Which cranial nerve provides motor supply to all laryngeal muscles?
Click to see answer
CN X (vagus nerve).
Click to see question
Which cranial nerve provides motor supply to all laryngeal muscles?
CN X (vagus nerve).
What are the major arteries supplying the larynx?
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries.
Which laryngeal muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve?
Cricothyroid muscle.
Where does the superior laryngeal artery originate?
Near the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage from the superior thyroid artery.
What shape are the arytenoid cartilages?
Pyramid-shaped.
What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Internal laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve.
What is the function of the thyrohyoid membrane?
It spans between the superior margin of thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone, providing support.
What accompanies the superior laryngeal artery?
The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
What is the primary function of the larynx?
Airway for respiration and guarding against the entry of food into the airway.
What projects medially into the laryngeal cavity?
The apex of each wedge-shaped fold.
What does the base of the arytenoid cartilage articulate with?
The sloping articular facet on the superolateral surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage.
What type of fibers does the internal laryngeal nerve supply?
Sensory and autonomic fibers.
What structures pass through the apertures in the lateral part of the thyrohyoid membrane?
The superior laryngeal artery, the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, and lymphatics.
From where does the inferior laryngeal artery originate?
From the inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery.
What is the anatomical extent of the larynx?
Extends from C3 to C6, from the tip of the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid.
What articulates with the apex of the arytenoid cartilage?
Corniculate cartilage.
What do vocal folds produce during phonation?
Audible vibrations when their free margins are closely apposed.
What forms the lateral thyrohyoid ligaments?
The thickened posterior borders of the thyrohyoid membrane.
Where does the internal laryngeal nerve pierce?
The thyrohyoid membrane.
What are the main components of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule, Atrium, and three curved shelves of bone (superior, middle, and inferior conchae).
What is a potential complication of cricothyroid puncture?
Bleeding and vocal cord damage.
How is the cavity of the larynx connected to other structures?
It is continuous with the trachea inferiorly and opens into the pharynx posteriorly.
What role do vocal folds serve when tightly closed?
They act as the main inspiratory sphincter of the larynx.
What is the function of the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage?
Attachment for muscle (vocalis) and ligament (vestibular ligament).
Where does the cricothyroid membrane extend?
From the cricoid cartilage to the lower border of the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid.
What does the external laryngeal nerve supply?
Motor supply to the cricothyroid muscle.
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
To increase the surface area of contact between the tissue of the lateral wall and the respired air.
What is rhinitis?
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa during severe upper respiratory infections or allergic reactions.
What is the purpose of a tracheotomy?
To create an opening in the trachea for ventilation.
What provides innervation to the larynx?
The vagus nerve.
What is the location of the maxillary sinus?
Medial to the nasal cavity, above the orbit, below the molars, and posterior to the infratemporal fossa.
What type of cartilage is the corniculate cartilage?
Paired small conical cartilage.
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled cavities in bones lined with ciliated mucous membrane.
Where do the two vocal cords meet?
At the anterior commissures.
What is the median cricothyroid ligament?
The thickened anterior part of the cricothyroid membrane in the midline.
What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
It provides sensory innervation below the vocal folds and motor innervation to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid.
What are the four air passages created by the nasal conchae?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess, Superior nasal meatus, Middle nasal meatus, and Inferior nasal meatus.
How can infections spread from the nasal cavity?
Through the cribriform plate, nasopharynx, retropharyngeal soft tissues, middle ear, paranasal sinuses, and lacrimal apparatus.
What can happen if a tracheotomy is performed too close to the cricoid?
It may lead to vocal cord injury.
What are the main components of the laryngeal skeleton?
Three large unpaired cartilages (cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis) and three pairs of smaller cartilages (arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform).
What is the largest of the paranasal sinuses?
The maxillary sinus.
Where are the cuneiform cartilages located?
Anterior to the corniculate cartilages.
What is the vestibular fold also known as?
False vocal fold or cord.
What bones do the paranasal sinuses extend into?
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxilla bones.
What are the boundaries of the piriform fossa?
Laterally by the thyrohyoid membrane and thyroid cartilage; medially by the upper part of the larynx (aryepiglottic fold and quadrangular membrane).
What does the conus elasticus connect?
It connects the cricoid cartilage to the angle of the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid.
What forms the medial wall (septum) of the nasal cavity?
Mainly cartilage, including the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage, and nasal crests of the maxillary and palatine bones.
What is sinusitis?
An infection that spreads from nasal cavities to paranasal sinuses, causing inflammation and swelling of mucosa.
What are the risks associated with thyroidectomy?
Damage to vessels, laryngeal nerves, and parathyroid glands.
What is the shape and attachment of the epiglottis?
Leaf-shaped cartilage attached to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly through the thyro-epiglottic ligament.
What does the quadrangular membrane connect?
The lateral margin of the epiglottis and the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage.
What type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?
Synovial joint.
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
Their function is not clear, but they may contribute to humidifying inspired air and reducing skull weight.
What forms the medial wall of the maxillary sinus?
The maxilla, inferior concha, and palatine bone.
What forms the vocal ligaments?
The free edge of the top part of the conus elasticus.
What separates the two passageways for food in the piriform fossa?
The epiglottis.
What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity?
Frontal bone, nasal bone, cribriform plate (ethmoid), and sphenoid.
What is laryngoscopy used for?
