What will be covered in this chapter regarding temperature?
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How temperature is measured.
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What will be covered in this chapter regarding temperature?
How temperature is measured.
What property does a liquid-in-glass thermometer use to measure temperature?
The volume of liquid.
What types of devices will be discussed in this chapter?
Different types of thermometers.
What temperature-dependent property does an infra-red thermometer rely on?
The intensity of infra-red radiation emitted by the object.
Which temperature scale will be explored in this chapter?
The Celsius temperature scale.
What is the temperature-dependent property of a thermistor thermometer?
The electrical resistance of the thermistor.
What property does a resistance thermometer use for measuring temperature?
The electrical resistance of metal.
What is a common feature of different types of thermometers?
They use different temperature-dependent properties for measuring temperature.
What is the lower fixed point on the Celsius temperature scale?
The temperature of pure melting ice.
What is the purpose of a thermometer?
To measure the temperature of objects.
Which step is NOT part of calibrating a liquid-in-glass thermometer on the Celsius scale?
Heat the thermometer with a Bunsen flame.
Why are our feelings of hotness considered unreliable?
Because different fingers can feel different degrees of hotness even in the same water.
Which property is least likely to be used to make a thermometer?
Colour.
What does temperature measure?
The degree of hotness of an object.
Does the length of a liquid column in a liquid-in-glass thermometer change linearly with temperature?
No, it does not change linearly within the temperature range.
What was the disagreement between the parents about?
Whether their baby has a fever based on the temperature.
What is the principle behind a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
It uses the volume of liquid as a temperature-dependent property.
If a thermometer reads 40 °C incorrectly, what should the true temperature be based on its calibration?
32 °C.
What experiment is referenced to test the reliability of our senses?
An experiment comparing feelings of hot and cold in different water temperatures.
What is a temperature-dependent property?
A property that changes with temperature, such as the volume of water.
What happens to the liquid in a liquid-in-glass thermometer as the temperature increases?
The liquid expands and the level in the tube rises.
What is the commonly used unit of temperature?
Degree Celsius (°C).
Which circuit elements can be used to measure temperature based on their electrical resistance?
Elements (1) and (3) only.
What is the DSE goal mentioned in the text?
To realize temperature as the degree of hotness of an object.
What is the first step in calibrating a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
Put the thermometer in a beaker of pure melting ice and mark the liquid level.
What materials are needed to create a water-in-straw thermometer?
2 bottles of different sizes, modeling clay, 2 straws of different thicknesses, food coloring, tap water, hot water, and a heat-resistant bowl.
How can the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer be increased?
By increasing the length of the liquid column for the same temperature rise.
What is the Celsius temperature scale used for?
It is used as a common temperature scale for thermometers.
Can temperatures in Celsius be negative?
Yes, temperatures in °C can be negative.
How does the length of the liquid column in a thermometer vary with temperature?
It varies linearly with temperature.
What is the second step in the calibration process?
Repeat the first step with pure boiling water and mark the liquid level.
What happens to the water level in the thermometer when placed in hot water?
The water level rises due to expansion as the water heats up.
What liquids are commonly used in liquid-in-glass thermometers?
Mercury or alcohol.
What are the two fixed points used to define the Celsius temperature scale?
The ice point and the steam point.
What does the liquid column length (L) in a thermometer vary with?
Temperature (T).
What is the temperature of boiling water in Celsius?
100 °C.
Who is the Celsius temperature scale named after?
Anders Celsius.
What are the fixed points used in the calibration of a thermometer?
The melting point of ice (0 °C) and the boiling point of water (100 °C).
How do you divide the length between the two markings on a calibrated thermometer?
Divide it into 100 equal divisions.
How can you increase the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
By using a narrower straw or a larger bottle.
Which type of thermometer is suitable for measuring low temperatures?
Alcohol-in-glass thermometer.
What is the ice point in the Celsius scale?
0 °C, the temperature of pure melting ice at normal atmospheric pressure.
What is the length of the liquid column (L) in melting ice?
5.0 cm.
What is the temperature of liquid helium?
-269 °C.
What did Anders Celsius propose in 1742?
A temperature scale with 0 representing the boiling point of water and 100 representing the freezing point.
What is the length of the liquid column at 0 °C in the given table?
5.0 cm.
What does each division represent on a calibrated thermometer?
Each division represents 1 °C.
What is the purpose of adding food coloring to the water in the thermometer experiment?
To make the water level visible for observation.
Which type of thermometer responds quickly to temperature changes?
Mercury-in-glass thermometer.
What is the steam point in the Celsius scale?
100 °C, the temperature of steam over pure boiling water at normal atmospheric pressure.
What is the length of the liquid column (L) in boiling water?
25.0 cm.
What is one precaution during the calibration of a resistance thermometer?
Ensure the thermometer is fully immersed in the ice.
