What covers the auricular surface of the sacrum?
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Hyaline cartilage.
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What covers the auricular surface of the sacrum?
Hyaline cartilage.
What are Floating ribs?
The 11th and 12th pairs have no anterior attachment.
What is the coccyx?
A small triangular bone formed by the fusion of 4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae.
What is the function of the transverse foramen in cervical vertebrae?
Passage of vertebral arteries and veins (except C7, which transmits only small accessory veins).
What is the strongest cervical vertebra?
C2 (axis).
What is the function of the sacral foramina?
They allow the exit of spinal nerves.
What is the sacral hiatus?
A gap resulting from the absence of the laminae and spinous process of S5 (sometimes S4).
What do the superior and inferior vertebral notches form?
Intervertebral foramina, where spinal nerves exit.
How many cervical vertebrae are there in adults?
7 cervical vertebrae.
What is the role of the inferior costal facet?
It articulates with the head of the rib below.
What types of vertebrae contribute to the flexibility of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and the first sacral vertebrae.
What is unique about coccygeal vertebra 1 (Co1)?
Co1 may remain separate from the fused group and is the largest and broadest of all coccygeal vertebrae.
What is the primary function of the lumbar vertebrae?
To support the weight of the upper body and provide flexibility and movement.
How many vertebrae are in the adult vertebral column?
33 vertebrae.
What are the five regions of the adult vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
What is the typical shape of lumbar vertebrae?
They are typically larger and more robust compared to cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
What is the sacral promontory?
The anterior projecting edge of the S1 vertebral body.
What is the manubrium?
The upper part of the sternum.
What is the function of the auricular surface of the sacrum?
It serves as the site of the synovial part of the sacro-iliac joint between the sacrum and ilium.
How are True ribs defined?
The upper 7 pairs are attached anteriorly to the sternum by their costal cartilages.
What forms the vertebral foramen?
It is formed by the vertebral arch.
What structure projects superiorly from the body of C2?
The dens (odontoid process).
How many parts does the sternum consist of?
Three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
What are the three types of costal facets found on thoracic vertebrae?
Superior costal facet, inferior costal facet, and transverse costal facet.
What does the transverse ligament of the atlas prevent?
It prevents posterior displacement of the dens and anterior displacement of the atlas.
To what are all ribs attached posteriorly?
Thoracic vertebrae.
What role does the vertebral column play in body movement?
It provides a partly rigid and flexible axis for the body and an extended base for the head.
What is unique about vertebra C1 (atlas)?
It has no body or spinous process, only paired lateral masses.
What does the interosseous membrane of the forearm connect?
It connects the interosseous border of the radius or ulna.
What is the ulnar styloid process?
The medial aspect that terminates distally on the ulna.
What runs in the radial groove of the humerus?
Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery.
What is the costal notch?
Notches on the body of the sternum where ribs articulate.
What is the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
An elevation on the anterior upper end.
What type of movement do cervical vertebrae allow?
Free flexion/extension and some lateral flexion, but restricted rotation.
What does the vertebral canal contain?
The spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.
What does the sacral canal contain?
The spinal nerve roots bundle arising inferior to L1 vertebra (cauda equina).
What are costal facets?
Articulations with the ribs on the thoracic vertebrae.
What distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from other vertebrae?
They have larger bodies and thicker, stronger processes to support more weight.
What are sacral cornua?
The inferior articular processes of S5 vertebra that project inferiorly on each side of the sacral hiatus.
What is the radial styloid process?
A lateral aspect of the radius that terminates distally, larger than the ulnar styloid process, and extends farther distally.
Where is the supinator fossa located?
It is a concavity between the supinator crest and the distal part of the coronoid process.
Where is the sternum located?
In the center of the chest, anteriorly.
What is the xiphoid process?
The small, cartilaginous lower part of the sternum.
Where do the transverse processes of C1 arise from?
They arise from the lateral masses and are more laterally placed than C2.
What are the two main surfaces of the scapula?
Posterior surface and costal surface.
What structures lie posterior to the muscle attachment on the 1st rib?
The subclavian artery and the lower trunk of the brachial plexus.
What is a characteristic feature of typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C7)?
They have large vertebral foramina to accommodate the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord.
What is the vertebral canal?
A canal formed by multiple vertebral foramina that contains the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.
What is the function of the dens in cervical vertebrae?
It serves as a pivot for head rotation.
What is the sternum commonly known as?
The breastbone.
Which vertebra's inferior articular processes articulate with the superior articular processes of the sacrum?
L5 vertebra.
Where is the sternum located?
In the center of the chest, connecting to the ribs.
