What should be done prior to transporting an injured athlete with a suspected cervical spinal injury?
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Remove the helmet and shoulder pads.
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What should be done prior to transporting an injured athlete with a suspected cervical spinal injury?
Remove the helmet and shoulder pads.
What is the purpose of elevation in treating acute musculoskeletal injuries?
It reduces internal bleeding by eliminating the effect of gravity on blood pooling in the extremities.
What should be done if an athlete is unconscious and not breathing?
They should be carefully set in a supine position and administered CPR.
What is the first step in the four-point crutch gait?
The athlete stands on both feet.
What should be applied at the earliest in cases of suspected cervical spinal injury?
A rigid cervical collar.
What does HIPAA require regarding injured minors?
The athletic trainer must obtain actual consent from parents prior to treatment.
When can an athlete be carried using manual conveyance?
After a complete examination.
What is manual conveyance used for?
To move a mildly injured athlete a greater distance than they could walk with ease.
How should the arms of an athlete be positioned during ambulatory aid?
Arms should be draped over the shoulders of assistants, with their arms encircling the athlete's back.
How long should compression be maintained after an injury?
For at least 72 hours.
Who performs the off-field assessment?
An athletic trainer, physical therapist, or physician.
What is key to providing emergency aid?
The initial evaluation of the injured athlete.
What takes precedence during a primary survey?
Life-threatening injuries take precedence over other injuries.
Why is unconsciousness considered a dilemma in sports?
Because the affected athlete must always be considered to have a life-threatening injury.
Why should any suspected fracture be splinted before moving the athlete?
To prevent increased tissue damage, hemorrhage, and shock.
What is a key principle of good splinting?
To splint from one joint above the fracture to one joint below the fracture.
What should be done if internal hemorrhage occurs subcutaneously or intramuscularly?
The athlete may be moved without danger in most instances.
What information must be provided when making an emergency phone call?
Type of emergency, type of suspected injury, present condition of the athlete, current assistance being given, location of phone being used, and location of emergency.
Why is cooperation important among emergency care providers?
Cooperation and professionalism are essential for providing effective health care to injured athletes.
What should be used to evaluate the extent of a musculoskeletal injury?
A logical process.
What may complicate lifesaving procedures in suspected cervical spinal injury?
Protective equipment.
What is the procedure for an athlete who is prone and breathing?
They should be logrolled onto a spine board.
How does elevation aid in injury treatment?
It aids in drainage.
What is the relationship between the degree of elevation and swelling reduction?
The greater the degree of elevation, the more effective the reduction in swelling.
What must always be called for an unconscious athlete?
The rescue squad for treatment.
How should pressure be applied when controlling bleeding?
Firmly against the resistance of a bone unless there is an underlying fracture.
What is the first action a rescuer should take when performing CPR?
Call 911.
Who should be certified in CPR, AED, and first aid?
Individuals associated with competitive or recreational sports programs.
When is the off-field assessment conducted?
Once the athlete has been removed from the site of the initial injury.
Who should be included in the emergency care plans during athletic events?
Coaches, referees, parents of athletes, and spectators.
Why is protection important in the immediate treatment of injuries?
To prevent further damage to the injured area.
How long should you check for a definite pulse?
Within 10 seconds.
How does ice application affect hypoxia?
It lowers hypoxia by decreasing tissue demand for oxygen.
What is an air splint?
A clear plastic splint inflated with air around the affected part.
What type of consent should be obtained from parents or guardians before the season begins?
Actual consent in writing.
What should be maintained and monitored until emergency personnel arrive?
Life support.
What does parental permission grant in the context of treating an injured athlete?
Permission to treat the specific condition.
What is the role of compression in treating acute musculoskeletal injuries?
It helps decrease hemorrhage and edema.
What are the three types of hemorrhage?
Arterial, venous, and capillary.
What key aspects are assessed during the primary survey?