To inspect the larynx and assess conditions like difficulty swallowing and vocal cord issues.
Where does secretion from the paranasal sinuses mainly drain?
To the nasopharynx, with some drainage to the vestibule.
What is unique about the cricoid cartilage?
It is the only complete ring around the trachea.
What is the aryepiglottic ligament?
The free upper margin between the top of the epiglottis and the corniculate cartilage.
Where is the opening of the maxillary sinus located?
Near the top of the base, in the center of the semilunar hiatus.
What is the ostiomeatal complex (OMC)?
A common channel that links the frontal sinus, anterior ethmoid air cells, and maxillary sinus to the middle meatus.
What is the composition of the true vocal fold?
It consists of an avascular mucous membrane tightly covering the vocal ligament, thyroarytenoid muscle, and vocalis muscle.
What arteries supply the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity?
Branches of the sphenopalatine artery, greater palatine artery, anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, and superior labial artery.
What movements are permitted by the cricothyroid joint?
Rotation and gliding of the thyroid cartilage.
What are the main sources of innervation for the paranasal sinuses?
From the orbit (anterior ethmoidal), from the face (inferior alveolar nerve), and from the sphenopalatine foramen.
What anatomical feature is formed by the fusion of the thyroid cartilage's laminae?
The laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple in males).
What are the three divisions of the laryngeal cavity?
Vestibule (supraglottic cavity), ventricle, and infraglottic (subglottic) cavity.
Why are vocal cords considered white tissue?
Because they are avascular.
What is the blood supply to the maxillary sinus?
Superior alveolar branches of the maxillary artery and branches of the greater palatine artery.
What is the Kiesselbach area?
An area rich in capillaries in the anterior part of the nasal septum where five arteries anastomose, leading to profuse nosebleeds.
Where is the frontal sinus located?
Between the outer and inner tables of the frontal bone, posterior to the superciliary arches and root of the nose.
What is the main function of the crico-arytenoid joint?
To permit the arytenoid cartilage to slide, tilt, and rotate.
What is the arterial supply for the frontal sinus?
Supraorbital nerve from the ophthalmic artery.
What is the thyroid angle range?
90 - 120 degrees.
What is the glottis composed of?
Left and right vocal cords, vocal processes of arytenoid, and the gap between the two vocal cords (rima glottides).
What is the primary function of the true vocal folds?
To control sound production.
How does the frontal sinus drain?
Through a frontonasal duct into the ethmoidal infundibulum, which opens into the semilunar hiatus of the middle meatus.
What is the significance of the rocking movement of the arytenoid cartilage?
Important in approximating, tensing, and relaxing the vocal folds.
What nerves provide innervation to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus?
Anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves (V2).
What nerve supplies the maxillary sinus?
Superior alveolar nerve (infraorbital nerve).
What muscles are involved in the mobility of the larynx?
Muscles attached to the larynx and hyoid bone.
What is the function of the saccule in the larynx?
It secretes lubrication for the vocal fold.
What is the blood supply for the sphenoidal sinus?
From the posterior ethmoidal artery and branches of pharyngeal arteries from maxillary sinuses.
Why are maxillary sinuses commonly infected?
Because their ostia are small and located high on the walls, making drainage difficult when the head is erect.
What is the role of the pterygopalatine ganglion in sinus innervation?
It provides general sensory, secretory, and vasodilatory fibers.
What can be perforated in emergency situations to establish an airway?
The median cricothyroid ligament.
What is the clinical relevance of the sphenoidal sinus?
It allows surgical access to the pituitary gland through the roof of the nasal cavities.
What are the two groups of air cells in the ethmoidal sinus?
Anterior and posterior air cells.
What are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles responsible for?
Moving the larynx as a whole (up/down movements).
What arteries supply the paranasal sinuses?
Ophthalmic, maxillary, and facial arteries.
What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?
It carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity.
How do veins drain from the sphenopalatine area?
Sphenopalatine veins drain to the pterygoid plexus, which drains to the maxillary vein.
Name one type of extrinsic laryngeal muscle.
Suprahyoid muscle.
What forms the upper part of the external nose?
Nasal bone.
What can happen if infections from ethmoidal cells spread?
They may enter the orbit and cause blindness due to proximity to the optic canal.
What is the function of infrahyoid muscles?
They are depressors of the hyoid and larynx.
What is the anterior nasal aperture commonly known as?
Nostrils or nares.
What do suprahyoid muscles do?
They are elevators of the hyoid and larynx.
What marks the posterior nasal aperture?
Nasopharynx (choanae).
What is the role of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
They move the laryngeal parts, altering the length and tension of vocal folds and the size and shape of the rima glottides.
What separates the nasal cavity into two halves?
The septum.
How are intrinsic laryngeal muscles categorized?
Into superficial and deep layers.
What type of tissue lines the vestibule of the nose?
Skin.
Which muscle is part of the superficial layer of intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Cricothyroid.
What does the nasal cavity communicate with posteriorly?
Nasopharynx.
Name two muscles from the deep layer of intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
Posterior cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid.
What is the function of the inferior 2/3 of the nasal mucosa?
Warming and moistening incoming air.
What is the rima glottides?
The opening between the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx.
What is contained in the superior 1/3 of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory area with specialized mucosa for smell.
What are the three major regions of the nasal cavity?
Vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region.
What type of mucosa lines the olfactory region?
Yellowish, non-ciliated mucosa with olfactory epithelium.
