How do individual vertebrae articulate with each other?
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Individual vertebrae articulate with each other in joints between their bodies and between their articular processes.
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How do individual vertebrae articulate with each other?
Individual vertebrae articulate with each other in joints between their bodies and between their articular processes.
What are the key features to identify in thoracic vertebrae?
Costal facets, superior and inferior costal demifacets, and transverse processes.
What are the two specific processes that can be identified in lumbar vertebrae?
Mammillary processes and accessory processes.
Where are the costal facets located on thoracic vertebrae?
On the sides of the vertebral body and on the transverse processes.
Which joints are visible in the AP and lateral views of a lumbar X-ray?
Facet joints.
What is the coccyx?
The small, triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column, commonly known as the tailbone.
What unique feature does the second cervical vertebra have?
An upward projection called the dens, which allows rotation.
What is the function of the superior and inferior costal demifacets on thoracic vertebrae?
They articulate with the heads of the ribs.
What is the sacral canal?
A continuation of the vertebral canal that runs through the sacrum.
Where do the Erector Spinae muscles insert?
Spinous processes of T1 and T2 thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae.
What is the significance of the AP Open Mouth view in cervical spine X-rays?
It allows visualization of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) vertebrae.
What type of imaging is shown in the provided image?
X-rays.
What are the two groups of segmental muscles in the deep layer of intrinsic muscles?
1st Group: levator costarum; 2nd Group: Intertransversaris, Interspinalis
What is the auricular process of the sacrum?
A large, ear-shaped surface on the lateral aspect of the sacrum that articulates with the ilium of the pelvis.
What is the primary action of the Erector Spinae muscles?
To extend the spine.
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there and what are they labeled?
There are 4 coccygeal vertebrae, labeled Co1 to Co4.
What are the newer terms for muscle action in the appendicular skeleton?
Distal attachment and Proximal attachment.
What are the lateral projections on a typical vertebra called?
Transverse process
What are the flat plates that form the posterior part of the vertebral arch?
Lamina
What are the primary spinal curvatures?
Thoracic and sacral curvatures.
What is isometric contraction?
Isometric contraction is when the length of the muscle does not change but the muscle is tensed.
What is muscle tone?
Muscle tone is the resting tension in a skeletal muscle.
What is an antagonist muscle?
An antagonist muscle's actions oppose those of the agonist.
Which muscle is located near the third cervical vertebra?
Splenius capitis
Which part of the skeletal system includes the vertebral column?
Axial skeleton.
With which structures does the vertebral column articulate?
The vertebral column articulates with the head, ribs, and iliac bones.
Which vertebrae are labeled in the X-rays?
T1, T3, and T12.
Which muscles belong to the 2nd group of segmental muscles in the deep layer of intrinsic muscles?
Intertransversaris and Interspinalis
What are the sacral foramina?
Openings in the sacrum that allow for the passage of nerves and blood vessels; they are present on both the anterior and posterior surfaces.
How many cervical vertebrae are there and what are they labeled?
There are 7 cervical vertebrae, labeled C1 to C7.
What are tendons that form thick, flattened sheets called?
Aponeuroses.
What is the main weight-bearing part of a typical vertebra?
Body
What is the large opening in the center of a typical vertebra called?
Vertebral foramen
How can muscles be named based on their shape and size?
By their shape and size, such as pectoralis major.
What are the secondary spinal curvatures?
Cervical and lumbar curvatures.
What is isotonic contraction?
Isotonic contraction is when the muscle changes length and the body part moves.
What is the innermost connective tissue in skeletal muscles?
Endomysium.
What connective tissue surrounds the whole skeletal muscle?
Epimysium.
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the scapula?
Levator scapulae
Which muscle is found in the thoracic region of the back?
Semispinalis thoracis
What is the origin of the Serratus posterior superior muscle?
Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 - T2.
What action does the Serratus posterior inferior muscle perform?
Pulls lower ribs inferiorly.
Which vertebra's spinous process is known as the vertebra prominens?
C7.
Which muscles are involved in the flexion of the back?
Rectus abdominis, psoas major, and gravity.
Which muscles are involved in the rotation of the back?
Rotatores, multifidus, iliocostalis, longissimus, and external oblique acting synchronously with the opposite internal oblique.
What views are shown in the X-rays?
AP (Anteroposterior) and Lateral views.
Which muscle belongs to the 1st group of segmental muscles in the deep layer of intrinsic muscles?
levator costarum
What is the sacral promontory?
The anterior projecting edge of the base of the sacrum.
How many bones are in the adult vertebral column?
