum for muscle attachment.
What type of blood temperature regulation do fishes, amphibians, and reptiles exhibit?
They are poikilothermous (cold-blooded).
What defines triploblastic animals?
The presence of a third germinal layer, mesoderm, between ectoderm and endoderm.
What is the reproductive strategy of Annelida?
Sexual reproduction; dioecious in some (like Nereis) and monoecious in others (like earthworms and leeches).
How do sponges reproduce asexually?
By fragmentation.
What is unique about the development of sponges?
It is indirect and has a larval stage distinct from the adult.
Which group has a water vascular system?
Echinodermata.
What are the peculiar features of parasitic platyhelminthes?
They have adaptations for parasitism, such as hooks and suckers for attachment.
