FNN202 - W3: Ch. 24 Part 1

On-pack total sugars declarations, which include sugars from fruit, vegetables, and milk.

The Family Food Survey measures UK household food and drinks purchases, used as a proxy for consumption.

Sugar is replaced by other ingredients that also contribute energy, so calorie contribution is unlikely to fall substantially.

It reported that the use of low-calorie sweeteners does not increase energy intake or body weight compared to sugar-sweetened or non-caloric alternatives.

Examples include calorie caps on confectionery and smaller bag sizes for savoury snacks.

TV advertising remains a popular food marketing channel and has the potential to influence preference for high-sugar products.

The data do not measure what people are actually eating.

To provide reliable information on trends and evaluate how well current consumption aligns with dietary guidelines.

2003

No, Public Health England reported that evidence does not support this view.

The reduction in size of some chocolate bars to limit calories per bar.

Campaigns have aimed to increase intakes of fruits, vegetables, and fish.

99%

£66 per week, with £9 being avoidable waste.

20% of the avoidable food waste.

30% of adults.

The UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS).

A report on the evidence for action on sugar reduction, advising on actions that could be implemented.

43%

Reformulation of food products

Government-led initiatives are designed to encourage appropriate dietary patterns and to promote positive behaviour change.

Significantly reduce opportunities to market and advertise high-sugar food and drink products to children and adults across all media, including digital platforms and through sponsorship.

Cultural factors, attitudes to environmental issues, sustainable sourcing of foods, education, and income are also important.

99% of respondents mentioned that eating more fruit and vegetables is important for a healthy lifestyle.

The Family Food Survey revealed that fruit and vegetable purchases rose until peaking around 2005-2006, then declined, with overall purchases being 10% lower in 2014 than at their peak in 2007.

A more pronounced decline in energy intakes started in 2007 when food prices rose.

It is increasingly recognized that there is no silver bullet in achieving positive dietary change.

The review was supported by consumer research to review various aspects of the visual presentation.

Because sugar plays functional and structural roles in baked goods.

They suggest that it can be useful in weight management.

Possible interventions include regulations and legislative frameworks, voluntary agreements with the food industry, reducing default serving sizes of energy-dense foods and drinks, providing smaller plates, and various 'choice architecture' interventions in restaurants and supermarkets.

Promotion can impact high-sugar food preference, purchase, and consumption, with current evidence strongly focused on children.

Salt reduction and increasing fruit and vegetable intake have been particularly successful.

To understand whether food-based dietary advice influenced eating behaviour.

A price increase of a minimum of 10–20% on high-sugar products through the use of a tax or levy, such as on full-sugar soft drinks.

More than 13 billion 5-A-DAY portions.

A typical household would have to spend 16% more, or an extra £630 a year.

Between 0.2 and 0.7 portions per day, with an average of 0.3 portions.

Current regulations prevent the use of character branding to market high-sugar foods to young school-age children.

Nutrition labeling provides consumers with information about the nutritional content of foods, which can guide them in making healthier choices.

There is a social gradient to obesity, with those in the lowest income households and most deprived areas being most likely to be obese.

A 50% reduction in the average sugar content of key food groups would reduce mean sugar intake to about 9% of energy for adults and about 10% for teenagers and children.

A review of the UK Eatwell Guide has taken place in light of new UK recommendations on carbohydrates, particularly sugars and fibre.

The policy put in place during World War II in the UK to help ensure the nation's nutrition.

No, there is currently limited evidence in this area of research.

Hollands et al. (2015) found that the effect of portion size on consumption may be moderated by the type of food, specifically characterized by the 'healthiness' and energy density of the food.

Food taxation, particularly in relation to sugars and sugars-sweetened beverages.

1.3% (or 180,000 people).

Price.

Understanding the impacts of new digital marketing strategies is essential because they differ from traditional marketing strategies and introduce new concerns that may require additional regulatory consideration.

The government buying standards for food and catering services to ensure the provision and sale of healthier food and drinks in hospitals, leisure centres, and other related settings.

Vegetable purchases fell by 5.2% and fruit purchases (including fruit juice) fell by 14%.

The cost of eating more healthily (12%) and time constraints (8%).

It has declined.

Character branding can be an effective strategy to market high-sugar foods to young children.