26 bones, including 24 individual vertebrae and the fused vertebrae that form both the sacrum and coccyx.
What anatomical structures are typically examined in the AP Lower Cervical view?
The lower cervical vertebrae (C3 to C7).
Where does the Splenius cervicis muscle insert?
Transverse processes of C1 to C3.
What is the opening between adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerves exit?
Intervertebral foramen
What is the function of the suboccipital nerve (C1)?
It innervates the muscles of the suboccipital triangle.
Which muscle is located medially to the suboccipital triangle?
The Rectus capitis posterior major.
What connective tissue surrounds each fascicle?
Perimysium.
Which muscle is found at the lumbar portion of the back?
Multifidus (lumbar portion)
Which part of the skeletal system includes the skull?
Axial skeleton.
Which nerve innervates the Latissimus dorsi muscle?
Thoracodorsal Nerve.
What action does the Serratus posterior superior muscle perform?
Elevates ribs.
What is the first cervical vertebra called?
Atlas (C1)
What is the name of the foramen found in cervical vertebrae?
Transverse foramen
Which large muscle is located on the lower back and extends to the sides?
Latissimus dorsi.
Where is the posterior site of the sacrum located?
At the lower end of the spine, above the intergluteal cleft.
Which muscles are part of the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles?
The intermediate layer includes the erector spinae muscles: iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis.
Which muscle in the transversospinales group is the deepest?
Rotatores.
How many groups and total muscles are there in the intrinsic back muscles?
Four groups, total eleven muscles
What is a sinus in bone markings?
A cavity within a bone.
What is the function of the dens in the second cervical vertebra?
To allow rotation.
What is the significance of the transverse processes in thoracic vertebrae?
They contain costal facets for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs.
What is the function of the superior articulating process of the sacrum?
It articulates with the inferior articulating processes of the last lumbar vertebra.
What is the innervation of the Erector Spinae muscles?
Posterior rami of lower cervical spinal nerves.
What forms at the ends of a muscle when connective tissue layers merge?
A fibrous, cordlike tendon.
Where does the Splenius capitis muscle insert?
Mastoid process and skull below the superior nuchal line.
Which artery is located within the suboccipital triangle?
The vertebral artery.
What happens during concentric contraction?
During concentric contraction, the muscle actively shortens.
What is the function of the endomysium?
It surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber.
What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?
Upper and lower limbs, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle.
Which nerve innervates the Trapezius muscle?
CNXI (Cranial Nerve XI).
Name the five superficial extrinsic muscles.
Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Levator scapulae.
Which vertebral spinous process is located at the base of the neck?
C7 vertebral spinous process.
Where is the medial border of the scapula located?
Along the inner edge of the scapula.
Which muscles are responsible for the extension of the back?
Erector spinae, multifidus, and semispinalis thoracis.
What is the role of the erector spinae muscles?
They are primarily responsible for the extension of the back.
What muscles are included in the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles?
The superficial layer includes the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles.
Which muscle in the transversospinales group covers all the spine and is intermediate?
Multifidus.
What is another name for intrinsic back muscles?
Deep back muscles
What is an epicondyle?
A projection situated above a condyle.
What is a fossa?
A relatively deep pit or depression.
What is the shape of the vertebral body of lumbar vertebrae?
Massive, kidney-shaped.
What anatomical structures are labeled in the lateral view of the X-ray?
Thoracic vertebral body, Neuroforamen, Intervertebral disk space, Vertebral endplate, Pedicle, and Rib.
What is maintained in a normal lumbar X-ray?
Disc thickness.
What are the three vertical muscles of the Erector Spinae (Paraspinal Muscles)?
Spinalis (most medial), Longissimus, Iliocostalis (most lateral).
How many lumbar vertebrae are there and what are they labeled?
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae, labeled L1 to L5.
Which cervical vertebrae are visible in the lateral view X-ray?
2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae.
Which nerve innervates the Splenius capitis muscle?
Posterior rami of middle cervical spinal nerves.
What are the projections on a typical vertebra that articulate with adjacent vertebrae?
Superior and inferior articulating processes and facets
By when does the lumbar curvature develop?
By the first year of life.
What happens during eccentric contraction?
During eccentric contraction, the muscle actively lengthens.
What is an agonist muscle?
An agonist muscle is the prime mover.
Which part of the skeletal system includes the upper and lower limbs?
Appendicular skeleton.
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid minor muscle?
Dorsal scapular Nerve.
What is the origin of the Serratus posterior inferior muscle?
Spinous processes of T11 - L2.
What is the second cervical vertebra called?
