Which laryngeal muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve?
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Cricothyroid muscle.
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Which laryngeal muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve?
Cricothyroid muscle.
Where does the superior laryngeal artery originate?
Near the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage from the superior thyroid artery.
What type of fibers does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?
Sensory and autonomic fibers.
What is the location of the maxillary sinus?
Medial to the nasal cavity, above the orbit, below the molars, and posterior to the infratemporal fossa.
Where do the two vocal cords meet?
At the anterior commissures.
Where are the cuneiform cartilages located?
Anterior to the corniculate cartilages.
What are the major arteries supplying the larynx?
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries.
What are the main components of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule, Atrium, and three curved shelves of bone (superior, middle, and inferior conchae).
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
To increase the surface area of contact between the tissue of the lateral wall and the respired air.
What is the median cricothyroid ligament?
The thickened anterior part of the cricothyroid membrane in the midline.
What is the vestibular fold also known as?
False vocal fold or cord.
What forms the medial wall of the maxillary sinus?
The maxilla, inferior concha, and palatine bone.
Which cranial nerve provides motor supply to all laryngeal muscles?
CN X (vagus nerve).
What is the function of the thyrohyoid membrane?
It spans between the superior margin of thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone, providing support.
What shape are the arytenoid cartilages?
Pyramid-shaped.
How is the cavity of the larynx connected to other structures?
It is continuous with the trachea inferiorly and opens into the pharynx posteriorly.
What are the boundaries of the piriform fossa?
Laterally by the thyrohyoid membrane and thyroid cartilage; medially by the upper part of the larynx (aryepiglottic fold and quadrangular membrane).
What separates the two passageways for food in the piriform fossa?
The epiglottis.
What is unique about the cricoid cartilage?
It is the only complete ring around the trachea.
What are the main sources of innervation for the paranasal sinuses?
From the orbit (anterior ethmoidal), from the face (inferior alveolar nerve), and from the sphenopalatine foramen.
What is the primary function of the true vocal folds?
To control sound production.
What is the blood supply for the sphenoidal sinus?
From the posterior ethmoidal artery and branches of pharyngeal arteries from maxillary sinuses.
What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?
It carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity.
From where does the inferior laryngeal artery originate?
From the inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery.
Where does the internal laryngeal nerve pierce?
The thyrohyoid membrane.
What does the external laryngeal nerve supply?
Motor supply to the cricothyroid muscle.
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled cavities in bones lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
What is the largest of the paranasal sinuses?
The maxillary sinus.
What is sinusitis?
An infection that spreads from nasal cavities to paranasal sinuses, causing inflammation and swelling of mucosa.
What type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?
Synovial joint.
What is laryngoscopy used for?
To inspect the larynx and assess conditions like difficulty swallowing and vocal cord issues.
What is the ostiomeatal complex (OMC)?
A common channel that links the frontal sinus, anterior ethmoid air cells, and maxillary sinus to the middle meatus.
What is the blood supply to the maxillary sinus?
Superior alveolar branches of the maxillary artery and branches of the greater palatine artery.
What nerves provide innervation to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus?
Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves (V2).
What can be perforated in emergency situations to establish an airway?
The median cricothyroid ligament.
What do suprahyoid muscles do?
They are elevators of the hyoid and larynx.
How are intrinsic laryngeal muscles categorized?
Into superficial and deep layers.
What are the three major regions of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region.
What accompanies the superior laryngeal artery?
The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
What is the function of the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage?
Attachment for muscle (vocalis) and ligament (vestibular ligament).
What provides innervation to the larynx?
The vagus nerve.
What can happen if a tracheotomy is performed too close to the cricoid?
It may lead to vocal cord injury.
What is the shape and attachment of the epiglottis?
Leaf-shaped cartilage attached to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly through the thyro-epiglottic ligament.
What is the aryepiglottic ligament?
The free upper margin between the top of the epiglottis and the corniculate cartilage.
What are the three divisions of the laryngeal cavity?
Vestibule (supraglottic cavity), ventricle, and infraglottic (subglottic) cavity.
What is the role of the pterygopalatine ganglion in sinus innervation?
It provides general sensory, secretory, and vasodilatory fibers.
Name one type of extrinsic laryngeal muscle.
Suprahyoid muscle.
What does the nasal cavity communicate with posteriorly?
Nasopharynx.
What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve.
What projects medially into the laryngeal cavity?
The apex of each wedge-shaped fold.
What do vocal folds produce during phonation?
Audible vibrations when their free margins are closely apposed.
What role do vocal folds serve when tightly closed?
They act as the main inspiratory sphincter of the larynx.
What is the purpose of a tracheotomy?
To create an opening in the trachea for ventilation.
How can infections spread from the nasal cavity?
Through the cribriform plate, nasopharynx, retropharyngeal soft tissues, middle ear, paranasal sinuses, and lacrimal apparatus.
What forms the medial wall (septum) of the nasal cavity?
Mainly cartilage, including the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage, and nasal crests of the maxillary and palatine bones.
What is the composition of the true vocal fold?
It consists of an avascular mucous membrane tightly covering the vocal ligament, thyroarytenoid muscle, and vocalis muscle.
What is the thyroid angle range?
