FIT - Unit1

The processor places the address in the Memory Address Register through the address bus.

To solve scientific and engineering problems.

It holds intermediate results during calculations and provides data as required, also known as primary memory or main memory.

Because it converts data (input) into meaningful information (output).

The system bus.

A small computer held in the palm that uses a pen or stylus for input.

They process and store more data than minicomputers and microcomputers.

It checks the correctness of the sequence of operations, fetches program instructions from primary storage, interprets them, and ensures correct execution.

Arithmetic and logic operations.

It is likened to a football team where different members play specific roles.

It is intended for stand-alone use by an individual and typically includes a system unit, monitor, keyboard, and storage.

Engineering, architecture, and manufacturing.

It can compare numbers, letters, or special characters.

L2 cache is usually not split and serves as a common repository for the split L1 cache.

It is part of the memory management unit (MMU) and helps in mapping virtual addresses to physical addresses.

8 lines.

To temporarily store the operating system, application programs, and current data.

A computer-aided process for performing publishing tasks like creating tables of contents and indexes.

Micro, Mini, Mainframe, and Super computers.

Machine language, composed of 0's and 1's.

The smallest of the computer family, designed for individual users.

Mainframes.

Central Processing Unit.

They are portable, small in size, have battery backup, and provide desktop functionality.

Information transfer from memory to processor and writing information in memory.

Cache memory is a high-speed, expensive piece of memory used to speed up the memory retrieval process.

Desktop, laptop, and handheld models (PDA).

Arithmetic Unit and Logic Unit.

Just like a librarian keeps recently requested books handy, cache stores frequently accessed data.

Performs processing of instructions and data inside the computer.

Direct access to memory for transferring data from one memory location to another or between I/O devices and memory.

Integrated Circuits (IC).

Keyboards and monitors interfaced with the operating system.

To communicate information from the computer to humans.

By their performance against predetermined operational standards without failure.

They can perform different types of tasks with ease.

Vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

SRAM is faster than DRAM.

Transistor technology.

EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly, unlike PROM which cannot be changed once programmed.

A READ command through the control bus.

They have become powerful tools that, when networked, can serve multiple users.

Because cache memory is more expensive.

The ALU executes all arithmetic and logical operations on data.

The CPU would send requests to the main memory, which is a slow process.

Doctors use computers for diagnosing illnesses and monitoring patients during surgeries.

In FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per Second).

The data is then transferred to the processor.

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Automated imaging techniques.

Central Processing Unit (CPU), Input Unit, Output Unit, and Storage Unit.

1. Processor places address in memory address register; 2. Transmits data using the data bus; 3. Issues WRITE command; 4. Data is written at specified address.

It accepts instructions and data from the user and communicates them to the computer.

Equal-to, less-than, and greater-than conditions.

Due to their portability and built-in features.

Using assembly language.

Magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage.

Megabyte (MB).

1024 kilobytes.

Designing products, ordering parts, and planning production.

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), and Registers.

Binary data, composed of 1s and 0s.

L1, L2, and sometimes L3 caches, with L1 being split into data (L1d) and instruction (L1i) caches.

Communicates the results to the user.

To reduce the average cost (time or energy) of accessing data from the main memory.

It accepts instructions and data.

It controls the operation of I/O devices and can take over the system bus from the CPU.

Printer, monitor, and plotter.

Temporary storage for data, instructions, addresses, and intermediate results.

They are used in multi-user systems with high processing speed and storage capacity.

Mnemonics like ADD for addition and SUB for subtraction.

They control images and sounds, and enable computerized animation and graphics.

Through Computer Aided Education (CAE) and Computer Based Training (CBT) packages, which make learning more interactive.

Computers do not get tired and can perform tasks consistently over long periods.

A bus that connects the CPU, memory, and I/O components.

To hold data and instructions for processing.

According to a distinct hierarchy, moving data from secondary memory to primary memory before processing.

ROM is classified as non-volatile memory.

EEPROM can be erased by an electrical charge and can be written to byte by byte.

Flash memory is used in digital cellular phones, digital cameras, and personal computers for storing BIOS.

Physical components on which data is stored permanently, such as floppy disks, hard disks, and tape drives.

They help develop theories, analyze data, and generate detailed studies of phenomena like earthquakes.

It controls the usage of main memory to store data and instructions.

Unidirectional and bi-directional.

Super Large Scale Integrated (SLSI) chips.

RAM is volatile and loses its data when power is off; ROM is non-volatile and retains data.

Punched cards and paper tapes.

In a random manner, accessing any location to read or store information.

1024 megabytes.

It manages the sequence of operations and controls internal and external devices.

Accepts data, processes it, and generates output results.

By reading incoming data from a device and storing it in a system memory buffer for later retrieval by the CPU.

Stores temporary and final results.

Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).

Stores temporary results produced by the arithmetic logic unit.

It holds the current instruction.

ROM stands for Read-Only Memory, and it has only read capability with no write capability.

PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.

Magnetic core technology.

4 to 200 users.

1024 gigabytes.

Holds the instruction to be decoded by the control unit.

Eight bits.

Business forecasting, preparing bills, personal records, banking operations, and data storage.

Keeps track of the next instruction to be executed.

Computers can accurately perform division up to 10 decimal places.

It performs arithmetic and logic operations.

Bit.

Email (Electronic Mail).

At the rate of millions of instructions per second, calculated in MHz.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit, and Memory.

Graphical User Interface (GUI).

A set of connections designed to transfer bits from a specific source to a destination.

Microprocessors.

Managing hospital records and other efficient operations.

Faster processing speed.

Devices like hard disks, magnetic disks, and magnetic tapes used for permanent data storage.

Cache memory and special registers within the CPU.

The address of the next location in memory to be accessed.

1024 bytes.

They allow 24-hour access for depositing and withdrawing cash.

To store initial start-up instructions and routines.

Arithmetical and logical operations on stored numbers.

Controls I/O devices and data transfer to and from primary storage.

Connects computers for sharing costly resources and data among groups.

Non-volatile and random access.

It is non-volatile and retains its contents when power is turned off.

Processor to memory communication.

They can store large volumes of data, both temporarily and permanently.

It enables inter-branch transactions like cheque and draft processing without delay.

It is fast and allows immediate data manipulation.

Data lines, address lines, and control lines.

Random Access Memory (RAM).

Information can be written into ROM only one time.

Masked ROM is a hard-wired device that contains a pre-programmed set of data or instructions.

PROM can be programmed only once, and its contents can never be changed after programming.

Expert Systems, Natural Language Processing, speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, etc.

The information stored in ROM is permanent and cannot be corrected.

Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), ENIAC, or EDVAC.

Made them smaller, faster, cheaper, energy-efficient, and more reliable.

Flash ROM is a type of non-volatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks, unlike EEPROM which is done byte by byte.

Derived from the word 'compute', which means to calculate.