Airway, breathing, circulation, shock, or severe bleeding.
What should you do after establishing unresponsiveness?
Activate the emergency response system by dialing 911.
What are the benefits of applying ice to an acute injury?
Decreases pain, lowers cell metabolism, and reduces tissue demand for oxygen.
Why is it important to know the mechanism of the injury?
To determine the most affected area of the body.
How does the athlete position their affected foot while using the tripod method?
The affected foot is completely elevated or partially bearing weight.
When is a rapid form immobilizer most useful?
For injuries that are angulated and must be splinted in the position in which they are found.
Who should be informed of the emergency plan?
All staff and maintenance personnel.
Why is the secondary survey important?
It uncovers additional problems that may become serious if left untreated.
What happens to blood pressure during shock?
Decreased blood pressure.
How should body temperature be managed in cases of shock?
Maintain body temperature as close to normal as possible.
What is used to secure the head of the patient on the spine board?
Lateral restraint pads and straps or tape over the chin and forehead.
What is the first step in the POLICE method?
Protection from further injury.
What is the first step in the C A B approach to CPR?
Circulation.
What should you check for within 10 seconds if there is no AED available?
Check for a definite pulse.
What is unconsciousness?
A state of insensibility characterized by a lack of conscious awareness.
What is the first step in stretcher carrying a patient?
All rescuers place themselves in a position to stand.
What should you pay attention to when listening to the athlete?
How the athlete answers questions pertaining to injuries.
What is the primary goal of immediate treatment following an acute musculoskeletal injury?
To limit swelling and minimize pain.
How should palpation be conducted during off-field assessment?
Begin away from the injured area and progress to deeper palpation.
What is the purpose of elevating an injured area?
To reduce blood pressure and facilitate venous and lymphatic drainage.
How does venous bleeding appear?
Dark red with continuous flow.
What should be considered regarding the transportation of an injured athlete?
The manner of transportation required.
What can severe internal hemorrhage lead to if not treated immediately?
Shock.
What do Good Samaritan Laws provide?
Legal protection to individuals voluntarily providing emergency care.
How does arterial bleeding present?
Flows in spurts and is bright red.
Who has the final say in the transportation of injured athletes?
Emergency medical technicians.
What precautions must be taken when dealing with bleeding?
Universal precautions to reduce risk of exposure to bloodborne pathogens.
What should be done to the region of injury during the assessment?
Palpate the region of injury gently.
What type of contact information should be carried at all times?
Contact information for all athletes, coaches, and other personnel.
Is an air splint compatible with X-ray scans?
Yes, it is compatible.
What does C A B stand for in emergency care?
Circulation, Airway, and Breathing.
What does optimal loading involve?
Determining and incorporating the appropriate progression for healing.
What is a challenge when splinting around the shoulder?
Splinting is difficult but can be done with a shoulder sling.
What should you do if the AED indicates a shockable rhythm?
Give 1 shock, then resume CPR immediately for 2 minutes.
What does skin color indicate during a secondary assessment?
It can indicate circulation and oxygenation status.
What can severe bleeding, fractures, or internal injuries lead to?
An increased potential for shock.
What are examples of life-threatening injuries?
Injuries requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation, profuse bleeding, and shock.
What is the first step in off-field assessment of an injury?
Obtain as much information about the injury as possible.
Who performs the most convenient carry during manual conveyance?
Two assistants.
What visual signs should be observed during an injury assessment?
Deformity, swelling, edema, skin discoloration, and tissue temperature change.
How can rehabilitation time be affected by initial injury treatment?
If controlled initially, rehabilitation time will be greatly reduced.
After moving the crutch forward in the four-point gait, what is the next action?
The opposite foot is stepped forward.
What are some examples of compression methods?
Elastic wraps, tape, and commercial pneumatic compression devices.
What should be ensured about keys to gates or locks in an Emergency Action Plan (EAP)?
They should be easily accessible.