90 - 120 degrees.
What are the two groups of air cells in the ethmoidal sinus?
Anterior and posterior air cells.
What can happen if infections from ethmoidal cells spread?
They may enter the orbit and cause blindness due to proximity to the optic canal.
Which muscle is part of the superficial layer of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Cricothyroid.
What is the primary function of the larynx?
Airway for respiration and guarding against the entry of food into the airway.
What is the anatomical extent of the larynx?
Extends from C3 to C6, from the tip of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid.
What is a potential complication of cricothyroid puncture?
Bleeding and vocal cord damage.
What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
It provides sensory innervation below the vocal folds and motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid.
What bones do the paranasal sinuses extend into?
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxilla bones.
What forms the vocal ligaments?
The free edge of the top part of the conus elasticus.
Where does secretion from the paranasal sinuses mainly drain?
To the nasopharynx, with some drainage to the vestibule.
What is the main function of the crico-arytenoid joint?
To permit the arytenoid cartilage to slide, tilt, and rotate.
What is the function of the saccule in the larynx?
It secretes lubrication for the vocal fold.
What arteries supply the paranasal sinuses?
Ophthalmic, maxillary, and facial arteries.
What type of mucosa lines the olfactory region?
Yellowish, non-ciliated mucosa with olfactory epithelium.
What does the base of the arytenoid cartilage articulate with?
The sloping articular facet on the superolateral surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage.
What articulates with the apex of the arytenoid cartilage?
Corniculate cartilage.
What is rhinitis?
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa during severe upper respiratory infections or allergic reactions.
What are the four air passages created by the nasal conchae?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess, Superior nasal meatus, Middle nasal meatus, and Inferior nasal meatus.
What does the conus elasticus connect?
It connects the cricoid cartilage to the angle of the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid.
What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Frontal bone, nasal bone, cribriform plate (ethmoid), and sphenoid.
What anatomical feature is formed by the fusion of the thyroid cartilage's laminae?
The laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple in males).
How does the frontal sinus drain?
Through a frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum, which opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus.
Why are maxillary sinuses commonly infected?
Because their ostia are small and located high on the walls, making drainage difficult when the head is erect.
What is the role of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
They move the laryngeal parts, altering the length and tension of vocal folds and the size and shape of the rima glottides.
What is the rima glottides?
The opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx.
What structures pass through the apertures in the lateral part of the thyrohyoid membrane?
The superior laryngeal artery, the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, and lymphatics.
What forms the lateral thyrohyoid ligaments?
The thickened posterior borders of the thyrohyoid membrane.
Where does the cricothyroid membrane extend?
From the cricoid cartilage to the lower border of the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid.
What type of cartilage is the corniculate cartilage?
Paired small conical cartilage.
What are the main components of the laryngeal skeleton?
Three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis) and three pairs of smaller cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform).
What does the quadrangular membrane connect?
The lateral margin of the epiglottis and the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage.
What arteries supply the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Branches of the sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery, anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, and superior labial artery.
What is the Kiesselbach area?
An area rich in capillaries in the anterior part of the nasal septum where five arteries anastomose, leading to profuse nosebleeds.
What is the arterial supply for the frontal sinus?
Supraorbital nerve from the ophthalmic artery.
What is the clinical relevance of the sphenoidal sinus?
It allows surgical access to the pituitary gland through the roof of the nasal cavities.
What forms the upper part of the external nose?
Nasal bone.
What marks the posterior nasal aperture?
Nasopharynx (choanae).
What type of tissue lines the vestibule of the nose?
Skin.
What are the risks associated with thyroidectomy?
Damage to vessels, laryngeal nerves, and parathyroid glands.
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
Their function is not clear, but they may contribute to humidifying inspired air and reducing skull weight.
What movements are permitted by the cricothyroid joint?
Rotation and gliding of the thyroid cartilage.
Where is the frontal sinus located?
Between the outer and inner tables of the frontal bone, posterior to the superciliary arches and root of the nose.
What nerve supplies the maxillary sinus?
Superior alveolar nerve (infraorbital nerve).
What is the function of infrahyoid muscles?
They are depressors of the hyoid and larynx.
Name two muscles from the deep layer of intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
Posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid.
Where is the opening of the maxillary sinus located?
Near the top of the base, in the center of the semilunar hiatus.
Why are vocal cords considered white tissue?
Because they are avascular.
What is the significance of the rocking movement of the arytenoid cartilage?
Important in approximating, tensing, and relaxing the vocal folds.
How do veins drain from the sphenopalatine area?
Sphenopalatine veins drain to the pterygoid plexus, which drains to the maxillary vein.
What separates the nasal cavity into two halves?
The septum.
What is contained in the superior 1/3 of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory area with specialized mucosa for smell.
What is the glottis composed of?
Left and right vocal cords, vocal processes of arytenoid, and the gap between the two vocal cords (rima glottides).
What muscles are involved in the mobility of the larynx?
Muscles attached to the larynx and hyoid bone.
What are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for?
Moving the larynx as a whole (up/down movements).
What is the anterior nasal aperture commonly known as?
Nostrils or nares.
What is the function of the inferior 2/3 of the nasal mucosa?
Warming and moistening incoming air.
