MCROBIO - LE#1 (14-24)

Conserved and variable regions.

The experiment by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.

A series of layered structures that surround the cytoplasm.

It is a symporter that cotransports solute and a proton in the same direction.

The cytoplasm, which is a mixture of macromolecules and small molecules inside the cell.

Proteins that are embedded within the membrane.

B (1,4) glycosidic bond.

It protects the cell from mechanical stress and can help the cell attach to surfaces.

No, not all cells have a cell wall, but all have a cell membrane.

Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling.

1. Binding protein 2. Transmembrane protein channel 3. ATP hydrolyzing protein.

Glycosidic bonds.

15 or more layers thick (20-35 nm).

It transports solute and a proton in opposite directions.

It seemed to support the idea of spontaneous generation because microorganisms appeared after boiling.

5 glycine units.

The existence of heat-resistant bacterial endospores.

Pseudomurein contains NAT instead of NAM.

By maintaining cell shape and rigidity.

It provided the final blow to the theory of spontaneous generation.

They revolutionized the understanding of microbial evolution and allowed for the construction of the first universal tree of life.

Strands run parallel around the circumference of the cell.

Ester-linked lipids.

It emphasizes the importance of working with bacteria to understand fundamental biological principles.

Peptidoglycan (PG).

Protein motive force.

Ernst Haeckel in 1866.

PEP has an additional phosphate group and is converted to pyruvate.

The sequence of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) could be used to infer evolutionary relationships.

Incubation of cultures for long intervals causes pathogens to lose their ability to cause disease.

Antibiotics target the cell wall and peptidoglycan layer of bacteria cells, not human cells.

Low-affinity transporters function when nutrients are abundant, while high-affinity transporters are reliable in nutrient-poor environments.

Purple.

A type of integral membrane protein that extends completely across the membrane.

It reveals the extent of microbial diversity.

Ethanol creates temporary holes in the outer membrane, allowing the crystal violet-iodine complex to escape.

It is an ideal structure for its major cellular function of selective permeability.

They are components of the ribosome, which is used by all cells to make proteins.

The evolutionary history of all cells and reveals the three domains.

Penicillin, the 'miracle drug' from Penicillium.

It cleaves the glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.

They contribute to structural integrity, regulation of cell growth, cation binding, virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm formation.

Gram-positive cell walls are thicker than those of Gram-negative bacteria.

Chemical modification of a transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate.

That the 'transforming principle' was DNA.

Each colony arose from a single bacterial cell.

Ether-linked lipids.

Diseases were caused by invisible living creatures.

They accumulate solutes against the concentration gradient and display high sensitivity and specificity.

It selectively encourages the growth of specific microorganisms.

A point in time when all extant life on Earth shared a common ancestor, the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).

Pink.

Phosphorylation of glucose.

Diaminopimelic acid (DAP).

It is unique to Bacteria and not found in Archaea or Eukarya.

They are present in all cells, functionally constant, highly conserved, and of adequate length.

“What is true for E. coli is also true for the elephant.”

2-3 layers (2-7 nm thick).

It is the site of generation and dissipation of the proton motive force.

A metabolic process where energy for growth is produced using only inorganic chemical compounds.

Selective permeability.

The process where cells accumulate solutes against the concentration gradient.

Tyndallization.

Anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.

Richard Petri developed the Petri dish in 1887.

It is of adequate length to provide a deep view of evolutionary relationships.

He used pus from cowpox blisters to inoculate individuals against smallpox.

They can be sugars, ethanolamine, or a variety of other molecules.

Proteins that are attached to the membrane but not embedded.

They are used for protein synthesis.

Iodine acts as a mordant, forming a complex with crystal violet.

It breaks down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.

Louis Pasteur.

It provides strength and acts as a permeability barrier, preventing leakage and facilitating nutrient transport.

Mortality rate in obstetrical wards dropped from 18% to 2.4%.

A type of monolayer lipid found in some Archaea, which is stronger compared to diglycerol.

Pseudomurein.

A model describing the structure of the cytoplasmic membrane, highlighting its fluidity and the presence of proteins.

The study of comparative biochemistry to identify the unifying features of all cells.

The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture.

It governs transport of nutrients and wastes, is the site of energy conservation, and governs cell shape.

Ether linkage.

The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.

To weaken the causative agent using a natural host.

Causative agents must be present in individuals with the disease and absent in healthy individuals.

Peptidoglycan.

Because most Archaea lack a polysaccharide-containing cell wall.

Dust carries microorganisms.

Monera.

A five-kingdom classification scheme.

Joseph Meister, a young French boy.

They are composed of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate and are covalently linked to the peptidoglycan layer.

Monolayer and bilayer.

Salvarsan, the 606th compound.

They interfere with cell wall synthesis and prevent the formation of peptide cross-links.

Eukaryotic membranes typically have a bilayer structure, while some prokaryotic membranes, particularly in Archaea, can have a monolayer structure.

Tuberculosis.

They may be classified into three domains: Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria.

He used phenol in surgical dressings and heat-sterilized instruments, providing evidence that microorganisms cause disease.

Beta 1,4 glycosidic bond.

A disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus.

It acts as a rigid protein shell to prevent osmotic lysis.