What muscle tightness is associated with a downward rotated scapula?
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Tightness on the pectoralis minor and levator scapulae muscles is often associated with a downward rotated scapula.
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What muscle tightness is associated with a downward rotated scapula?
Tightness on the pectoralis minor and levator scapulae muscles is often associated with a downward rotated scapula.
How is shoulder flexion measured?
Shoulder flexion is measured by raising the arm straight up to 180 degrees from a neutral position.
What is the significance of measuring shoulder extension?
Measuring shoulder extension helps assess the functional range of motion, which is crucial for activities that require reaching behind the body.
What are the muscles involved in the muscle length test?
The muscles involved in the muscle length test are:
What is assessed when evaluating the upper fibers of the pectoralis major muscle?
The therapist palpates the upper fibers of the pectoralis major muscle while the patient is lying supine with their right arm flexed at the elbow and forearm pointing upward.
What indicates a positive test during the assessment of the pectoralis major muscle?
Asymmetry in the distance of the olecranon process from the table is considered a positive test.
How is the lower fiber of the pectoralis major muscle assessed?
The therapist holds a ruler next to the patient's shoulder and chest while the patient is lying supine on a treatment table.
What is the general assessment position for the pectoralis major muscle?
The patient lies supine with hands resting under their head, elbows bent and spread out wide to assess general muscle function.
What position should the athlete be in for the Pectoralis Minor assessment?
The athlete should lie supine with their arms by their side and palms facing down.
What does the therapist measure during the Pectoralis Minor assessment?
The therapist measures the distance of the acromion process from the table.
What indicates a positive test in the Pectoralis Minor assessment?
Asymmetry in the distance of the acromion process from the table is considered a positive test.
What indicates a positive test for the latissimus dorsi during shoulder flexion assessment?
A positive test is indicated if the athlete is unable to achieve 180 degrees of shoulder flexion.
What is the relationship between round shoulders and muscle tightness?
Round shoulders are associated with tightness in the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, which can lead to a forward head posture and upper back discomfort.
What muscle tightness is associated with a flexed elbow posture?
A flexed elbow posture is often linked to tightness in the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, which can restrict full extension of the elbow joint.
What is the relationship between insufficient shoulder flexion and muscle tightness?
Insufficient shoulder flexion is associated with tightness in the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, which can restrict the range of motion and lead to postural issues.
How does insufficient internal rotation affect muscle tightness?
Insufficient internal rotation is linked to tightness in the subscapularis and latissimus dorsi muscles, potentially leading to compensatory movements and further postural imbalances.
What is the normal range of motion for shoulder flexion and extension?
What muscle tightness is associated with an elevated shoulder and forward head posture?
Tightness on the upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and levator scapulae muscles is commonly associated with an elevated shoulder and forward head posture.
What are the sections of the pectoralis major muscle?
| Section | Anatomical location / Origin |
|---|---|
| Clavicular section | Originates from the medial clavicle |
| Sternal section | Originates from the sternum and costal cartilages |
| Costal section | Originates from the upper ribs (costal cartilages) |
| Abdominal fibers | Arise from the aponeurosis of the external oblique (abdominal region) |
What are the primary muscles involved in shoulder external rotation?
The primary muscles involved in shoulder external rotation are the Infraspinatus and Teres Minor.
Which muscles make up the Triceps Brachii and what are their specific heads?
| Head | Origin | Primary function |
|---|---|---|
| Long head | Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula | Shoulder extension and elbow extension |
| Lateral head | Posterior humerus (superior to radial groove) | Elbow extension |
| Medial head | Posterior humerus (inferior to radial groove) | Elbow extension and stabilization |
What is the role of the Latissimus Dorsi in upper limb movement?
The Latissimus Dorsi plays a crucial role in shoulder adduction, extension, and internal rotation.
What bones are associated with the muscles of the upper limb mentioned?
The bones associated with the upper limb muscles mentioned are the Radius and Ulna.
What are the two heads of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle?
The two heads of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle are the sternal head and the clavicular head.
Which muscles are included in the scalene group?
| Muscle | Relative position | Primary action |
|---|---|---|
| Anterior scalene | Anterior-most scalene | Elevates the 1st rib; assists with neck flexion and lateral flexion |
| Middle scalene | Middle, lateral to anterior scalene | Elevates the 1st rib; assists with lateral neck flexion |
| Posterior scalene | Posterior-most scalene | Elevates the 2nd rib; assists with lateral neck flexion |
What is the function of the Trapezius muscle?