Why is it important to know the location of the phone being used during an emergency call?
To ensure responders can locate the caller and provide assistance quickly.
What can prolonged application of ice lead to?
Tissue damage.
What should be communicated about the location of the emergency?
How to enter the facility.
What are the two initial assessment techniques to be conducted?
Visual observation and initial assessment.
What is required for using an air splint?
Special training.
What severe symptoms may occur in shock related to urinary and bowel function?
Urinary retention and fecal incontinence.
What alternative should be used if wireless phones are unreliable?
Landline phones must be used instead.
Can a SAM Splint be reused?
Yes, the same sheet of splint material can be reused as many times as desired.
How is the upper limb secured during splinting?
The upper limb is bound to the body.
What does the presence of pain indicate?
Possible injury or condition requiring further assessment.
Why is obtaining written consent important?
It can be used as grounds to provide medical treatment in emergencies.
What should be ruled out before providing ambulatory aid?
Serious injury.
How should support be provided during ambulatory aid?
Complete and even support should be provided on both sides by individuals.
What is the primary technique for controlling external bleeding?
Direct pressure applied over a wound with a hand over a sterile gauze pad.
What is the simplified CPR method recommended by the American Heart Association for untrained rescuers?
Hands-only CPR.
What is the first step in administering CPR to an adult?
Establish unresponsiveness.
What does the acronym P R I C E stand for in injury management?
Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
What happens to the crutch on the same side as the foot that moved forward?
It moves just ahead of the foot.
What is the appearance of capillary bleeding?
Exudes from tissue and is reddish in color.
Why is it important to document findings from an on-field exam?
To have a written record of the findings.
Into what two parts is the on-the-field assessment divided?
Primary and secondary survey.
Why is it important for individuals providing emergency medical care to be aware of Good Samaritan Laws?
To understand the legal protections available when providing emergency care.
What should you do if there is a definite pulse?
Give 1 breath every 5 to 6 seconds.
What policies should be established in an EAP?
Policies and procedures regarding the removal of protective equipment.
What are special tests in the context of off-field assessment?
Specific evaluations designed to assess the function of the injured area.
Is there any excuse for poor handling of an injured athlete?
No, there is no excuse for poor handling.
What happens to the aluminum core of a SAM Splint when shaped into structural curves?
It becomes rigid.
What is necessary for splinting fractures involving the knee, thigh, or hip?
Splinting of lower-limb joints and one side of the trunk.
When is a secondary assessment conducted?
If the athlete has no life-threatening injuries.
What vital sign measures the force of blood against artery walls?
Blood pressure.
When can the secondary survey begin?
Once the athlete’s condition is stabilized.
Who gives the command to lift and carry the patient?
The person stabilizing the cervical spine.
What is hemorrhage?
Abnormal internal or external discharge of blood.
What is the primary survey in emergency care?
Assessment of potentially life-threatening problems.
What is essential before providing appropriate medical care for injuries?
A systematic assessment of the situation.
When should ice be applied after an injury?
Immediately after the injury.
What is essential to prevent further harm in a suspected cervical spinal injury?
Ensure spinal motor restriction (SMR).
What should you do if an AED is available?
Deliver one shock if instructed by the device and begin CPR.
What are common skin characteristics in shock?
Moist, pale, cool, and clammy skin.
What is the purpose of the checklist reviewed during the 'time out'?
To ensure that all parties are ready to handle emergencies.
How does the respiratory rate change in shock?
Increased and shallow respiratory rate.
What is included in the physical examination during off-field assessment?
A hands-on evaluation of the injured area.
What is the best method for splinting and moving the spine and pelvis?
Using a spine board.
What does the acronym C A B stand for in CPR?
Circulation, Airway, Breathing.
How should the athlete be supported emotionally during shock?
Reassure the athlete.
When is a crutch or cane required?
When lower extremity ambulation is contraindicated.
What are vital signs important for in a secondary assessment?