What type of thermometer is often used for measuring body temperature?
Infra-red thermometer.
What is the principle behind infra-red thermography?
A hotter object emits more infra-red radiation.
What was the original name of the Celsius scale?
Centigrade, meaning 100 steps.
What is the length of the liquid column at 100 °C in the given table?
30.0 cm.
What can be obtained by drawing a straight line through the two fixed points in the L-T graph?
The calibration graph of the thermometer.
What should be ensured when repeating the thermometer experiment with hot water?
The hot water should be at the same temperature each time.
What is a key safety concern regarding mercury-in-glass thermometers?
Mercury is poisonous.
Why are the ice point and steam point chosen as fixed points?
Because they are stable and can be reproduced easily.
What is the temperature of warm water when the liquid column length (L) is 13.0 cm?
40 °C.
Why is body temperature not used as a fixed point on the Celsius temperature scale?
Because it is not stable, varies from person to person, and is not easily reproducible.
What property does a resistance thermometer use to measure temperature?
Electrical resistance.
What are liquid-in-glass thermometers commonly used for?
Laboratory experiments.
What is used to detect infra-red radiation in infra-red thermography?
A thermal camera.
If the length of the liquid column is 21.0 cm, what is the temperature of the warm water?
It can be determined using the calibration graph.
What are the fixed points on the Celsius temperature scale?
Boiling point (100 °C) and freezing point (0 °C).
How can the temperature of an object be determined using a calibrated thermometer?
By noting the length of the liquid column in the calibration graph.
How does Samuel obtain 0 °C and 100 °C during calibration?
By using the melting point of ice for 0 °C and the boiling point of water for 100 °C.
What is observed when the thermometer is placed in tap water?
The water level remains stable compared to when it is placed in hot water.
What design features contribute to the sensitivity of liquid-in-glass thermometers?
Larger bulb, narrower glass tube, and liquid that expands more with temperature increase.
How many equal divisions are there between the ice point and steam point in the Celsius scale?
100 equal divisions.
How can the temperature of warm water be found using proportion?
By using the formula: (L_T - L_0) / (L_100 - L_0) = (T - 0) / (100 - 0).
How is a liquid-in-glass thermometer calibrated?
By marking the scale at fixed points such as the ice point and steam point.
What is the temperature of normal body temperature in Celsius?
37 °C.
How does the electrical resistance change with temperature in a resistance thermometer?
It increases with temperature.
How is temperature variation displayed in infra-red thermography?
As different colors on an image.
What is the resistance of a thermometer in pure melting ice?
100 Ω.
What does the variable 'L' represent in the context of thermometer calibration?
The length of the liquid column.
What is the upper fixed point on the Celsius temperature scale?
The temperature of pure boiling water (100 °C).
If R and T are in a linear relationship, what is the temperature for a resistance of 92 Ω?
The specific temperature would depend on the linear equation derived from calibration data.
What is the main characteristic of temperature-dependent properties?
They may not vary linearly with temperature.
What does each division represent in the Celsius temperature scale?
Each division represents 1 °C.
What should be checked after plotting a graph?
Both axes have labels and units, data points and scale are correct, and a correct line is drawn through the points.
Define the ice point and the steam point.
The ice point is 0°C (freezing point of water) and the steam point is 100°C (boiling point of water).
What is the temperature of dry ice?
-80 °C.
What temperature-dependent property does an infra-red thermometer use?
Infra-red radiation emission.
Can a smartphone capture a thermograph?
Yes, when connected with an infra-red camera.
What is the resistance of a thermometer in pure boiling water?
140 Ω.
What is the actual temperature if a resistance of 92 Ω is measured from Samuel's graph?
The actual temperature would be determined by locating 92 Ω on the graph and finding the corresponding T value.
What does the variable 'T' represent in the context of thermometer calibration?
The temperature.
What is the range between the lower and upper fixed points divided into?
100 equal divisions, each called 1 °C.
Why is it necessary to define the temperature scale with 'pure' ice and 'pure' boiling water?
Because ice with impurities melts at a different temperature, and the same applies to boiling water.
What does Ginny measure to calibrate the platinum resistance thermometer?
The resistance at 0 °C and 100 °C.
Why are the ice point and steam point chosen as fixed points on the Celsius scale?
They are easily reproducible and universally accessible.
What is the relationship between temperature (T) and length (L) in the context of the thermometer?
Each temperature corresponds to a specific length at the same position.
How does infra-red radiation emission change with temperature?
It increases with temperature.
What is the temperature of the surface of the Sun?
5500 °C.
Does a liquid-in-glass thermometer use thermal expansion to measure temperature?
Yes.
What temperature does the thermometer read when the resistance is 124 Ω?
It can be determined using the calibration graph.
What is the change in volume of mercury when the thermometer is put in pure boiling water?
The change in volume can be found by comparing the volume at boiling water to that at melting ice using the graph.