Axis (C2)
Which muscle is located near the medial border of the scapula?
Rhomboid.
What muscles contribute to the lateral bending of the back?
Iliocostalis thoracis and lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidus, external and internal oblique, and quadratus lumborum.
Which muscles are located in the suboccipital region of the back?
Rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus capitis inferior.
What is the function of the erector spinae muscles?
The erector spinae muscles function to extend and laterally flex the vertebral column.
What is the primary action of the transversospinales muscles?
To extend the vertebral column.
Which group of intrinsic back muscles is intermediate?
Erector spinae (3 muscles)
What is a spine in bone markings?
A thornlike projection.
What is a trochanter?
A relatively large process.
What are the common features of all vertebrae except the first?
A flat, rounded body anteriorly and centrally, a spinous process posteriorly, and two transverse processes laterally.
What anatomical structures are labeled in the AP view of the X-ray?
Pedicle, Clavicle, Disk space, Rib, Spinous processes, and Transverse process.
Which vertebrae are labeled in the normal lumbar X-ray?
T12, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2.
Where do the Erector Spinae muscles originate?
From a broad, thick tendon attached to the sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, and iliac crest.
How many sacral vertebrae are there and what are they labeled?
There are 5 sacral vertebrae, labeled S1 to S5.
What is the origin of the Splenius capitis muscle?
Ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7 to T4.
What forms the posterior part of the vertebral foramen?
Vertebral arch
At what age does the cervical curvature develop?
At 3-4 months of age.
What is kyphosis?
An excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunchback.
What is atrophy?
Atrophy is the decrease in muscle size, tone, and power.
Which muscle is located at the cervical portion of the back?
Multifidus (cervical portion)
Which muscle is located between the ribs and the pelvis?
Quadratus lumborum
Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid major muscle?
Dorsal scapular Nerve.
What is the innervation of the Serratus posterior superior muscle?
Anterior rami (T2 - T5).
Where is the root of the spine of the scapula located?
It is located on the upper part of the scapula.
What are the primary movements facilitated by the skeletal muscles of the back?
Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation.
What is the location of the highest point of the iliac crest?
It is located at the top of the iliac bone in the pelvis.
Where is the tip of the coccyx located?
It is located at the very bottom of the spine.
What muscles make up the deep layer of intrinsic back muscles?
The deep layer includes the transversospinalis group: semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores.
What is the innervation of the transversospinales muscles?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves.
Which group of intrinsic back muscles is the most superficial?
Spinotransversales (2 muscles)
What is a facet?
A small, nearly flat surface.
What is a fovea?
A tiny pit or depression.
What does the oblique view of a lumbar X-ray show?
Scottie dog appearance.
What is the sacral alar?
The wing-like lateral extensions of the sacrum.
How many thoracic vertebrae are there and what are they labeled?
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae, labeled T1 to T12.
What are the two muscles in the spinotransversales group of the superficial layer of intrinsic muscles?
Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis.
What are the newer terms for muscle action in the axial skeleton?
Superior attachment and Inferior attachment.
Which nerve innervates the Splenius cervicis muscle?
Posterior rami of middle cervical spinal nerves.
What muscles form the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle?
Rectus capitis posterior major, Obliquus capitis superior, and Obliquus capitis inferior.
Which muscle is located inferior to the suboccipital triangle?
The Obliquus capitis inferior.
What is lordosis?
An excessive inward curvature of the spine, causing swayback.
What does the perimysium contain?
Blood supply and nerves.
Into how many parts is the skeletal system divided?
Two parts: Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton.
Which muscle is located near the diaphragm in the back?
Semispinalis thoracis
What are the two intermediate extrinsic muscles?
Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior.
Where does the Serratus posterior inferior muscle insert?
Lower 3 - 4 ribs.
What is the site of the nuchal ligament on the back?
Nuchal groove.
Which vertebral spinous process is located at the mid-thoracic region?
T7 vertebral spinous process.
Which muscle group runs along the spine and helps in extending the back?
Erector spinae.
What is the location of the sacral dimple?
It is located near the lower back, above the buttocks.
Which muscle group is responsible for the fine-tuning of vertebral movements?
The transversospinalis group (semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores) is responsible for the fine-tuning of vertebral movements.
Which groups of intrinsic back muscles are the deepest?
Transversospinales muscles (3 muscles) and Segmental muscles (3 muscles)
What is a fontanel?
A soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones.
What is a head in bone markings?
An enlargement on the end of a bone.
What structure is indicated by the term 'median sacral crest' in the lateral view?