The Trapezius muscle is responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula and extending the neck.
What structures are associated with the thoracic outlet?
The thoracic outlet is associated with the brachial nerve plexus and the subclavian artery and subclavian vein.
What is the significance of the median nerve in the context of forearm and hand muscles?
The median nerve is crucial as it innervates several muscles in the forearm and hand, particularly those involved in flexion and fine motor control of the fingers. Its proper function is essential for hand dexterity and grip strength.
What are the primary muscles involved in supine lying?
| Muscle | Primary role |
|---|---|
| Pectoralis major | Shoulder adduction and internal rotation, assists in upper limb positioning |
| Pectoralis minor | Scapular protraction and depression, stabilizes anterior chest wall |
| Deltoid | Shoulder abduction and overall positioning of the arm |
| Serratus anterior | Scapular protraction and stabilization against the thoracic wall |
| Subclavius | Stabilizes the clavicle and sternoclavicular joint |
| Biceps brachii | Elbow flexion and forearm supination; assists in shoulder flexion |
| Coracobrachialis | Assists shoulder flexion and adduction |
| Triceps brachii | Elbow extension and contributes to shoulder stability |
| Forearm muscles | Control wrist and finger movements (flexion/extension) |
| Hand muscles | Intrinsic hand movements, grip and fine motor control |
What muscles are involved in the prone lying position?
| Region | Muscle | Primary role |
|---|---|---|
| Upper back | Trapezius (upper) | Elevation of scapula; assists cervical extension |
| Mid back | Trapezius (middle) | Scapular retraction and stabilization |
| Lower back | Trapezius (lower) | Scapular depression and upward rotation |
| Neck/shoulder | Levator scapulae | Elevates scapula; assists neck movements |
| Scapular stabilizers | Rhomboids | Scapular retraction and medial stabilization |
| Rotator cuff | Supraspinatus | Initiates shoulder abduction; stabilizes glenohumeral joint |
| Rotator cuff | Infraspinatus | External rotation and posterior stabilization |
| Posterior cuff | Teres major/minor | Teres major: assists adduction/internal rotation; Teres minor: external rotation |
| Rotator cuff | Subscapularis | Internal rotation and anterior stabilization |
| Shoulder | Deltoids | Arm abduction and positioning |
| Upper limb | Triceps | Elbow extension and posterior support |
| Joint | Shoulder joint capsule | Passive stability of the glenohumeral joint |
What are the key muscles involved in shoulder joint stability during side lying?
| Muscle | Primary stabilizing action |
|---|---|
| Latissimus dorsi | Contributes to shoulder adduction/extension and supports humeral control during load |
| Rhomboids | Retract and stabilize the scapula against the thoracic wall |
| Subscapularis | Rotator cuff: provides internal rotation and anterior stabilization of the glenohumeral joint |
| Shoulder joint capsule | Provides passive stability by enclosing the joint and limiting excessive motion |
What movements are included in AROM measurement for the elbow and hand?
| Movement | Joint / Action |
|---|---|
| Elbow flexion | Elbow — bending the forearm toward the arm |
| Elbow extension | Elbow — straightening the forearm |
| Hand behind back | Combined shoulder/shoulder-girdle and elbow functional reach (assesses shoulder extension/internal rotation and scapular motion) |
| Hand behind neck | Combined shoulder and elbow movement (assesses shoulder flexion/abduction and elbow flexion) |
What are the key movements assessed in AROM measurement for the shoulder?
| Movement | Plane / Action |
|---|---|
| Shoulder flexion | Sagittal — raising the arm forward/up (toward 180°) |
| Shoulder extension | Sagittal — moving the arm backward (behind the body) |
| Shoulder abduction | Frontal — moving the arm away from the midline |
| Shoulder adduction | Frontal — moving the arm toward the midline |
| Shoulder horizontal abduction | Transverse — moving the arm horizontally backward |
| Shoulder horizontal adduction | Transverse — moving the arm horizontally forward/across the chest |
| Shoulder internal rotation | Transverse — rotating the arm toward the body |
| Shoulder external rotation | Transverse — rotating the arm away from the body |