It would equate to around a 12–16% change in average daily energy intake from food.

Food pricing can significantly impact consumer food choices, with higher prices potentially deterring the purchase of healthier options and lower prices encouraging the consumption of less healthy foods.

Public Health England emphasized that it is unlikely that a single action alone would be effective in reducing sugar intakes.

Reducing sugar levels in food and drinks through reformulation and portion size reduction.

An average of about 7.4 g of total sugars a day per person.

Lactose naturally present in milk and milk products, and sugars contained within the cellular structure of foods (particularly fruits and vegetables).

In the summer of 2016.

Reducing portion size can contribute to meaningful reductions in the quantities of food and non-alcoholic beverages selected and consumed, at least in the short term.

The role of portion size manipulation, alongside product reformulation.

Campaigns have focused on reducing intakes of saturated fat, salt, and most recently sugars.

Digital marketing strategies are considered potentially influential due to their highly immersive and interactive nature.

The 5-A-DAY campaign was started in the 1990s by the Department of Health to promote the consumption of more fruits and vegetables.

There is a lack of evidence regarding the diet- and health-related impacts of sponsorship as a marketing strategy, despite many high-profile sponsorship deals in the UK.

To lose or maintain weight (33%) and to be more healthy (18%).

They reduced, but consumers spent somewhat more on fresh and processed fruit and vegetables.

Price discounting can promote the sales of less healthy food.

Supermarket placement may influence high-sugar purchases, but evidence is limited and lacks further detail on consequential health and behavioural impacts.

Government policies can shape dietary behavior through regulations, subsidies, and public health initiatives aimed at promoting healthier eating habits.

Public health campaigns are initiatives designed to educate and motivate the public to adopt healthier eating habits, often through media, community programs, and policy changes.

Strategies to reduce sugar consumption include reformulating products to contain less sugar, implementing sugar taxes, and running public health campaigns to raise awareness about the health risks of excessive sugar intake.

It would bring intakes of 'free' sugars close to the previous recommendation of 10% of total dietary energy, but still twice the new <5% energy recommendation.

Findings for a number of marketing approaches derived from the Public Health England analysis published in 2015.

Their intakes are three times the 5% energy recommendation.

The '8 Tips for Healthy Eating' are guidelines promoted by Public Health England to encourage healthy eating habits.

From 9.5 g to 8.0 g per day

9.1 g per day for men and 6.8 g per day for women

They found only limited and equivocal evidence for the effectiveness of such initiatives.

The potential impact on purchase and consumption levels, energy intake, body weight, and obesity prevalence in the UK.

Independent research suggests that current UK broadcast regulations are not strong enough to reduce children's exposure to unhealthy food advertising.

Recent focus has been placed on the price of food and drinks, promotions, advertising, portion size, and healthier options.

9%

Butter and eggs.

Accredited training in diet and health for individuals in the catering, fitness, and leisure sectors, and others within local authorities.

The purpose is to promote healthy eating and healthy lifestyles.

Since 2010.

It was estimated that 22% more food and drink was purchased as a result of promotions.

There was a decline in total energy intake from all food and drink.

Home delivery services, improving transport to local markets, voucher schemes, media campaigns, growing and cookery skills, and promoting networking among existing healthy food groups.

People consistently ate more food or drank more non-alcoholic drinks when offered larger sized portions, packages, or tableware than when offered smaller sized versions.

Portion size is important because larger portions can lead to increased calorie intake, while smaller portions can help control calorie consumption and promote healthier eating habits.

62% of men and 63% of women.

Positive changes such as public-sector food procurement, provision, and sales of healthier foods, along with information and education to support healthier choices.

It suggests that UK households are not purchasing foods in line with the proportions of the Eatwell Guide, with starchy foods and fruit and vegetables representing a smaller proportion than recommended and foods and drinks high in fat and/or sugars much higher than recommended.

The recommendation was that sugar intake should be 5% of energy intake.

Energy content has to be reduced by at least 30% before artificial sweeteners can be used.

The Cochrane review found no evidence that the effects of exposure to different portion sizes varied between men and women, with different body mass index (BMI), or between those with different baseline levels of dietary restraint, dietary disinhibition, or hunger.

Up to 16% in adults.