What type of movement do lumbar vertebrae allow?
Flexion, extension, and some lateral movement.
Where is the clavicle located?
It is situated horizontally across the top of the chest.
How does the vertebral column contribute to posture?
It plays a role in posture and locomotion.
What articulates with the manubrium of the sternum?
The clavicles and the first pair of ribs.
What do the 5 sacral vertebrae fuse to form?
The sacrum.
What type of movement do lumbar vertebrae allow?
Flexion, extension, and some lateral bending.
What is the primary function of the thoracic vertebrae?
To provide attachment for the ribs.
What does the vertebral column consist of?
Vertebrae and intervertebral discs, extending from the cranium to the coccyx.
What is one of the primary functions of the vertebral column?
To protect the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
Which sacral foramina are larger?
The anterior sacral foramina are larger than the posterior ones.
What is the primary function of the clavicle?
To connect the arm to the body and stabilize the shoulder.
Why is the radial styloid process important?
It is important for fracture injury diagnosis.
What is the ulnar head?
The narrow distal end of the ulna.
Where is the scapula located?
On the posterolateral aspect of the thorax, covering the 2nd to 7th ribs.
What is the jugular notch?
A notch located on the manubrium of the sternum.
What does the head of the humerus articulate with?
The scapula’s glenoid cavity.
Describe the shaft of a typical rib.
It is thin, flattened, and twisted on its long axis, with an inferior border that has a costal groove for intercostal vessels and nerves.
What bones make up the palm of the hand?
5 metacarpals.
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7).
What feature does the posterior arch of C1 have?
A wide groove for the vertebral artery on its superior surface.
What is the function of the vertebral body?
It provides strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight.
What are the main components of the axial skeleton?
Cranium, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12 pairs.
What does the head of the radius articulate with during elbow flexion and extension?
The capitulum of the humerus.
What does the superior part of the lateral surface of the sacrum resemble?
An auricle (external ear), referred to as the auricular surface.
What is the function of the spinous process?
Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments.
What is the function of the transverse costal facet?
It articulates with the tubercle of the rib.
What is the shape of the 1st rib?
Small and flattened from above downward.
What is the tubercle of a rib?
A prominence on the rib’s outer surface at the junction of the neck with the shaft, with a facet for articulation with the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra.
Which cervical vertebra is the widest?
C7.
What bone does the clavicle articulate with at its acromial end?
The scapula (shoulder blade).
What is the angle of a rib?
The point where the shaft of the rib bends sharply forward.
What is located on the posterior surface of the base of each lumbar vertebra's transverse process?
A small accessory process for attachment of the intertransversarii muscles.
What is the primary function of thoracic vertebrae?
To support the rib cage and protect the thoracic organs.
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
Five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5).
What is the median sacral crest?
The fused spinous processes of the superior 3 or 4 sacral vertebrae; S5 has no spinous process.
What is the shape of the pisiform bone?
Pea-shaped.
What are the main components of a typical vertebra?
A vertebral body, a vertebral arch, and 7 processes.
Where is the vertebral body located in a vertebra?
It is the anterior part of the vertebra.
How do zygapophysial joints affect the vertebral column?
They facilitate and control the vertebral column’s flexibility.
What do the rudimentary articular processes of Co1 form?
Coccygeal cornua, which articulate with the sacral cornua.
What is the role of the anterior and posterior tubercles on cervical vertebrae?
They provide attachment for lateral cervical muscles (levator scapulae and scalenes).
How many pairs of sacral foramina are there?
4 pairs.
What is the primary function of the lumbar vertebrae?
To support the weight of the upper body and provide flexibility and movement.
How many processes are present in a vertebra?
7 processes.
What are the two facets on the head of a typical rib for?
Articulation with the vertebral body.
What distinguishes lumbar vertebrae from other vertebrae?
They are larger and stronger to bear more weight.
How many lumbar vertebrae are found in adults?
5 lumbar vertebrae.
What are the two projections of the ulna that articulate with the humerus?
Olecranon process and Coronoid process.
What is the ulnar notch?
A concavity in the medial radius shaft that receives the ulna head.
What do the superior articular surfaces of C1 articulate with?
They articulate with the occipital condyles at the sides of the foramen magnum.
Where is the surgical neck located on the humerus?
It is the narrow part distal to the head and tubercles, commonly a fracture site.
How does the clavicle contribute to limb movement?
It keeps the scapula and free limb away from the trunk, allowing maximum freedom of movement.
What is unique about the C7 vertebra?
It has a long spinous process, known as the vertebra prominens.
What do the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae end with?