The median sacral crest is a ridge formed by the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae.
What are the older terms for muscle action?
Insertion (movable) and Origin (stationary).
Which part of a typical vertebra projects posteriorly and can be felt through the skin?
Spinous process
How are muscles named based on their attachments?
By their attachments, such as sternocleidomastoid.
Which nerve is found within the suboccipital triangle?
The suboccipital nerve (C1).
What is scoliosis?
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
What are the levels of organization in skeletal muscles?
Myofilaments, Myofibril, Muscle Fiber (aka Muscle cell), Fascicle, Muscle.
What is a synergist muscle?
A synergist muscle assists the agonist in performing its action.
What are the components of the axial skeleton?
Skull, Hyoid bone, Vertebral column, Thoracic cage.
Which part of the skeletal system includes the pectoral girdle?
Appendicular skeleton.
How many superficial extrinsic muscles are there?
Five.
Where is the C2 vertebral spinous process located?
It is located in the upper cervical region of the spine.
What is the seventh cervical vertebra known as?
Vertebra prominens (C7)
What is the name of the groove running down the middle of the back?
Posterior median furrow.
What anatomical feature indicates the posterior superior iliac spines?
Dimples on the lower back.
What are the intrinsic back muscles responsible for?
The intrinsic back muscles are responsible for maintaining posture and controlling movements of the vertebral column.
What are the three muscle groups deep to the erector spinae in the transversospinales group?
Semispinalis, Multifidus, and Rotatores.
How many superficial extrinsic muscles are there?
Five
What is a crest in bone markings?
A narrow, ridge-like projection.
What is a tuberosity?
A knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle.
What is the 'sacral horn' as seen in the lateral view?
The sacral horn is a bony projection on the sacrum.
What is the origin of the Splenius cervicis muscle?
Spinous processes of T3 to T6.
What are the short, thick processes that connect the vertebral body to the vertebral arch?
Pedicle
When do primary spinal curvatures appear?
Late in fetal development.
Which muscle is located superior to the suboccipital triangle?
The Obliquus capitis superior.
What is hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle fiber size.
Where is the deep fascia located in relation to the epimysium?
The deep fascia lies external to the epimysium.
Which muscle group is referred to as the 'erector spinae'?
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis muscles
Which muscle is located near the intertransversarii?
Quadratus lumborum
Where does the Serratus posterior superior muscle insert?
Upper ribs 2 - 5.
What is the innervation of the Serratus posterior inferior muscle?
Anterior rami (T9 - T12).
Where is the T3 vertebral spinous process located?
It is located in the upper thoracic region of the spine.
Where is the T12 vertebral spinous process located?
It is located in the lower thoracic region of the spine.
What is the location of the S2 vertebral spinous process?
It is located in the sacral region of the spine.
Name the three groups of intrinsic back muscles.
The three groups of intrinsic back muscles are the superficial layer, intermediate layer, and deep layer.
Which muscle in the transversospinales group is the most superficial?
Semispinalis.
How many intermediate extrinsic muscles are there?
Two
What is a process in bone markings?
A prominent projection on a bone.
What is a suture in bone markings?
An interlocking line of union between bones.
What is the 'coccyx' as seen in the lateral view?
The coccyx, also known as the tailbone, is the terminal portion of the vertebral column.
Which nerve innervates the Levator scapulae muscle?
Dorsal scapular Nerve.
What is the position of the external occipital protuberance?
It is located at the back of the skull.
What is the location of the inferior angle of the scapula?
It is located at the lower tip of the scapula.
What is the characteristic feature of the spinous process in cervical vertebrae?
Bifid spinous process
Where is the L4 vertebral spinous process located?
It is located in the lower lumbar region of the spine.
What is the name of the cleft located between the buttocks?
Intergluteal cleft.
Where are the multifidus muscles located?
The multifidus muscles are located along the vertebral column, spanning from the sacrum to the cervical spine.
What are the three structural layers of back musculature?
Superficial, Intermediate, Deep
What is a condyle?
A rounded process that articulates with another bone.
What is a sulcus?
A furrow or groove.
What is a tubercle?
A small knoblike process.
What is the function of the multifidus muscle?
It assists in the extension, lateral bending, and rotation of the back.
What is the primary action of the rotatores muscles?
The primary action of the rotatores muscles is to stabilize and rotate the vertebrae.
What are the two functional groups of back muscles?
Extrinsic back muscles and Intrinsic back muscles
What is a foramen?
An opening through a bone that usually is a passageway for blood vessels.
What is a meatus?
A tubelike passageway within a bone.