To identify if one or more are not normal.
Why is the level of consciousness important in a secondary assessment?
It helps assess neurological status.
What can happen if shock is left untreated?
It may lead to the death of the individual.
What is ambulatory aid?
Support or assistance provided to an injured individual who is able to walk.
What happens in the absence of informed consent from parents?
Consent implied on the part of the athlete takes precedence.
What should you do if an athlete appears to have a fracture?
Dial 911 to access the rescue squad immediately.
What should be done if a life-threatening injury is identified?
Contact the rescue squad by dialing 911.
What is the immediate action required for an athlete who is unconscious?
A primary survey must be conducted.
What can be determined after completing an on-field injury inspection?
The seriousness of the injury.
What is the first step in off-field assessment?
Systematic evaluation beginning with light pressure.
What should be done with the patient upon arrival at the hospital emergency department?
The patient is transferred from the spine board to a bed.
In the four-point crutch gait, what is moved forward first?
One crutch.
In what position should the injury be splinted?
In the position it is found.
What does palpation assess in an injury assessment?
Bones and soft tissues.
Why is internal hemorrhage in body cavities like the skull or abdomen considered life-threatening?
Because it may lead to severe complications and is difficult to detect.
What is the purpose of special tests in off-field assessment?
To detect specific pathologies in every body region.
What is a 'time out' in the context of an athletic event?
A routine activity held at the beginning of an athletic event where all individuals involved in health care review a checklist to prepare for emergencies.
What is the purpose of the primary survey?
To correct life-threatening situations.
What is the role of ice in the P R I C E method?
To reduce swelling and pain.
Why might pain be felt initially when applying compression?
Due to pressure buildup in the tissues.
When should hands-only CPR be used?
For adults who unexpectedly collapse and stop breathing or are unresponsive.
What does the secondary survey involve?
A detailed examination of injuries sustained.
What is important about elevators in buildings according to an EAP?
They must accommodate a gurney or spine board.
What should a rescuer do until paramedics arrive or an AED is available?
Continue performing chest compressions.
What does the observation component involve in off-field assessment?
Visual assessment of the injury and the athlete's condition.
What posture does the athlete maintain while using the tripod method?
The athlete leans forward, straightens the elbows, and pulls the upper crosspiece against the side of the chest.
What is the procedure if there is no pulse?
Begin cycles of 30 compressions and 2 breaths.
What does the athlete do after moving through the crutches?
The athlete recovers the crutches and places the tips forward again.
When should an air splint not be used?
If it will alter fracture deformity.
How should the patient be secured on the spine board?
Using spider straps applied across the chest, hips, thighs, and lower leg.
What is a common sensation experienced by individuals in shock?
Extreme thirst.
What should be done regarding the athlete's position based on their injury?
Positioning may need to be modified based on the injury.
What does pupil response assess?
Neurological function.
Why is parental consent important in treating injured minors?
It indicates that the parent is aware of the situation and the medical personnel's opinions and plans.
How is internal hemorrhage typically detected?
It is invisible unless manifested through body openings or imaging studies.
What type of first aid decisions can be made during an on-field injury inspection?
Type of first aid and immobilization required.
What should an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) include for secondary schools and colleges?
Plans to provide emergency care to individuals other than athletes, such as coaches, referees, parents, and spectators.
When should an injury be referred to a physician?
If the injury requires immediate referral for further assessment.
What is recommended for athletes with suspected internal hemorrhage?
Hospitalization and observation by medical staff.
Who are usually the first to attend to an emergency involving injured athletes?
Athletic trainers or coaches.
What are the components of an off-field assessment?
History, observation, physical examination, and special tests.
How does compression compare to cold and elevation in importance?
It is as essential as cold and elevation, and at times more important than them.
What does the secondary survey assess?
Vital signs and symptoms.
What is the first step in managing shock?
Dial 911 to access emergency care.
What behavioral signs may indicate shock?