Two projections: anterior tubercle and posterior tubercle.
What are vertebral notches?
Indentations in the lateral vertebrae.
What is the function of the sternum?
To protect the heart and lungs and serve as an attachment point for ribs and muscles.
What is the role of the superior costal facet?
It articulates with the head of the rib above.
What is the function of the sternum?
To protect the heart and lungs and serve as an attachment point for ribs and muscles.
How many thoracic vertebrae are present in adults?
12 thoracic vertebrae.
Where is the radial tuberosity located?
Distal to the medial part of the neck.
How many transverse processes are there in a vertebra?
2 transverse processes.
How does the shaft of the radius change as it passes distally?
It gradually enlarges.
What bone does the clavicle articulate with at its sternal end?
The sternum (breastbone).
What do the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form?
The coccyx.
What is a common condition associated with lumbar vertebrae?
Lumbar disc herniation.
What is the xiphisternal joint?
The joint formed between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process.
What happens to the xiphoid process during adult life?
It becomes ossified at its proximal end.
What joint is formed between the manubrium and the body of the sternum?
The manubriosternal joint.
How many phalanges does each finger have?
3 phalanges, except for the thumb which has 2.
What are sacral foramina?
Openings in the sacrum for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
What is the apex of the sacrum?
The pointed end of the sacrum, located inferiorly.
What is the vertebral arch?
The structure located posterior to the vertebral body, consisting of 2 pedicles and laminae.
What is unique about the transverse foramen in C7?
C7 has smaller foramina, which are sometimes absent.
How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the human spine?
Five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5).
What ligament holds the dens in place?
The transverse ligament of the atlas.
How many parts does the sternum have?
Three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
How does the vertebral column support the body?
It supports body weight above the pelvis.
What is located distal to the head of the radius?
The neck of the radius.
What is the apex of the sacrum?
The inferior end for articulation with the coccyx.
What is the neck of the rib?
A constricted portion between the head and tubercle.
What is the typical shape of lumbar vertebrae?
They have a larger, kidney-shaped body.
What are False ribs?
The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs are attached anteriorly to each other and to the 7th rib by costal cartilages and small synovial joints.
Does the ulna participate in the wrist (radiocarpal) joint?
No, it does not participate in the wrist joint.
What are the main regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
What is a common injury associated with the clavicle?
Clavicle fractures.
What does the acromion of the scapula articulate with?
The acromial end of the clavicle.
What is the characteristic of the pelvic (anterior) surface of the sacrum?
It is smooth and concave.
What is the largest bone in the proximal row of carpals?
Scaphoid.
What is the median sacral crest?
A ridge formed by the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae.
What does the lateral capitulum of the humerus articulate with?
The head of the radius.
What does the anterior radial fossa receive during full elbow flexion?
The head of the radius.
What ligament attaches to the coracoid process?
Coracoclavicular ligament.
What connects the short transverse processes of Co1?
They are connected to the sacrum.
What is the sternum commonly known as?
The breastbone.
What forms the base of the sacrum?
The superior surface of the S1 vertebra.
What is the dorsal tubercle of the radius?
A dorsal projection that lies between shallow grooves for the passage of forearm muscle tendons.
What is the supinator crest?
A prominent ridge located inferior to the radial notch on the ulnar shaft's lateral surface.
How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the human spine?
Five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5).
What are the three categories of ribs?
True ribs, False ribs, and Floating ribs.
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
What are the two ends of the clavicle called?
The sternal end and the acromial end.
What is located laterally on the shaft of the humerus?
Deltoid tuberosity.
Which muscle is attached to the upper surface and inner border of the 1st rib?
The scalenus anterior muscle.
What features are found on the posterior surface of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, and the spine of the scapula.
What are the sharp ridges at the inferior end of the humerus called?
Medial and lateral supra-epicondylar ridges.
Where is the ulna tuberosity located and what is its function?
It is located inferior to the coronoid process and serves as an attachment for the brachialis muscle.
What does the radial notch of the ulna articulate with?
The head of the radius to form the superior radioulnar joint.
Where does the C1 nerve run?
In the groove on the superior surface of the posterior arch.
What does the ala of the sacrum refer to?
The wing-like extensions on either side of the sacrum.
What do the lateral sacral crests represent?
The tips of transverse processes of the fused sacral vertebrae.
Where does the lateral border of the scapula end?
At the lateral angle of the scapula, which bears the broadened head.
Why is the 1st rib clinically important?
It has a close relationship with the lower nerves of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery and vein.
What is the shape of the clavicle's shaft?
It has a double curve in a horizontal plane.