Can temperatures fall below 0 °C or rise above 100 °C on the Celsius scale?
Yes, temperatures can fall below 0 °C or rise above 100 °C.
What does the calibration graph of a mercury-in-glass thermometer represent?
It shows the relationship between the length of the mercury column and temperature.
What does the calibration graph plot?
Resistance (R) against temperature (θ).
What is one benefit of using an infra-red thermometer during a pandemic?
It allows for contactless temperature measurement.
What is the temperature of melting ice in Celsius?
0 °C.
Does a resistance thermometer use thermal expansion to measure temperature?
No.
What is the resistance of the thermometer in a room at 30 °C?
It can be determined using the linear relationship between resistance and temperature.
How do you find the final length of the mercury column after boiling water?
By adding the change in volume to the initial length of the mercury column.
What is the formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?
T_F = 1.8 T_C + 32.
If the length of the mercury column is 16 cm, what is the temperature according to the calibration graph?
The temperature is 20°C.
What assumption does Ginny make when constructing the calibration graph?
The resistance of the platinum wire varies linearly with temperature.
What is another benefit of using an infra-red thermometer during a pandemic?
It provides quick temperature readings.
How can a thermometer have higher sensitivity based on the diameter of the glass tube?
A smaller diameter increases sensitivity.
How does the cross-sectional area of the mercury column affect the sensitivity of the thermometer?
A larger cross-sectional area results in a smaller change in height for a given volume change, reducing sensitivity.
What is another commonly used temperature scale besides Celsius?
Fahrenheit.
How is the calibration graph obtained?
By measuring resistance in pure melting ice and boiling water, then plotting the data.
What is the length of the mercury column if the temperature is -10°C?
The length of the mercury column would be 12 cm, assuming linear variation.
At what temperature does the resistance equal 80 Ω in thermometer X?
At 200 °C.
How can a thermometer have higher sensitivity based on the size of the bulb?
A larger bulb increases sensitivity.
What is the expected resistance at 60 °C if the resistance varies linearly with temperature?
The expected resistance can be calculated using the linear relationship derived from the calibration points.
What is the third temperature scale mentioned?
Kelvin temperature scale.
If the thermometer reads 48 °C, what is the actual temperature according to the dotted-line graph?
42 °C.
What does the black line in Figure b represent?
It represents a liquid-in-glass thermometer (X) that shows a linear relationship between length and temperature.
What is the resistance when the temperature is -30 °C in thermometer X?
Assuming linear variation, it can be calculated based on the graph.
What is the temperature-dependent property of an infra-red thermometer?
It detects temperature based on emitted infra-red radiation.
If the resistance thermometer shows the value found at 60 °C, is the actual temperature higher, lower, or equal to 60 °C?
It depends on the deviation from linearity; if the actual resistance is higher than expected, the temperature is lower, and vice versa.
What does the dotted-line graph represent?
The actual value of temperature corresponding to resistance.
If thermometer X shows a length of 25 cm, what is the temperature of the object?
The temperature of the object is 75°C.
What are the two fixed points of the Celsius temperature scale?
Upper fixed point: steam point; Lower fixed point: ice point.
What is a disadvantage of thermometer Y compared to thermometer X?
Thermometer Y may have a less linear response.
What is the temperature-dependent property of a thermistor thermometer?
It changes resistance with temperature.
What is the relationship between x and T when x = 20?
T can be either 5 or 15.
What is the upper fixed point of the Celsius scale?
The temperature of steam over pure boiling water at normal atmospheric pressure.
What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as temperature increases?
The resistance decreases.
Why do we need to choose a suitable thermometer?
Based on the purpose of usage.
If thermometer Y also shows a length of 25 cm, how does its temperature compare to that of thermometer X?
The temperature of the object with thermometer Y is lower than that found with thermometer X.
What is the lower fixed point of the Celsius scale?
The temperature of pure melting ice at normal atmospheric pressure.
What types of thermometers are used for high temperatures?
Thermometers suitable for ovens and furnaces.
How many equal divisions are there in the Celsius temperature scale?
100 equal divisions.
What type of thermometer is used when precise measurement is required?
High sensitivity thermometers.
What is temperature a measure of?
The degree of hotness of an object.
What does a thermometer use to measure temperature?
A temperature-dependent property.
What is the purpose of calibrating thermometers?
To ensure accurate temperature measurements.
What is a calibration graph used for?
To relate the temperature to the corresponding readings of a thermometer.
What is the formula for calculating temperature using a thermometer?
LT - L0 / L100 - L0 = T - 0 / 100 - 0.
What does °C stand for?
Degree Celsius.
What is a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
A type of thermometer that uses liquid in a glass tube to measure temperature.
What is a temperature-dependent property?
A property that changes with temperature, used in thermometers.
What is the definition of a thermometer?
An instrument that measures temperature.
