Individual vertebrae articulate with each other in joints between their bodies and between their articular processes.
Costal facets, superior and inferior costal demifacets, and transverse processes.
Mammillary processes and accessory processes.
On the sides of the vertebral body and on the transverse processes.
Facet joints.
The small, triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column, commonly known as the tailbone.
An upward projection called the dens, which allows rotation.
They articulate with the heads of the ribs.
A continuation of the vertebral canal that runs through the sacrum.
Spinous processes of T1 and T2 thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae.
It allows visualization of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae.
X-rays.
1st Group: levator costarum; 2nd Group: Intertransversaris, Interspinalis
A large, ear-shaped surface on the lateral aspect of the sacrum that articulates with the ilium of the pelvis.
To extend the spine.
There are 4 coccygeal vertebrae, labeled Co1 to Co4.
Distal attachment and Proximal attachment.
Transverse process
Lamina
Thoracic and sacral curvatures.
Isometric contraction is when the length of the muscle does not change but the muscle is tensed.
Muscle tone is the resting tension in a skeletal muscle.
An antagonist muscle's actions oppose those of the agonist.
Splenius capitis
Axial skeleton.
The vertebral column articulates with the head, ribs, and iliac bones.
T1, T3, and T12.
Intertransversaris and Interspinalis
Openings in the sacrum that allow for the passage of nerves and blood vessels; they are present on both the anterior and posterior surfaces.
There are 7 cervical vertebrae, labeled C1 to C7.
Aponeuroses.
Body
Vertebral foramen
By their shape and size, such as pectoralis major.
Cervical and lumbar curvatures.
Isotonic contraction is when the muscle changes length and the body part moves.
Endomysium.
Epimysium.
Levator scapulae
Semispinalis thoracis
Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 - T2.
Pulls lower ribs inferiorly.
C7.
Rectus abdominis, psoas major, and gravity.
Rotatores, multifidus, iliocostalis, longissimus, and external oblique acting synchronously with the opposite internal oblique.
AP (Anteroposterior) and Lateral views.
levator costarum
The anterior projecting edge of the base of the sacrum.
26 bones, including 24 individual vertebrae and the fused vertebrae that form both the sacrum and coccyx.
The lower cervical vertebrae (C3 to C7).
Transverse processes of C1 to C3.
Intervertebral foramen
It innervates the muscles of the suboccipital triangle.
The Rectus capitis posterior major.
Perimysium.
Multifidus (lumbar portion)
Axial skeleton.
Thoracodorsal Nerve.
Elevates ribs.
Atlas (C1)
Transverse foramen
Latissimus dorsi.
At the lower end of the spine, above the intergluteal cleft.
The intermediate layer includes the erector spinae muscles: iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis.
Rotatores.
Four groups, total eleven muscles
A cavity within a bone.
To allow rotation.
They contain costal facets for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs.
It articulates with the inferior articulating processes of the last lumbar vertebra.
Posterior rami of lower cervical spinal nerves.
A fibrous, cordlike tendon.
Mastoid process and skull below the superior nuchal line.
The vertebral artery.
During concentric contraction, the muscle actively shortens.
It surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber.
Upper and lower limbs, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle.
CNXI (Cranial Nerve XI).
Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Levator scapulae.
C7 vertebral spinous process.
Along the inner edge of the scapula.
Erector spinae, multifidus, and semispinalis thoracis.
They are primarily responsible for the extension of the back.
The superficial layer includes the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles.
Multifidus.
Deep back muscles
A projection situated above a condyle.
A relatively deep pit or depression.
Massive, kidney-shaped.
Thoracic vertebral body, Neuroforamen, Intervertebral disk space, Vertebral endplate, Pedicle, and Rib.
Disc thickness.
Spinalis (most medial), Longissimus, Iliocostalis (most lateral).
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae, labeled L1 to L5.
2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae.
Posterior rami of middle cervical spinal nerves.
Superior and inferior articulating processes and facets
By the first year of life.
During eccentric contraction, the muscle actively lengthens.
An agonist muscle is the prime mover.
Appendicular skeleton.
Dorsal scapular Nerve.
Spinous processes of T11 - L2.
Axis (C2)
Rhomboid.