What is the lumbosacral angle?
The angle at which the sacrum articulates with the L5 vertebra, ranging from 130° to 160°.
Where does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate?
With the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular (SC) joint.
What is the function of the olecranon process?
It forms the point of the elbow and projects proximally from the posterior aspect of the ulna.
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
A groove that circumscribes the head and separates it from the greater and lesser tubercles.
What is one of the primary functions of the clavicle?
To serve as a moveable, rigid support for the scapula and free limb.
What are the three parts of each metacarpal?
Base, shaft, and head.
What are the small tubercles on the posterior surface of the superior articular processes called?
Mammillary processes, which attach to the multifidus and intertransversarii muscles.
Which lumbar vertebra is the largest movable vertebra?
L5, which has a massive body and transverse processes.
Which carpal bone is moon-shaped?
Lunate.
What distinguishes cervical vertebrae from other regions?
They have transverse foramina for vertebral arteries.
What is the function of the anterior coronoid fossa?
It receives the ulna coronoid process during full elbow flexion.
What is the role of the posterior olecranon fossa?
It receives the ulna olecranon during full elbow extension.
What feature is found on the superior border of the scapula?
Suprascapular notch.
How many articular processes are in a vertebra?
4 articular processes (2 superior and 2 inferior).
Where does the acromial end of the clavicle articulate?
With the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint.
What does the trochlear notch of the ulna articulate with?
The trochlea of the humerus to form the elbow joint.
What forms a complete ring in vertebra C1?
The anterior and posterior arches, each bearing a tubercle in the center of its external aspect.
How many carpal bones compose the wrist?
8 carpal bones.
What are the two rows of carpal bones in the wrist?
Proximal and distal rows.
What is the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)?
It separates the tubercles and provides passage for the long head biceps muscle tendon.
What does the triquetrum articulate with proximally?
The articular disc of the distal radio-ulnar joint.
What is the largest bone in the carpus?
Capitate.
What is the medial border of the scapula also known as?
Vertebral border.
What is the sternal angle?
The angle formed by the articulation of the manubrium with the body of the sternum, recognizable by a transverse ridge.
Where does the subclavian vein cross the 1st rib?
Anterior to the scalenus anterior muscle.
What is the costal surface of the scapula known for?
It contains the subscapular fossa.
How many fused vertebrae compose the sacrum?
5 fused sacral vertebrae.
What is the distal end of the humerus referred to as?
Humerus condyle.
What is the sacral promontory?
The anterior projecting edge of the sacrum.
How is body weight transmitted from L5?
From L5 vertebra to the base of the sacrum, formed by the superior surface of S1 vertebra.
What is the sacral canal?
A continuation of the vertebral canal within the sacrum.
What are the three borders of the scapula?
Medial, lateral, and superior.
What are the two epicondyles at the distal end of the humerus?
Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle.
What do the proximal bases of metacarpals articulate with?
The carpal bones.
What do the distal heads of metacarpals articulate with?
The proximal phalanges (forming the knuckles).
What is the function of the coccyx?
It serves as an attachment site for ligaments and muscles.
What are the two articular surfaces of the humerus condyle?
Lateral capitulum and medial trochlea.
What does the glenoid fossa of the scapula articulate with?
The head of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint.
What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
An elevation that forms the lateral upper end with three posterior facets: upper, middle, and lower.
What is the deltoid tubercle?
The medial point of deltoid attachment on the scapula.
What is unique about the sacral vertebrae?
They are fused to form the sacrum.
What are the intermediate sacral crests?
The fused articular processes.
What is the sacral hiatus?
An opening at the inferior end of the sacral canal.
What are the three angles of the scapula?
Superior, lateral, and inferior.
What is the superior articular process?
A feature of the sacrum that articulates with the lumbar vertebrae.
How is the dorsal surface of the sacrum described?
It is rough, convex, and marked by 5 prominent longitudinal ridges.
What are the components of each phalanx?
Proximal base, shaft (body), and distal head.
Which carpal bone articulates with the 1st and 2nd metacarpals?
Trapezium.
Why is the glenoid fossa significant in shoulder dislocation?
It is considerably smaller than the ball (head of the humerus).
What significant role does L5 play in the vertebral column?
It carries the weight of the whole upper body.
Which vertebral region has the largest vertebrae?
Lumbar region.
What does the medial trochlea of the humerus articulate with?
The trochlear notch of the ulna.
What is the lateral border of the scapula also known as?
Axillary border.
What distinctive feature does the hamate bone have?
A hooked process called the hook of the hamate.
What is located between the head and body of the scapula?
Neck of the scapula.
