BMS4303_Lecture+1

The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

It transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

Radiation exposure.

Low resolution.

The ability of a neuron to send signals to multiple targets.

To visualize neurons in the primary visual cortex and olfactory bulbs.

They produce myelin in the central nervous system.

Electrical activity of the brain.

6000 out of 20,000.

Low spatial resolution.

Tubulin is a key component of microtubules, providing structural support and facilitating transport within the neuron.

Scaffold proteins help organize and anchor various proteins at synapses, playing a role in synaptic signaling.

Excitatory potential.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

Right frontal lobe glioma.

An electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain.

Dendrites receive signals from other neurons.

A functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields.

A reflex that helps maintain muscle tone and posture by responding to muscle stretch.

The basic functioning of a reflex arc.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

To form pictures of the anatomy and physiological processes of the body.

Tau is a protein that stabilizes microtubules in axons, playing a crucial role in maintaining neuronal structure.

RNA.

The locations and levels of expression are very diverse.

Horizontal = time, Vertical = action potential.

Different types of nerve cell shapes in the human nervous system.

To examine blood vessels in the brain for abnormalities using contrast material.

Specialization for long-distance electrical signal and intercellular communication via synapses.

They support and maintain the environment around neurons.

A simple reflex circuit.

To regulate the reflex action.

Connecting the central nervous system to limbs and organs.

They work in a network to process sensory information and execute motor functions.

In a monkey.

It defines the specific area where stimuli can trigger a response.

Neurons do not function in isolation; they are organized into neural circuits.

They respond to information by generating movement.

Pros: non-invasive; Cons: low resolution.

No more than a few millimeters long.

Axon tracts and commissures.

Columns.

Excellent temporal resolution.

20,000 genes.

They relate to cell division and the production of neurons.

The ability of a neuron to receive signals from multiple sources.

It insulates axons to increase the speed of electrical signals.

The brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.

The process where multiple neurons connect to a single neuron.

Somatic motor division and visceral (autonomic) motor division.

They carry motor commands away from the central nervous system.

Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

A medical imaging modality that obtains tomographic images or slices from a series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions.

Radioactive probe injection.

Good image contrast.

The inhibition of opposing muscle activity during the reflex.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).

The location of the glioma in the brain.

Dye for contrast imaging.

Specialized for relaying electrical signals over long distances.

Sensory neurons that link sensory receptors with processing circuits in the CNS.

They act as the immune cells of the central nervous system.

Tracts that cross the midline of the brain.

The myotatic reflex.

To receive signals from other neurons.

The activation of motor neurons leading to muscle contraction.

The small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

It helps in maintaining balance and posture by adjusting muscle tension.

Typically noninvasive, with electrodes placed along the scalp.

Local accumulations of nerve cell bodies and supporting cells.

Safe, non-invasive, versatile, can change pulse sequences to image different tissues, metabolic profiling.

A few hundred micrometers or more; some can be about a meter long.

Any accumulation of cell bodies and neutrophils in the brain and spinal cord.

Magnetoencephalography (MEG).

A staining technique discovered by Golgi.

Neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Ensembles of neurons that process specific kinds of information.

Nerve cells that carry information from the periphery towards the brain or spinal cord.

Nerve cells that carry information away from the brain or spinal cord.

They acquire and process information from the internal and external environment.

A type of glial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system.

Somatosensory and motor maps.

Brown.

A noninvasive form of brain stimulation using a changing magnetic field to induce electric current in the brain.

It is less precise.

To visualize blood flow and activity in the brain.

The relative frequency and pattern of action potentials.

Brain lesions where the damage has a different tissue density than normal brain tissue.

It refers to the activation of neurons leading to action potentials.

Golgi method (silver salts).

It is related to brain activity and metabolism.

To label retinal neurons.

The visual system and auditory system.

Bundles called nerves.

The brain (cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem) and the spinal cord.

Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate rapid signal transmission.

They are part of the peripheral nervous system and transmit signals to and from the central nervous system.

About 86 billion.

To process information and coordinate responses.

Intracellular recording.

The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.

A medical procedure where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is drained and replaced with air, oxygen, or helium to enhance X-ray imaging of the brain.

They participate only in the local aspects of a circuit.

Cell bodies process signals received via dendrites.

The most complex and least well-defined brain functions, such as memory and emotion.

To insulate axons and increase the speed of electrical signals.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

An obsolete theory stating that everything in the nervous system is a single continuous network.

The correct description of the nervous system as made of discrete cells.

Actin is involved in dendritic outgrowth and the formation of spines.

The region in sensory space where a specific stimulus elicits an action potential response.

They can respond positively, negatively, or inhibit.

Purkinje cells.

MRI does not involve X-rays or ionizing radiation.

Computerized Tomography (CT).

Sheet-like arrangements of nerve cells.

Its divergence.

Joseph von Gerlach in 1871.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Post-synaptic receptors receive neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron, facilitating communication between neurons.

Strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves.

An axon (signal output) and dendrites (signal input).

Takes longer, louder, and not suitable for patients with medical implants.

Diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the central nervous system for various disease states.

Axon, dendrites, and synapses.

Camillo Golgi.

By draining CSF through a lumbar puncture and replacing it with gas.

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Microglia.

Glial cells that envelop many peripheral nerves.

Electrical signaling over long distances.

They carry sensory information to the central nervous system.

A type of glial cell.

A barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the brain.

X-ray imaging.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

The degree of convergence of a neuron.

Support the signaling functions of nerve cells.

Act as immune cells in the brain.

A local accumulation of neurons with similar connections and functions.

Synapses.

Gathered axons analogous to nerves in the PNS.

A type of glial cell.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET).

To produce myelin.

Their work on the structure of the nervous system.