Iliocostalis thoracis and lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidus, external and internal oblique, and quadratus lumborum.
Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior.
The erector spinae muscles function to extend and laterally flex the vertebral column.
To extend the vertebral column.
Erector spinae (3 muscles)
A thornlike projection.
A relatively large process.
A flat, rounded body anteriorly and centrally, a spinous process posteriorly, and two transverse processes laterally.
Pedicle, Clavicle, Disk space, Rib, Spinous processes, and Transverse process.
T12, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2.
From a broad, thick tendon attached to the sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, and iliac crest.
There are 5 sacral vertebrae, labeled S1 to S5.
Ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7 to T4.
Vertebral arch
At 3-4 months of age.
An excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunchback.
Atrophy is the decrease in muscle size, tone, and power.
Multifidus (cervical portion)
Quadratus lumborum
Dorsal scapular Nerve.
Anterior rami (T2 - T5).
It is located on the upper part of the scapula.
Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation.
It is located at the top of the iliac bone in the pelvis.
It is located at the very bottom of the spine.
The deep layer includes the transversospinalis group: semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores.
Posterior rami of spinal nerves.
Spinotransversales (2 muscles)
A small, nearly flat surface.
A tiny pit or depression.
Scottie dog appearance.
The wing-like lateral extensions of the sacrum.
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae, labeled T1 to T12.
Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis.
Superior attachment and Inferior attachment.
Posterior rami of middle cervical spinal nerves.
Rectus capitis posterior major, Obliquus capitis superior, and Obliquus capitis inferior.
The Obliquus capitis inferior.
An excessive inward curvature of the spine, causing swayback.
Blood supply and nerves.
Two parts: Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton.
Semispinalis thoracis
Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior.
Lower 3 - 4 ribs.
Nuchal groove.
T7 vertebral spinous process.
Erector spinae.
It is located near the lower back, above the buttocks.
The transversospinalis group (semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores) is responsible for the fine-tuning of vertebral movements.
Transversospinales muscles (3 muscles) and Segmental muscles (3 muscles)
A soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones.
An enlargement on the end of a bone.
The median sacral crest is a ridge formed by the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae.
Insertion (movable) and Origin (stationary).
Spinous process
By their attachments, such as sternocleidomastoid.
The suboccipital nerve (C1).
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Myofilaments, Myofibril, Muscle Fiber (aka Muscle cell), Fascicle, Muscle.
A synergist muscle assists the agonist in performing its action.
Skull, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column, Thoracic cage.
Appendicular skeleton.
Five.
It is located in the upper cervical region of the spine.
Vertebra prominens (C7)
Posterior median furrow.
Dimples on the lower back.
The intrinsic back muscles are responsible for maintaining posture and controlling movements of the vertebral column.
Semispinalis, Multifidus, and Rotatores.
Five
A narrow, ridge-like projection.
A knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle.
The sacral horn is a bony projection on the sacrum.
Spinous processes of T3 to T6.
Pedicle
Late in fetal development.
The Obliquus capitis superior.
Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle fiber size.
The deep fascia lies external to the epimysium.
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis muscles
Quadratus lumborum
Upper ribs 2 - 5.
Anterior rami (T9 - T12).
It is located in the upper thoracic region of the spine.
It is located in the lower thoracic region of the spine.
It is located in the sacral region of the spine.
The three groups of intrinsic back muscles are the superficial layer, intermediate layer, and deep layer.
Semispinalis.
Two
A prominent projection on a bone.
An interlocking line of union between bones.
The coccyx, also known as the tailbone, is the terminal portion of the vertebral column.
Dorsal scapular Nerve.
It is located at the back of the skull.
It is located at the lower tip of the scapula.
Bifid spinous process
It is located in the lower lumbar region of the spine.
Intergluteal cleft.
The multifidus muscles are located along the vertebral column, spanning from the sacrum to the cervical spine.
Superficial, Intermediate, Deep
A rounded process that articulates with another bone.
A furrow or groove.
A small knoblike process.
It assists in the extension, lateral bending, and rotation of the back.
The primary action of the rotatores muscles is to stabilize and rotate the vertebrae.
Extrinsic back muscles and Intrinsic back muscles
An opening through a bone that usually is a passageway for blood vessels.
A tubelike passageway within a bone.
