What are isotopes?
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Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers, due to a different number of neutrons.
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What are isotopes?
Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers, due to a different number of neutrons.
What is the term for the approach of breaking down matter into its basic components?
Reductionist approach.
How are isotopes represented using the notation A Z M?
A represents the mass number, Z represents the atomic number, and M represents the chemical symbol of the element.
What is the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics?
It states that the position and velocity of an electron cannot be known simultaneously.
What are the three subatomic particles considered in understanding the main properties of atoms?
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons.
What determines whether isotopes are stable or unstable (radioactive)?
The balance between the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
What is the absolute charge of an electron and a proton?
Absolute charge of -1.6 * 10^-19 C for an electron and +1.6 * 10^-19 C for a proton.
How is the dual nature of electrons expressed in quantum mechanics?
Electrons are described as both particles and waves.
What is the equation for the energy of quantum radiation?
E = h * v, where h = 6.626 * 10^-34 J * s (Planck constant with the unit Joule * second).
What are the natural limits for the number of isotopes in elements?
Elements with small atomic numbers have approximately equal numbers of protons and neutrons, while elements with high atomic numbers have a slight neutron excess to balance the repelling protons.
What is the relative mass of an electron compared to a proton?
An electron possesses only about 1/2000 of the mass of a proton.
What is an atomic orbital?
A space in the electron shell where the probability of finding a specific electron of the atom ranges from 0 to 1.
What is a Linienspektrum and how is it used?
It is a line spectrum that appears after excitation in a spectrometer, and it is used to recognize and differentiate elements.
What are radioisotopes?
Unstable isotopes that attempt to stabilize by emitting elementary particles.
What is the Hund's rule in electron configuration?
The energetically equivalent p-states (px, py, pz) are initially occupied by a single electron, all with parallel spin, before a second electron with opposite spin is added.
What is the relative mass of a neutron compared to a proton?
Neutron and proton have approximately the same relative mass.
What is the shape of s-orbitals?
They are spherically symmetrical around the atomic nucleus with no preferred direction in three-dimensional space.
What is the characteristic of the 3p or 4p orbitals in terms of charge density?
They have a similar appearance, but the greatest charge density lies further from the atomic nucleus.
How can a single light quantum be visualized?
As a particle moving at the speed of light, known as a photon, demonstrating the wave/particle duality of light.
What is the isotopic composition of naturally occurring elements on Earth?
It is practically constant, with a defined isotopic abundance.
What are valence electrons?
Electrons located in the outer shell of an atom.
What is the term for the smallest 'elements of individual things' that cannot be further divided?
Atomos (meaning indivisible) as proposed by Leukipp and Demokrit.
How are p-orbitals oriented around the atomic nucleus?
They are oriented in the shape of a dumbbell along the x-, y-, and z-axes.
What is the significance of atoms and elementary particles in relation to the human body?
Atoms form the basis for everything that makes up human existence, including growth, physical and mental activity, intelligence, character, health, and disease.
What does the energy level diagram of the electron shell depict?
It depicts the energy level scheme of the electron shell with the labeling of the shells and sublevels.
What is the electron configuration of Neon (Ne)?
1s2 2s2 2p6 (full shell).
What is the role of atom nuclei in the space between the atomic nucleus and the outer atomic boundary?
They form positively charged mass points in an otherwise nearly empty space, structuring it with their negative charge and defining it outwardly.
What is the Nebenquantenzahl?
It characterizes the different sublevels within a principal energy level for electrons and ranges from l = 0 to l = n - 1 for each shell.
What is the electron configuration of a Carbon atom?
1s^2 2s^2 2p^2.
What is the composition of Tin (Sn)?
It consists of 10 isotopes.
What is the electron configuration of Magnesium (Mg)?
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2.
What is the impact of electromagnetic fields, such as those from power lines, mobile phone masts, and transmitters, on human health?
They do not change the atoms themselves, but they influence processes involving charges and disrupt the quantum flow.
How are the sublevels within a principal energy level characterized?
By the Nebenquantenzahl l, which can take values from 0 to n - 1 and is represented by the letters s, p, d, and f.
What is the composition of Phosphorus (P)?
It is isotopically pure.
Why is the proportion of unstable isotopes expected to decrease in the future?
Due to the high age of the Earth.
What is the electron configuration of Boron (B)?
1s2 2s2 2p1.
What is the relative mass of a hydrogen atom?
1.008.
What is the range of values for the Magnetquantenzahl m?
It ranges from +l to -l (including 0) for each sublevel.
What is the energy level diagram used for?
To indicate the energy of the occupied levels for the electrons of an atom.
What is the relative mass of a sodium atom?
22.990.
What is the significance of the Spinquantenzahl for electrons?
It corresponds to the electron's spin direction and can have values of +1/2 or -1/2.
What is the relative mass of a carbon-12 isotope?
12.011.
What happens when atoms are excited?
Atoms can be transferred from their ground state to an excited state by absorbing energy, and this energy can be released as radiation when the electrons fall back to the original level.
What is the Pauli principle in relation to electrons?
No electron of an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers as another (Pauli principle).
What does the Avogadro constant indicate?
It indicates how many particles are contained in one mole of substance.
Why are the exact relative atomic masses of elements needed?
To establish mass balances in chemical reactions.
How is the maximum number of electrons for each sublevel and shell derived?
It is derived from the formula 2n^2, where n is the principal quantum number.
How does the Avogadro constant make it easier to describe chemical reactions?
It makes it easier to describe chemical reactions quantitatively because the amount of substance is independent of external parameters like pressure and temperature.
What is the Avogadro constant?
6.02 × 10^23.
What is the Elektronenkonfiguration of an atom based on?
It is based on the atom's atomic number and the occupation of energy levels, following the order of sublevels and the Pauli principle.
What is the composition of an atom's nucleus?
It consists of protons and neutrons.
What does one mole of an element correspond to in grams?
It corresponds to the relative atomic mass in grams.
What is the definition of the Avogadro constant?
It is a natural constant representing the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
What is the charge of the atom's nucleus?
Positively charged.
What does one mole of a chemical compound correspond to in grams?
It corresponds to the relative molecular mass in grams.
What is the function of the electrons in an atom?
They surround the nucleus as a cloud of negative charge.
What is the significance of the known abbreviations in describing small subsets of substance?
They allow the description of small subsets of substance, for example, 1 nmol contains approximately 6 * 10^14 particles of the substance.
What is the diameter of an atom?
About 10^-10 meters (0.1 nm = 100 pm).
What determines the chemical properties of an element?
The electron shell determines the chemical properties of an element.
What is the diameter of an atom's nucleus?
Only 10^-15 meters (1 fm, 1 Femtometer).
What happens during the formation of a chemical bond or chemical reactions?
During the formation of a chemical bond or chemical reactions, electrons are rearranged.
What is the relationship between the size of an atom and its nucleus?
The size of an atom is like that of a large sports hall to a table tennis ball, leaving a lot of space in an atom.
What do electrons do around the atomic nucleus?
Electrons arrange themselves around the nucleus according to fixed rules.
What is the Kernladungszahl (KLZ) of an atom?
It is the sum of protons in the atom's nucleus.
How are the energy levels of electrons distributed in an atom?
The energy levels of electrons are distributed on different energy levels or shells.
What is the Ordnungszahl (OZ) of an element?
It is the order number of the elements when atoms are arranged by increasing KLZ.
How is the charge of an atom's nucleus balanced?
By the corresponding number of electrons in the vicinity of the nucleus.
What does the Massenzahl of an atom indicate?
It indicates the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus.
