What is provided to help review the main terms presented in the chapter?
Click to see answer
Flashcards.
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What is provided to help review the main terms presented in the chapter?
Flashcards.
What is the number of morphemes in the word 'recruitment'?
2 morphemes (recruit + ment).
What is the phonemic breakdown of the word 'chair'?
3 phonemes (ch, ai, r).
What is the focus of Chapter 2?
Linguistic Phonetics.
What is the role of the nucleus in a syllable?
It is almost always a vowel sound and forms the essential core of the syllable.
What is an allophone?
A phonetic variant of a phoneme, representing different sounds within a family of sounds.
How are specific allophones indicated in IPA?
By placing the IPA symbol within square brackets ([ ]) and using diacritic marks.
What are bound morphemes?
Morphemes that must be attached to other morphemes to convey meaning, like '-er'.
What does speech encompass?
Patterns of movement of speech structures and the patterns of acoustic vibration generated by these movements.
What is a syllable defined as in this chapter?
A unit of speech consisting of one vowel or vowel-like element that may be accompanied by surrounding consonants.
How many living languages are estimated to exist according to the 2017 Ethnologue database?
Over 7000.
Where can you find the answers to the chapter summary exercises?
By clicking to check your answers.
What are allographs?
Different letters or combinations of letters that represent the same phoneme in written form.
What is a digraph?
A sequence of two alphabetic characters that represent a single sound.
What distinguishes a consonant cluster from a digraph?
A consonant cluster consists of two or more consonant phonemes pronounced as separate sounds, while a digraph represents a single phoneme with multiple letters.
What is the unreleased diacritic for the sound 'p'?
[ p_ ] indicates that the 'p' has been produced with no final burst of air.
What is morphemic transcription?
A written record of the morphemic content of an utterance.
What is the significance of the terms initial, medial, and final in phonetics?
They denote sound locations at the beginning, middle, or end of a word, respectively.
What is the number of morphemes in the word 'television'?
4 morphemes (tele + vis + ion).
Why is English considered inconsistent in its spelling?
Because the relationship between spoken pronunciation and written spelling is often arbitrary.
Can you name some inflectional affixes in English?
Examples include -s (noun plural), -ed (verb past tense), and -ing (verb present participle).
What is a lexicon?
A collection of meanings acquired when learning a language, including words and elements of meaning.
What does the term 'syllable' refer to in linguistics?
A unit that brings together a collection of sounds.
Which language allows initial 'ng' sounds in words?
Vietnamese, as seen in the surname 'Nguyen'.
How many phonemes are in the word 'school'?
4 phonemes.
What are the terms used to describe consonants in relation to vowels?
Prevocalic (before a vowel), postvocalic (after a vowel), and intervocalic (between two vowels).
How is language formally defined?
As a socially shared code that uses arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of symbols to represent ideas, thoughts, and feelings.
What is the primary modality of language transmission discussed in the text?
Oral transmission through speech.
What is the difference between phonemic and allophonic distinctions?
Phonemic distinctions are obvious to speakers of a language where they are phonemic, but nearly undetectable to speakers of a language where they are allophonic.
How many symbols does the IPA currently include?
Over 100 symbols to represent consonants and vowels.
What is an affix?
A bound morpheme that attaches to a base, either as a prefix or a suffix.
What are dialects?
Different usage patterns within a language that can vary in pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammatical construction.
What are the two subdivisions of phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics and acoustic phonetics.
How does phonology differ from phonetics?
Phonology studies the systematic organization of sounds in languages, while phonetics focuses on the physical act of producing and perceiving speech.
What are graphemes?
Written letters or sequences of discrete units in written language.
What is the difference between phonemes and allophones?
Phonemes can change meaning, while allophones do not produce a change in meaning.
What can you do to check your understanding of the chapter content?
Click to check your understanding.
What biblical story reflects the diversity of languages?
The story of the Tower of Babel.
What is a morpheme?
The smallest element of a language that carries meaning.
What are free morphemes?
Morphemes that can stand alone as words, like 'teach' and 'child'.
What is a morpheme?
A unit of meaning in a word.
How can children be taught to count syllables in a word?
By clapping each time they hear a syllable, relying especially on the syllable peaks or nuclei, typically vowels.
How many phonemes are in the word 'night'?
3 phonemes.
What are diacritic marks in the context of the IPA?
Special marks that indicate modifications of a sound.
What are phones?
Individual segments or units of sound.
What is the relationship between morphemes and phonemes in the word 'cats'?
'Cats' is composed of two morphemes: 'cat' + 's', and 'cat' consists of three phonemes: /k/ + /æ/ + /t/.
What is the significance of regional dialects?
They are characteristic of people who live in a particular geographic area.
What is an idiolect?
A unique form of spoken language influenced by individual factors like regional and cultural background.
What is an example of a phonological restriction in English?
English has no words that begin with 'ng'.
What syllable shape does the word 'pick' follow?
CVC (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant).
Provide an example of a word that follows the CV syllable shape.
See.
What is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?
A standardized system of notation developed to represent the sounds of any language.
What is a base or root morpheme?
A part of a word associated with its primary meaning, such as 'happy'.
What is a speech community?
A group of people who live within the same geographical boundaries and use the same language.
What does phonetics study?
The production and perception of speech sounds.
What is complementary distribution?
When allophones are not normally exchanged for one another in a certain phonetic context.
What is unique about the Korean alphabet, Hangul?
It is scientifically designed, with symbols representing articulators and arranged in syllable units.
How are phonemes represented in IPA?
They are placed between virgules or slashes (/ /).
What is the difference between phonetic transcription and conventional written spelling?
Phonetic transcription represents sounds (phonemes), while spelling (orthography) represents letters (graphemes).
What controls which consonants can be combined into clusters in a language?
The phonological grammar of the language.
What are open and closed syllables?
Open syllables end in a vowel, while closed syllables end in a consonant.
What is the most common syllable structure in English?
CV (consonant-vowel) and CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant).
What is the syllable shape of the word 'sleep'?
CCVC (Consonant-Consonant-Vowel-Consonant).
What are the two conditions under which allophones occur?
Free variation and complementary distribution.
What is a phoneme?
A basic sound segment that can signal a meaningful distinction between morphemes.
What is the difference between monosyllabic, disyllabic, and polysyllabic words?
Monosyllabic contains one syllable, disyllabic contains two, and polysyllabic contains three or more syllables.
What syllable shape does the word 'chest' follow?
CVCC (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant-Consonant).
How does the Arabic language treat the fronted and backed allophones of /k/?
It makes a phonemic distinction between them, allowing them to form minimal pairs.
What is an example of a phonological difference between English and Arabic?
Fronted and backed variants of the /k/ sound are allophones in English but distinct phonemes in Arabic.
How do dialects differ from idiolects?
Dialects associate with regional or social class, while idiolects distinguish individuals.
What are the three levels of analysis in linguistics as illustrated by the word 'cats'?
Morphemic, phonemic, and allophonic.
What is free variation in phonetics?
When allophones can be exchanged for one another in a given phonetic context.
What is the difference between derivational and inflectional affixes?
Derivational affixes change meaning or grammatical category, while inflectional affixes do not.
What distinguishes a language from a dialect?
The degree of divergence in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical structure.
What distinguishes vowels from consonants?
Vowels are produced with an open airway, while consonants are produced with a narrowed or constricted airway.
What is the main principle of the IPA?
To assign one symbol for each distinctive sound or speech segment.
What are minimal pairs?
Pairs of morphemes that differ in only one sound segment, used to identify phonemes.