What process occurs as blood moves through the capillary due to hydrostatic pressure?
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Filtration.
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What process occurs as blood moves through the capillary due to hydrostatic pressure?
Filtration.
What happens when proteins accumulate in the tissues?
It increases the pulling in of fluid, potentially leading to edema.
What are the two types of oncotic factors in Starling's Hypothesis?
Blood oncotic and tissue oncotic factors.
How does the body respond to slow-growing benign tumors?
The tissue around it encapsulates it with connective tissue.
In the case of some lung cancers, what hormone is inappropriately released?
Cortisol.
What is the blood oncotic pressure in mmHg?
28 mmHg.
What does the gel matrix contribute to?
Filtration by pulling in fluid.
What does it mean for benign tumor cells to be well differentiated?
It means they are close to being normal cells.
What is the tissue oncotic pressure in mmHg?
8 mmHg.
What is the blood hydrostatic pressure at the beginning of the capillary?
35 mmHg.
What role do cell surface antigens play?
They allow the distinction between self and nonself.
What happens to blood hydrostatic pressure (BH) when there is high blood pressure?
The line on the graph moves to the right, indicating an increase in BH pressure.
What happens when fibronectin decreases?
Cells start to feel 'lonely' and may become isolated.
What is the average blood hydrostatic pressure during filtration?
17.3 mmHg.
What happens if there is excessive filtration?
It can lead to edema.
What does edema indicate?
Accumulation of too much fluid in the tissues.
What is tissue hydrostatic pressure's role in the lymphatic system?
It creates a sucking force that pulls lymph fluid into the venous blood.
What role do collagen fibers play in fluid movement during edema?
They pull open the tissue as it swells, allowing more fluid to move.
What is the matrix surrounding the cells described as?
A jello-like substance made of proteins.
How are lymph ducts described?
Blind-ended with overlapping endothelial cells like shingles.
What is an ectopic hormone?
A hormone being secreted outside of the cell that normally secretes it.
What does hydrostatic pressure represent in Starling's Hypothesis?
A pushing force.
What is the significance of interstitial space in relation to fluid volume?
It contains a lot of fluid and is the space between cells.
What type of epithelium lines the capillaries?
Simple squamous epithelium.
What is the leftover filtration after accounting for oncotic forces?
0.3 mmHg.
What is a potential consequence of a benign tumor in the thoracic cavity?
It can lead to pressure on surrounding structures, causing complications.
What is the result of increased blood hydrostatic pressure?
More fluid is filtered into the tissues, leading to edema.
What is plasmin and its role in cancer promotion?
Plasmin is an anti-clotting factor that can lead to uncontrolled bleeding and promote cancer spread.
What is the state of tissue when fluid accumulation begins?
The tissue is elastic and not moving.
What happens to gap junctions during the promotion phase?
There is a decrease in gap junctions, leading to loss of communication between cells.
What are gap junctions?
Proteins that connect the cytoplasm of cells, facilitating communication.
What are the three key changes in the promotion phase that lead to cell isolation?
Decrease in fibronectin, increase in protease, and decrease in gap junctions.
What analogy is used to describe fluid movement through tissue?
Water moving through jello.
What pressure must be exceeded for edema to occur?
17 mmHg worth of pressure.
What should never be present in urine?
Albumin.
What is ascites?
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.
What is the sequence of events in tumor growth and metastasis?
Rapid growth leads to high metabolic demand, blood vessels grow, release proteases, erode blood vessels, and cancer enters the bloodstream.
What effect does tumor necrotic factor have on insulin secretion?
It decreases insulin secretion, putting the body in a fasting state influenced by glucagon.
What is myxedema?
A condition characterized by too much protein due to excessive connective tissue proteins.
What is the growth rate of benign tumors?
They have slow mitotic growth.
Which hormone is normally produced by the anterior pituitary to release cortisol?
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone).
What is the total filtration pressure calculated?
28.3 mmHg.
What can happen if a benign tumor is located in a confined space?
It can cause issues due to pressure on surrounding tissues.
What is an example of an antigen that can be found in the blood?
A specific protease or any enzyme.
What is bulk flow in the context of Starling's Hypothesis?
Fluid movement paracellularly between cells.
What happens to fluid flow at a tissue hydrostatic pressure of -3 mmHg?
There is a normal flow rate.
What is the Philadelphia chromosome associated with?
Chronic myelocytic leukemia.
How do endothelial cells respond to tissue swelling?
They open up to allow more fluid to be pulled in.
What happens to blood hydrostatic pressure when blood volume is lost?
The line on the graph moves to the left, indicating a decrease in BH pressure.
What is pitted edema?
Fluid displacement that occurs when pressure is applied, similar to a sponge.
What is myxedema?
A type of non-pitted edema where fluid cannot be displaced due to protein attachment.
What is lymph edema?
A condition where tissue hydrostatic pressure is affected, leading to fluid accumulation.
What happens to tissue proteins as fluid moves down collagen fibers?
They are washed out into the lymphatic fluid.
What occurs when endothelial cells open during fluid accumulation?
More fluid can come through, forming rivers of fluid along collagen fibers.
What is the first energy source the body gives up during starvation?
Glycogen.
What can cause ascites?
Low protein from liver failure or congestive heart failure (CHF).
How does being in a fasting state affect blood nutrient levels in cancer patients?
It increases blood nutrient levels, which fuels the metabolic demand of the tumor.
What is the osmotic pull value mentioned?
8 mmHg.
What do lymphatics cue us to consider?
Tissue hydrostatic pressure.
