NURSING-RESEARCH-PART-3-GLOCAL

How the terms or objects are defined in the study to avoid misinterpretation.

A formal statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables in a specified population.

RATIO - Have a rational meaningful zero. Example: Height and Weight (zero weight means no weight at all).

Responsibility, accountability, and decision-making.

An index summarizing the degree of relationship between variables, typically ranging from +1.00 to -1.00.

The premise that two groups should hold different attitudes toward a given object or situation.

Florence Nightingale (1859).

To ensure that the test possesses substantial internal consistency and that each item measures the same construct as the rest of the items.

To make generalizations leading to prediction based on the laws of probability.

Beneficence, respect for human dignity, right to full disclosure, and justice.

One Shot Survey/Posttest Only/After Only Survey.

It involves splitting the instrument into odd and even numbers and administering it once to determine reliability.

Presence of manipulation, control, and randomization.

Information-seeking and critical appraisal.

1. Immediate/General Objectives - behavioral. 2. Specific Objectives - sub-objectives; specific variables = measurable.

Observing the growth or changes over time, such as in breastfeeding infants.

They are deliberate abstractions invented by theorists or researchers for a specific purpose, and are more complex than concepts.

Tradition and authority, clinical experience and intuition, trial and error, assembled information, disciplined research.

Formulate null hypothesis, formulate alternative hypothesis, specify the level of significance, choose test statistic, identify critical region, compute value of statistical test, and draw conclusion.

To measure an intended content area, requiring both item validity and sampling validity.

The direction and magnitude of a linear relationship between variables.

An error created by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true, resulting in a false positive conclusion about the relationship between variables.

i. History, ii. Selection, iii. Testing, iv. Instrumentation, v. Maturation, vi. Mortality.

It set the first international ethical standards for researchers and emphasized favorable risk/benefit analysis, voluntary informed consent, and the right to withdraw without penalty.

Convergent validation assumes that a new test should correlate highly with other variables with which it should theoretically correlate, while discriminant validation shows that the newly developed test should not correlate significantly with variables from which it should differ.

If data is nominal or ordinal, and if there are less restrictive assumptions on the distribution of the variable.

Nominal scale.

Respect for human dignity and right to self-determination (autonomy).

Experimental research involves variable manipulation, while correlational research does not manipulate variables.

A plan of how a study will be undertaken, including steps from problem identification and a guide for the study.

It is a subjective/descriptive perspective, often associated with qualitative research, where reality is multiple and the inquirer interacts with those being researched.

To perform statistical analysis, interpretation, and make generalizations.

To find a solution to an immediate practical problem.

To quantitatively describe and synthesize data, including averages and percentages.

To determine the cost or budget needed for the study.

Mean.

A smaller version of the proposed study used to develop and refine the methodology, treatment, instrument, and data collection process.

Introduction, Method, Research, and Discussion sections.

Antecedent Variable, Independent Variable (cause), Dependent Variable (effect), Intervening Variable, Other variables: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Title, Introduction, Statement of the Problem/Research Objectives, Theoretical/Conceptual Framework, Hypothesis, Significance of the Study, Scope and Limitation, Review of Related Literature, Methodology, References/Bibliography, Schedule of Activities, Budget, Appendices (Research Instruments: Questionnaires, etc.)

While conceptualizing the research problem.

A written or visual representation of an expected relationship between variables. It is generally developed based on a literature review of existing studies and theories about the topic.

n= N/ ( 1 + Ne^2 ) (Slovin's Formula).

By using the level of significance.

Population size.

It helps determine how many performed about the mean, or above or below average.

Conceptual Phase, Design and Planning Phase, Empirical Phase, Analytic Phase, Dissemination Phase.

Communication with the study participants after participation is complete regarding aspects of the study.

Title page, approval sheet, abstract, table of contents, list of tables/figures, acknowledgements.

Range.

It alters the result of the study intended to measure. It includes confounding variables, environmental variables, and demographic variables.

An experiment in which neither the subject nor those who administer treatment know who is in the experimental or control group.

