BIOL3205 (note 1)

The additional volume you inspire above the tidal volume, which can be a six-fold increase over the tidal volume.

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lung.

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

It returns to its original relaxed position.

Approximately 150 ml.

Thoracic volume decreases.

There is no gas exchange with blood in this zone, known as dead space.

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.

The process of changing chest volume and pulmonary function.

By using a spirometer.

A single layer of epithelium.

The amount of air that remains in the lungs and airway after maximal exhalation, approximately ~ 1200 ml.

Via two pulmonary arteries, one to each lung.

They are key phases in the process of breathing.

Through pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

One bronchus to each lung.

Air leaves the alveoli.

To conduct air from the trachea to the lungs (terminal bronchioles).

Gases move down pressure gradients.

The use of oxygen with organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP).

The amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of normal expiration.

The movement and exchange of gases between the environment and the body cells.

External and internal respiration.

The volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration, averaging ~ 500 ml during quiet breathing.

The distending force becomes larger, causing the lungs and alveoli to expand.

By regulating body pH.

Oxygen moves from an area of higher P O2 to an area of lower P O2.

Diaphragm, scalenes, sternocleidomastoids, and external intercostals.

It contracts to change the volume of the thoracic cavity, facilitating inhalation.

Pressure gradients.

It serves as a common passageway for food, liquid, and air.

They describe how gases behave under different conditions of pressure and temperature.

It is a passageway for air only and contains vocal cords.

It is equal to atmospheric pressure (0 mm Hg).

Approximately 500 mL.

Bronchioles.

It traps foreign materials such as bacteria, viruses, and dust.

They assist in expanding and contracting the rib cage during inhalation and exhalation.

By increasing respiration rate, tidal volume, or both.

It facilitates gas exchange.

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

The distending force across the lungs.

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Collisions of moving gas molecules with the walls of the container and with each other.

The right ventricle.

Bone, intercostal muscle, diaphragm.

Type I and Type II alveolar cells.

A pair of primary bronchi.

They are large and thin.

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, expanding the thoracic cavity and drawing air into the lungs.

C-shaped cartilage.

Air moves out of the lungs.

Pulmonary pressures are the pressures within the lungs that help facilitate airflow during breathing.

Both pleural cavities experience similar changes in pressure, becoming more negative during inspiration.

Bronchioles have no cartilage and are supported by elastic fibers.

60-75%.

P ip is always less than P alv and is always negative.

The relationship between pressure and volume in gases.

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.

The pressure difference between alveolar pressure (P_alv) and intrapleural pressure (P_ip).

The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas in a sealed container, where pressure increases as volume decreases.

Lung volume changes, creating pressure gradients between alveoli and the atmosphere.

The lung collapses to its unstretched size.

To facilitate gas exchange between the body and the environment.

-3 mm Hg.

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.

It tries to pull the chest wall outward.

The conducting zone.

As volume increases during inspiration, alveolar pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in.

12 pairs of ribs and the sternum (breastbone).

Changes in lung volume during ventilation.

The pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases, allowing air to flow in.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the total volume of air exchanged, while alveolar ventilation refers to the volume of fresh air reaching the alveoli for gas exchange.

It increases, pushing air out of the lungs.

25-40%.

80-90%.

Air flows in.

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

The total volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a minute.

Alveoli have a close association with a capillary network.

Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.

It is a passive process involving elastic recoil of the lungs and thoracic cage.

The respiratory zone.

Spongy tissue with air-filled spaces.

The structures of the respiratory system are designed to facilitate efficient gas exchange.

Total pulmonary ventilation is greater than alveolar ventilation due to dead space.

Collisions increase, resulting in higher pressure.

Alveolar pressure increases.

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.

Air flows into the sealed pleural cavity, causing the rib cage to expand slightly and the lung to collapse.

The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.

To allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of food.

Rate and depth of breathing.

Alveolar sacs.

They become narrower, but their numbers increase.

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation.

The sites of gas exchange.

Chest volume increases, causing alveolar pressure to fall below atmospheric pressure, allowing air to move into the alveoli.

It extends from the primary bronchi to the bronchioles.

Alveolar pressure increases and becomes greater than atmospheric pressure, causing air to leave the alveoli.

Inhalation and exhalation.

Air moves into the alveoli.

It contracts to increase thoracic cavity volume, aiding in inhalation.

The coordinated functioning of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Increased membrane surface area and decreased membrane thickness.

It humidifies the air to prevent the exchange epithelium from drying out.

Pleural fluid (15-30 ml depending on body size).

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Mucus.

Type I cells facilitate gas exchange, while Type II cells produce surfactant.

The total pressure is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.

80-90%.

It protects from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances.

A traditional spirometer.

Vocalization.

P1 V1 = P2 V2, where P represents pressure and V represents volume.

Inhalation and exhalation.

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Air in the conducting airways such as the trachea and bronchi, where no gas exchange occurs.

The mechanics of breathing.

It mixes with thin fluid to ease lung expansion during breathing.

Conducting zone and respiratory zone.

P alv is positive and greater than P atm, causing air to move out of the lungs.

Helps hold the lung tight against the thoracic wall.

They create a pressure gradient that aids in lung expansion and contraction.

Due to the opposing forces exerted by the chest wall and lung pulling the pleural membranes apart.

Thoracic volume increases.

The density of the gas molecules increases.

Pulmonary ventilation, exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood, transport of O2 and CO2 by blood, and exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells.

Conducting zone and respiratory zone.

It becomes more negative, allowing the lungs to expand.

The pressure of the outside air, normally 760 mm Hg at sea level.

The elastic recoil of the lung.

Cartilage in the form of rings or plates.

To provide rigidity.

Total pulmonary ventilation = ventilation rate x tidal volume.

They assist in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during breathing.

100 square meters.

To allow equilibration of pressure.

The partial pressures of gases in a mixture.

P gas = P atm × % of gas in atmosphere.

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.

A double-walled pleural sac.

The trachea runs parallel with and anterior to the esophagus.

The amount of air exchanged during inspiration and expiration.

They synthesize and secrete surfactant.

The diaphragm relaxes, reducing the thoracic cavity's volume and pushing air out of the lungs.

P alv is negative and less than P atm, allowing air to enter the lungs.

Traumatic and spontaneous.

It contracts and drops down toward the abdomen, moving about 1.5 cm.

Approximately -4 mm Hg.

They beat in an upward motion to move mucus toward the pharynx for swallowing, known as the mucus escalator.

Cellular respiration and external respiration.

The inside of the thorax and the outer surface of the lungs.

Warming the air to minimize body temperature fluctuations and prevent alveolar damage from cold air.

Approximately 150 ml.

Hyaline cartilage.

About 300 million.

Alveolar ducts that lead to alveoli.

Terminal bronchioles.

They contract to pull the ribs upward and outward.

The volume of fresh air that reaches the alveoli per minute.

Made up of several layers of connective tissue.

The maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily moved in or out of the respiratory system with one breath.

Alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate x (tidal volume – dead space volume).

It must increase.

By alveolar pores.

Alveolar pressure decreases.

Pharynx and larynx.

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.