What is the blood hydrostatic pressure in mmHg?
17.3 mmHg.
What is the osmotic pull of protein referred to in Starling's Hypothesis?
Oncotic pull.
What are the two types of hydrostatic factors in Starling's Hypothesis?
Blood hydrostatic and tissue hydrostatic factors.
What is the tissue hydrostatic pressure in mmHg?
3 mmHg.
Why do benign tumors not metastasize?
Because they are encapsulated and do not enter the blood.
What is the role of mutation in the promotion phase of cancer?
The mutation leads to uncontrolled mitosis in cells.
What is the blood hydrostatic pressure at the venule end of the capillary?
10 mmHg.
What is fibronectin?
A connective tissue protein that connects cells to surrounding connective tissue.
What is the normal tissue hydrostatic pressure (TH)?
-3 mmHg.
What is an example of a benign tumor causing issues in a confined space?
A benign tumor in the pituitary gland can release growth hormone and crush surrounding cells.
What condition can cause high blood pressure leading to increased BH pressure?
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF).
What role do lymphatics play in fluid regulation?
They act as a backup against overflowing by managing extra filtration.
What is the effect of increased protease activity?
Proteases break down proteins, including fibronectin, leading to cell isolation.
What analogy is used to describe the function of lymph ducts?
The New Orleans sewer system, where one-way valves prevent backflow.
What is the primary function of blood oncotic pressure?
To pull fluid in due to blood proteins.
What indicates the start of fluid accumulation in tissues?
When tissue hydrostatic pressure moves from -3 to 0 mmHg.
What is the most important blood protein produced by the liver?
Albumin.
What genetic event leads to the formation of the Philadelphia chromosome?
A translocation issue where part of a chromosome is added to another.
Why do endothelial cells overlap?
To allow for opening and pulling in more fluid when necessary.
What results from the translocation involving the Philadelphia chromosome?
Two proto-oncogenes sitting next to each other, leading to cancer.
What are some causes of losing blood volume?
Diarrhea, urinating, hemorrhaging.
What happens to fluid at the arterial end of the capillary?
Fluid is filtered out.
What happens to fluid at the venule end of the capillary?
Fluid is reabsorbed.
How does the presence of proteins affect water retention in tissues?
More proteins lead to more water retention due to their negative charge.
How does the compliance of tissue change as fluid accumulates?
The tissue becomes more compliant due to the action of collagen fibers.
What is the role of collagen fibers in fluid movement?
They direct water fluid like a river towards the lymph ducts.
What happens when fluid accumulates around the lungs?
It results in pleurisy, which is fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
What is the significance of osmotic pull in this process?
Proteins have osmotic pull, which adds to the sucking force, pulling more fluid.
What is the relationship between fluid movement and edema?
Increased fluid movement can lead to edema if pressure exceeds 17 mmHg.
What are lymph nodes responsible for in the lymphatic system?
They filter lymph fluid and contain white blood cells (WBCs).
What is Alpha Fetal Protein associated with?
It is considered a negative marker in cancer diagnosis.
In which direction does blood flow in the capillary system according to Starling's Hypothesis?
From the arterial end towards the venule end.
What is the role of one-way valves in lymph ducts?
They ensure unidirectional flow of lymph fluid.
How do proteases affect clotting?
The release of proteases makes it difficult to clot, allowing cancer cells to break free and enter blood vessels.
What is the constant blood oncotic pressure in the capillary?
28 mmHg.
What happens to fluid flow when tissue hydrostatic pressure increases from 0 to 7 mmHg?
Flow starts to increase as more fluid is moved through the tissue.
What happens to fluid movement when blood hydrostatic pressure decreases?
More fluid is reabsorbed from the tissues into the blood.
What is an example of a treatment that helps restore blood volume?
Giving an IV (intravenous fluid).
What is the effect of fluid accumulation around the heart?
It creates pressure on the heart, affecting its function.
What happens when blood hydrostatic pressure drops?
Fluid is reabsorbed from tissues into the blood to add volume.
What is the relationship between rapid mitosis and metabolic demand in tumors?
Rapid mitosis results in high metabolic demand, but tumors may lack blood vessels, leading to ischemia.
What effect does increasing blood protein have on filtration and reabsorption?
It results in filtering less and reabsorbing more.
What is the relationship between blood volume and pressure?
Volume equals pressure; losing blood volume results in lower pressure.
What occurs if the liver fails in terms of blood protein production?
Decreased production of albumin, affecting blood oncotic pressure.
What is ascites?
Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity, creating a potential space.
What does the lymphatic system function like?
A drainage system designed to prevent edema.
What are three causes of albumin loss in urine?
Liver malfunction, kidney failure, and starvation.
What role do tumor angiogenesis factors play in malignant tumors?
They promote the growth of blood vessels to supply the metabolic demand of the tumor tissue.
How does the lymphatic system adapt to fluid movement?
It modifies its drainage capacity based on the amount of fluid being moved.
What condition results from low protein levels due to liver failure?
Ascites.
What disease increases blood protein levels due to dysfunctional antibodies?
Multiple myeloma.
What is organ tropism in the context of cancer?
Some cancers have a tendency to metastasize to specific organs while traveling through the blood.
What does varying degrees of anaplasia in malignant tumors indicate?
Different levels of differentiation, with more stem/fetal cells indicating more malignancy and mitosis.
How do proteases affect blood vessels in tumors?
Proteases can break through blood vessels, leading to the release of active plasmin.
How does colorectal cancer typically metastasize?
It enters capillaries, drains into the hepatic portal vein, and goes into the liver.