Disinterest in surroundings, irritability, restlessness, or excitement.
What does the acronym POLICE stand for in immediate treatment following an acute musculoskeletal injury?
Protection, Optimal Loading, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.
What injuries should always be considered when dealing with an unconscious athlete?
Injuries to the neck and spine.
What should not be administered to the athlete until instructed by a physician?
Anything by mouth.
How should an athlete stand when fitting for crutches?
With good posture and in low-heeled shoes.
What should you do if the AED indicates a non-shockable rhythm?
Resume CPR immediately for 2 minutes.
What are some predisposing factors for shock?
Extreme fatigue, extreme heat or cold, extreme dehydration and mineral loss, or illness.
What should staff be familiar with in an Emergency Action Plan (EAP)?
Community-based emergency health care delivery plan, including communication and transportation policies.
What must be ensured before transporting a person with a limb injury?
The injury is splinted properly.
Who should handle the movement and transportation of an injured athlete with a suspected cervical spinal injury?
Properly trained paramedics, EMTs, or athletic trainers.
What is one example of current assistance that should be reported during an emergency call?
CPR.
Which organizations provide certification for CPR, AED, and first aid?
The American Heart Association, the American Red Cross, or the National Safety Council.
What information does on-the-field assessment provide?
Information regarding the direction of treatment.
What should be done if athletic trainers or coaches are unavailable during an emergency?
A rescue squad should be called.
What is the purpose of the history component in off-field assessment?
To gather information about the athlete's injury and medical background.
How far should the crutch tips be placed ahead of the feet?
12 to 15 inches.
What is essential when moving and transporting injured athletes?
Techniques that will not result in additional injury.
How should the feet and legs be positioned in shock management?
Elevate feet and legs 8 to 12 inches.
What is a SAM Splint made of?
A thin sheet of soft, pliable aluminum covered by padding.
What protective equipment should be removed to expose the airway?
Helmets, face masks, and shoulder pads.
What is the first step in administering CPR to children or infants?
Establish unresponsiveness and then call 911.
Where should the crutch base fall in relation to the axilla?
1 inch below the anterior fold of the axilla.
Which vital sign indicates body temperature?
Temperature.
What is shock in the context of medical emergencies?
A condition that occurs when a diminished amount of blood is available to the circulatory system.
What is the first action to take in a suspected cervical spinal injury?
Dial 911 immediately to access EMS services.
What is the widely accepted initial treatment for acute musculoskeletal injuries?
Ice (cold application).
What is the first step in on-field injury inspection?
Determine injury severity and transportation of the injured athlete from the playing field.
What is the recommended rate of chest compressions during CPR?
100 to 120 uninterrupted compressions per minute.
What is a rapid form immobilizer?
A splint made of Styrofoam chips sealed in an airtight sleeve, molded to the shape of any joint or angulated fracture using Velcro straps.
What information should be obtained from the athlete during an injury assessment?
A brief history of the injury, if possible.
What should be done after placing the patient on a spine board?
Transfer them to a less rigid stretcher for transport as soon as possible.
What is recommended to alleviate potential conflicts among emergency care providers?
All individuals involved in an EAP should undergo practice sessions at least once a year.
How should a patient be moved if they are prone?
Logroll the patient onto their back.
Who uses the C A B acronym for CPR?
The American Heart Association.
What is the goal of mechanically loading the tissue?
To facilitate healing.
What should be done as soon as an AED becomes available?
Use the AED and immediately check rhythm.
How is cane measurement taken?
From the height of the greater trochanter of the femur to the floor.
What does on-the-field assessment determine?
The nature of the injury.
How are special tests used in relation to other testing procedures?
To substantiate findings of other testing procedures.
How should the head and neck be positioned in a suspected cervical spinal injury?
Maintain head and neck in neutral alignment with the long axis of the body.
What are the stabilization methods for a suspected cervical spinal injury?