Instrumental, symbolic, and conceptual.

Non-experimental research conducted after variations in the independent variable which have occurred in the natural course of events.

It is subjective, systematic, and describes life experiences to give meaning to the description of anything derived from the participants.

To validate conclusions and check validity.

Conceptualizing and planning, conducting the study, and disseminating qualitative findings.

Repeating the identical test on a second occasion using the same group of examinees.

Heterogeneous subgroups.

The researcher collects information from the best-fit participants.

When there is a difference in proportions in a 2x2 contingency table and N<30.

The magnitude of 2 dichotomous variables (answerable by yes or no).

Hospital managements.

Pure Basic vs Applied Research, Exploratory vs Explanatory Research, Prediction and Control.

Studying effect/outcome and cause and effect.

Experimental, Survey, Historical, Content analysis.

Larger samples for descriptive/correlational and smaller samples for experimental/quasi research.

Risks on reliability and dependability of data.

No consideration for representation.

Consistency, stability, and dependability of data.

Each unit or element has an equal probability to be included in the sample.

It provides information only about categorical equivalence and is used to identify or label a class of variable.

Equal chances of being selected.

kth (k - sampling interval).

Hierarchical; by stages.

To determine the difference in proportions of 2 independent groups.

To determine the difference in proportions for paired samples.

It tests that a relationship exists.

The magnitude of a relationship between variables.

Description.

Finding answers to who, what, where, and how.

It involves manipulation, control, and randomization.

Always causal, with the independent variable as the cause and the dependent variable as the effect.

It is half the distance between the first quartile Q1 and third quartile Q3, and avoids the undue influence of extreme scores.

The independent variable is related to the dependent variable.

Test and retest reliability, alternate form reliability, split half reliability, and rationale equivalence reliability.

A rich and thorough description of the research context.

Homogeneous sampling for every subgroup or strata.

Drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand.

Sampling proportional amount of each or minimum number of units.

Choosing respondents based on who can really give data competently.

It tests that a relationship exists.

It is a statistical procedure to test mean differences among groups on a dependent variable while controlling for one or more extraneous variables.

Numerical.

Finding answers to why and how.

It is unable to randomly select the subject or lacks control of manipulation of treatment/management of the setting.

Categories that do not overlap, such as high level, average, and low level knowledge scores.

To indicate the absence of a relationship or difference among the variables.

A method to estimate internal consistency by determining how all items on a test relate to all other items and to the total set, using formulas KR 20 or KR 21.

To provide a graphic representation of the relationship between two variables (X and Y axis).

Nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration.

A method for assessing the validity of an instrument by comparing the scores with another criterion or external factor known to be a measure of the same trait or skill.

PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT / PEARSON’S R.

An error created by accepting the null hypothesis when it is false, resulting in a false negative conclusion about the relationship between variables.

Descriptive studies, case studies, profile studies.

Protecting the life, dignity, health, and privacy of human subjects, protecting from harm, and ensuring that the objective outweighs risk/burdens.

Risk/benefit assessment, informed consent, confidentiality procedures, debriefing, and referrals.

Ongoing transactional study.

It is an objective perspective, often associated with quantitative research, where reality exists and the inquirer is independent.

It includes editing, coding, encoding, and tabulation of data.

Mentally retarded, pregnant women, children, mentally/emotionally disturbed, senile, physically disabled, institutionalized people.

General references, journals, conference/symposium/forum, primary sources, and secondary sources.

The structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. It introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem under study exists.

Sampling.

It refers to how the data is spread, measured by range or standard deviation.

The process of identifying and holding in abeyance any preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomenon under study.

It should include the author of the source, title, name of publication, date of publication, and page of the article.

1. General framework guides us. 2. To identify variables. 3. Explain why a variable affects the other variable.

The objectivity or neutrality of the data and interpretations.

To present data categorically, as ranked data, and as metric data using various graphical representations.

Margin of error.

To provide a blueprint of the study.

Relevance and Feasibility/researchable.

Measure of variability.