l1eco

B) George Evelyn Hutchinson

Explanation: George Evelyn Hutchinson is noted for influencing young scientists with ideas related to organic nutrient cycling and the terminology of producers and consumers, which are fundamental concepts in ecology.

B) All populations of different species living and interacting within an ecosystem

Explanation: A community encompasses all populations of different species that coexist and interact within a specific ecosystem, emphasizing the diversity of life.

B) To reduce bias by keeping subjects unaware of their group

Explanation: Blind experiments are designed to reduce bias by ensuring that test subjects do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group, which helps eliminate the placebo effect.

B) Physiological ecology

Explanation: Physiological ecology focuses on how individual organisms respond to environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and light.

B) The scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their environment

Explanation: The best definition of Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment, encompassing both biotic and abiotic factors.

C) An educated guess that can be tested

Explanation: A hypothesis is a testable explanation or prediction based on observations and prior knowledge, guiding the research process.

B) There is a relationship between variables that is not due to chance

Explanation: Correlation indicates that there are statistical variables that have a relationship that cannot be expected by chance alone, but it does not necessarily imply causation.

C) Theophrastus

Explanation: Theophrastus, a friend of Aristotle, is recognized for his writings on the relationships between organisms and their environment, contributing to the early foundations of ecology.

C) Energy relationships within a lake community

Explanation: Raymond A. Lindeman traced 'energy-available' relationships within a lake community, marking the beginning of ecosystem ecology with his influential paper in 1942.

B) Richard Hesse and Charles Elton

Explanation: Richard Hesse and Charles Elton contributed significantly to systems ecology, utilizing computers to analyze large data sets and applying general system theory to ecological studies.

C) Define a problem/ask a question

Explanation: The first step in the scientific method involves forming a question based on observations made, which sets the stage for further investigation.

C) Both scientists and subjects are unaware of group assignments

Explanation: Double-blind experiments prevent both scientists and subjects from knowing which group is experimental, further reducing bias in the research process.

C) An experiment that takes place in labs or artificial environments

Explanation: Controlled experiments are conducted in settings where researchers can manipulate variables and maintain control over conditions, allowing for precise testing.

B) Radioactive tracers

Explanation: The use of radioactive tracers, a product of the atomic age, was a significant advancement in measuring the movements of energy and nutrients through ecosystems.

B) Observing what one wants or thinks they should observe

Explanation: Bias refers to the tendency of individuals to observe outcomes that align with their expectations or desires, which can affect the validity of scientific observations.

B) The impact of changing land use on ecosystems

Explanation: Conservation ecology examines how changing land use affects natural ecosystems and applies principles from various fields to maintain biological diversity.

B) The role or profession of an organism in its environment

Explanation: In ecology, a 'niche' describes the role or profession of an organism within its habitat, including its interactions with other organisms and the environment.

B) The difference between results and actual value

Explanation: The margin of error is an estimate of how much the results of an experiment may differ from the true value, highlighting the potential inaccuracies in measurements.

A) Biocenose

Explanation: Karl Mobius developed the concept of 'biocenose' to describe a community of interdependent organisms, emphasizing the complexity of ecological relationships.

E) Ecosystem

Explanation: An ecosystem is not a type of symbiotic relationship; rather, it is a broader ecological concept that includes various interactions among organisms and their environment.

B) To not receive the independent variable

Explanation: The control group serves as a baseline for comparison, as it does not receive the independent variable, allowing researchers to assess the effect of the variable being tested.

B) Both species benefit from the relationship

Explanation: Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both species involved gain benefits, illustrating a positive interaction between them.

C) He introduced the term 'ecosystem'

Explanation: Arthur G. Tansley is credited with advancing a holistic ecological concept that combined living organisms and their physical environment into a system, which he termed the ecosystem.

C) All communities and ecosystems in a broader spatial context

Explanation: The term 'landscape' refers to the broader spatial context in which all communities and ecosystems exist, highlighting the interconnectedness of ecological systems.

A) Biotic and abiotic

Explanation: An ecosystem consists of two basic interacting components: the living (biotic) and the nonliving (abiotic), which function together as a unit.

C) Observation

Explanation: The scientific method begins with observation, which is crucial for formulating questions and hypotheses in scientific inquiry.

B) A group of individuals of the same species in a given area

Explanation: A population is specifically defined as a group of individuals of the same species that occupy a particular area, highlighting the importance of species identity in ecological studies.

C) Population ecology

Explanation: Population ecology is concerned with population growth, including birth and death rates, as well as interactions such as competition, mutualism, and predation.

B) Imprinting and instinct in animals

Explanation: Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen conducted pioneering studies on imprinting and instinct, which laid the groundwork for the field of ethology, focusing on animal behavior.

B) Ernst Haeckel, 1869

Explanation: The term 'Ecology' was coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869, derived from the Greek words 'oikos' (house) and 'logos' (study).

C) Environmental Science includes advocacy and political aspects

Explanation: Environmental Science is concerned with advocacy and the political aspects of managing the environment, while Ecology focuses on the interactions between living and non-living components.

D) Biosphere

Explanation: The biosphere represents the highest level of organization in ecological systems, encompassing all living organisms and their interactions within the thin layer surrounding the Earth.

C) To check for errors, bias, or uncontrolled variables

Explanation: Peer review is a critical process where other scientists evaluate research findings to ensure accuracy and reliability before publication.

B) The idea of geometric population growth

Explanation: Thomas Malthus advanced the principle that populations grow geometrically until they outstrip resources, which influenced Darwin's development of the concept of natural selection.

C) As one variable increases, the other also increases

Explanation: A positive correlation occurs when one variable increases or decreases in tandem with another variable, indicating a direct relationship.

C) Exposure to cowpox would lead to immunity to smallpox

Explanation: Dr. Jenner hypothesized that exposure to cowpox would provide immunity against the more deadly smallpox, which he tested through experimentation.