Head-squeeze technique and trap-squeeze technique.
How should upper-arm and elbow fractures be splinted?
In the position they are found.
What materials can be used to splint hand and finger dislocations and fractures?
Tongue depressors, gauze rolls, or aluminum splints.
In what position should lower-arm and wrist fractures be splinted?
In the position of forearm flexion and supported by a sling.
What type of pressure does an air splint provide?
Moderate pressure.
What should be noted when attending to an unconscious athlete?
Body position and level of consciousness.
What should the athlete be instructed to do regarding their injury?
Lie down and avoid viewing the injury.
What is the purpose of immobilizing the area of injury?
To protect the area and determine an appropriate method of transportation.
What can improper fit and usage of crutches or canes cause?
Abnormal stresses on various body parts.
What are the key components to check during a secondary assessment?
Heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, temperature, skin color, pupils, movement, presence of pain, and level of consciousness.
What is a major consequence of shock?
A lack of oxygen-carrying blood cells, leading to widespread tissue death.
What is the tripod method in using crutches?
The athlete swings through crutches without the injured limb making contact with the ground.
What is the final step in the four-point crutch gait?
The opposite foot steps forward, followed by the crutch on the same side.
What is the initial step for an athlete suspected of a cervical spinal injury?
Place the patient on a long spine board, scoop stretcher, or vacuum mattress for extraction.
What type of pulse is associated with shock?
Weak and rapid pulse.
How often should meetings on awareness and responsibilities of personnel be held?
Annually before the beginning of the school year.
What is a key responsibility assigned in an EAP for an injured athlete?
A person must be assigned to accompany them to the hospital.
What is a potential issue with wireless phones in emergencies?
They may pose connectivity issues in some areas.
How can the material of a SAM Splint be modified?
It can be cut with a pair of taping scissors.
What is the second step in the C A B approach to CPR?
Airway.
What is the CPR cycle for one rescuer if there is no pulse?
30 compressions and 2 breaths.
What technique should be used if the patient is supine?
Utilize a six-plus lift and a lift and slide technique.
What type of phones should be readily available for emergency assistance?
Phones that provide access to 911 assistance.
What is necessary for the safe transport of injured athletes?
Planning.
When should protection occur following an injury?
Immediately following an injury.
What is required for immobilization in leg or ankle fractures?
Immobilization of the foot and knee.
What is the CPR cycle for two rescuers if there is no pulse?
15 compressions and 2 breaths.
What may be required in addition to planning for transporting injured athletes?
Additional equipment.
What should be done if the athlete is supine and breathing?
Monitor closely until consciousness returns.
What should you do if there is a definite pulse in a child or infant?
Give 1 breath every 3 seconds.
What angle should the elbow be at when using crutches?
30-degree angle.
What should be done about spectators during an emergency?
Keep spectators away from the injured athlete.
What is the third step in the C A B approach to CPR?
Breathing.
Where should crutches be placed in relation to the athlete's shoes?
6 inches from the outer margin of the shoe and 2 inches in front of the shoe.
Which vital sign indicates heart function?
Heart rate.
What should be developed for each sport's field, court, or gymnasium?
Separate Emergency Action Plans (EAPs).
What are emergencies in the context of sports injuries?
Unexpected occurrences that require immediate attention.
What is a key consideration in an EAP regarding personnel?
Determine the number of personnel required and their responsibilities.
Who should be trained and certified in CPR, AED use, and first aid?
All fitness professionals, coaches, and others in sports science.
Why is prompt care important when sports injuries occur?
It helps prevent complications and ensures quicker recovery.
What is the primary concern in an emergency action plan?
To maintain the functioning of cardiovascular and central nervous systems.
What must be identified for each sport in an EAP?
Emergency equipment required.
What can mistakes in initial injury management lead to?
Prolonged rehabilitation time and potentially life-threatening situations.
What must all sports programs have?
A prearranged emergency action plan (EAP).