Reduce and rebalance the number and type of price promotions in all retail outlets, including supermarkets, convenience stores, and the out-of-home sector.

The Ofcom nutrient profiling model, which would benefit from being reviewed and strengthened.

12% higher.

Fiscal policies such as taxation may influence purchasing and consumption behavior.

Nutrition labelling has become a legal requirement in Europe.

Price promotions account for 40% of food and drink expenditure in Britain.

10% of boys and 7% of girls.

8.7% of 'sugars' taken home was an incremental consequence of purchases being on promotion.

Cultural influences can affect dietary choices through traditional eating habits, social norms, and cultural beliefs about food and health.

Intakes were above recommended levels but were not significantly different from the general population.

Saturated fat, sodium, and non-milk extrinsic sugars intakes have fallen, although they are still above recommended levels.

The Eatwell Guide is a food-based dietary guideline that describes the proportions that different food groups should contribute to the diet. It has been widely used in schools and is accompanied by other messages to promote healthy eating.

The Department of Health

The strategy of ‘health by stealth’

Changing behaviour within populations.

Tackling the social gradient in health behaviours.

Current research on digital marketing strategies focuses on advergaming, which significantly influences intake of, or preference for, high-sugar foods in school-age children.

'Free sugars' has recently replaced 'non-milk extrinsic sugars'.

Fibre intakes have declined since 2010.

A clear short-term downward trend.

The Health Survey for England shows that fruit and vegetable consumption by adults peaked in 2006 and has dropped since.

Promotions were estimated to account for 35% of total sugars purchases.

It is important to consider the impact of possible counter marketing or compensatory behaviours to any size regulation.

Key factors include government policies, cultural influences, food pricing, nutrition labeling, public health campaigns, portion sizes, fiscal policies, socioeconomic status, and sugar reduction strategies.

Wholemeal bread and vegetables.

A broad, structured approach involving restrictions on price promotions and marketing, product reformulation, portion size reduction, and price increases on less healthy products.

The difference in disability-free life expectancy is 17 years.

Choosing wholegrains or potatoes with skins to increase fibre intake, choosing lean cuts of meat and reduced-fat dairy foods to reduce saturated fat intake, and checking food labels.

A broad, structured, and transparently monitored programme of gradual sugar reduction in everyday food and drink products, combined with reductions in portion size.

Cereals, biscuits and cakes, pork, fish, butter, sweets, and chocolates.

Eating more fruit and vegetables (28%) and eating smaller portions of food (25%).

In lower income households, purchases are typically lower, averaging 3.0 5-A-DAY portions per day compared to 3.9 for the average household.

57%

To address local barriers and contribute to increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables, increase awareness and knowledge, change attitudes and beliefs, and increase access to fruit and vegetables.

The review concluded that efforts to reduce the size, availability, and appeal of larger sized portions, packages, and tableware have the potential to reduce the amounts of food selected and consumed.

Soft drinks (not diet drinks), processed meats, whole milk, and sugar.

31% of women in the lowest income households were obese.

Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with higher income. For example, 30% of men and 35% of women in the highest income quintile consumed five or more portions on the previous day, compared to 19% of men and 23% of women in the lowest quintile.

More research is required to understand the broader implications of discounting on overall dietary intake and impact across different demographic groups.

The size of the effect was judged to be small to moderate among both children and adults.

The eating habits, nourishment, and nutrition-related health of people on low income in the UK.

Fiscal policies related to food taxation involve the use of taxes and subsidies to influence the affordability and consumption of certain foods, often to promote healthier eating habits.

Dietary guidelines are evaluated through research and surveys that assess consumer awareness, understanding, and adherence to the guidelines, as well as their impact on public health outcomes.

It resulted in greater levels of improvement in awareness and understanding of the issues and implications of eating fruit and vegetables than in improvements in overall consumption levels.

For many foods, the types and quantities eaten by people on low income appeared similar to those of the general population.

Socioeconomic factors such as income, education, and access to resources can greatly influence dietary choices, with lower socioeconomic status often linked to poorer diet quality.

There is a 7-year difference in life expectancy between those living in the richest neighborhoods versus those in the poorest.

22% of boys and 21% of girls in the lowest income households were obese, compared to 7% of boys and 6% of girls in the highest income households.