MDMICRO-LE4

Infectious proteins that do not contain DNA or RNA.

Respiratory droplets (sneeze, cough, speak, sing or breathe).

40-50 nm in diameter.

Influenza A causes seasonal epidemics and pandemics, infects humans and some animals. Influenza B causes seasonal epidemics and generally infects humans. Influenza C causes mild illness and infects only humans. Influenza D primarily affects cattle and is not known to infect humans.

Given in a two-dose series (given 28 days apart), given in adults and children, a booster dose should be given (third dose) if a person has received a two-dose primary vaccination or if there is a risk for re-exposure.

Through detection of anti-HIV antibodies and HIV load using tests like ELISA, immunoblot, indirect immunofluorescence, and RT-qPCR.

27-30 nm.

It includes envelope, glycoprotein spikes, protein core, and nucleic acid.

Aggregation of fibrils in the brain affecting brain functions.

To fight and slow down the HIV infection.

They bind to the enzyme protease and inhibit its action, which is needed by HIV to replicate.

Loss of superficial and tendon reflexes, severe muscle aches, spasms of the back and lower limbs, flaccid paralysis.

Rabies Immune Globulin (RIG) - a fast-acting shot given near the site of the bite, followed by a series of injections within 14 days.

Rhabdoviridae family.

ssRNA, (+) strand.

Three types: P1, P2, P3, with type 1 being the most common form causing paralytic illness.

Atazanavir & Cobicistat, Lopinavir & Ritonavir, Darunavir & Cobicistat.

Proper education and awareness, barrier protection, safe injection practices, avoiding exposure to relevant body fluids, using protective gear, and having regular check-ups if pregnant.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, Fatal Familial Insomnia, and Kuru.

3-6 days.

Abacavir, Lamivudine & Zidovudine, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir disoproxil.

Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV).

2 (E&M proteins).

Cover mouth when coughing/sneezing, frequent hand washing, vaccination, follow minimum health standards, mass testing and contract tracing.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) including Scrapie disease in sheep, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, Kuru in a tribe in Papua Guinea, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.

Approximately 30-90 days, with a range of 5 days to 2 years.

Vaccinating pets regularly, keeping pets indoors, protecting pets from stray animals, and reporting stray animals to proper authorities.

No, there is no specific treatment, only supportive care.

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus.

Acute respiratory infection with symptoms such as chills, headache, dry cough, high fever, muscle aches, malaise, and anorexia.

Through sexual contact, blood transfusion, blood products or contaminated needles, and vertical transmission (mother to child).

2-4 weeks.

Picornaviridae.

Fecal-oral route and oral-oral route (mouth-fingers-mouth).

Viral isolation through stool, pharynx, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or blood; PCR; Serology.

50 nm.

DENV 1, 2, 3, 4.

To provide the immediate availability of neutralizing antibodies at the site of the exposure.

Fever, chills, cough, dyspnea, muscle/body ache, headache, fatigue, loss of taste/smell, sore throat, runny nose, nausea/vomiting.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

It creates a deficiency of the CD4+ cells of the immune system.

Use mosquito repellant, wear protective clothing, regularly remove stagnant water at home, use a bed net, secure windows and doors at home.

They stop it from replicating.

They block the enzyme integrase to infect the T-cells and are often the first line of treatment.

It fuses with the cell and enters through viral receptors.

Lentivirus.

Single-stranded, helically shaped, RNA virus of the Orthomyxovirus family, with spherical or filamentous enveloped particles, 80 to 120 nm in diameter, and a helically symmetric nucleocapsid consisting of a nucleoprotein and a multipartite genome of single-stranded antisense RNA in seven or eight segments.

Infected mosquito bite, goes into the person’s blood viremia/enters the person’s macrophages, enter the blood brain barrier, affects the brain (may also affect basal ganglia, thalamus, midbrain & pons).

Antiviral medicine, best to take within 48 hours after symptoms begin. Antibiotics will not help since a virus causes the flu.

Through infected animal bites (dogs, cats, bats) or licking an open wound by an infected animal.

It can occur sporadically, through genetic mutation in the Prp gene, or by induction from nearby abnormal prions, resulting in a chain reaction.

Bat populations.

It is essential for virus entry into the cells and plays a vital role in attachment to specific cell receptors.

October to April in the northern hemisphere, April to September in the southern hemisphere, and year-round in tropical climates.

Paracetamol, increase fluid intake, bed rest, eat nutritious food.

Getting vaccinated, practicing proper hygiene, and adopting good health habits.

To include antibody and T-cell production in order to neutralize the virus in the body.

Wuhan, China in December 2019.

The PrPsc form is heat-resistant, protease resistant, insoluble, and forms aggregates in neural cells, leading to destruction of neural tissues and neurological symptoms.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Supportive treatment including paracetamol, increased fluid intake, and bed rest.

It is known to be a global concern.

May be asymptomatic to life threatening, high grade fever, headache, neck stiffness, nausea & vomiting, disorientation, coma, seizures, spastic paralysis, death.

P24.

Chemotherapy.

Cell signaling, homeostatic regulation, influencing synaptic function, and protecting neurons against cell damage.

RT-PCR through nasopharyngeal swab, oropharyngeal swab, or saliva.

Through a mosquito bite (vector: Culex sp.).

Culex bites infected pig or commonly birds, viremia in mosquito, goes to the brain, neuron, salivary gland, bite another pig and/or birds, bite humans (dead end host).

JEV-specific IgM antibody present in the CSF or serum via IgM-capture ELISA, MRI for brain lesions.

Fever, chills, muscle aches, sore throat, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and mouth ulcers.

Coronaviridae family.

Febrile, Critical, Recovery.

By biting infected pigs (sometimes birds).

mRNA vaccine, viral vector vaccine, subunit vaccine.

It weakens the immune system and causes AIDS.

Person to person via large droplets, aerosol transmission of small droplets, exposure to fomites.

It is the envelope through which the virus binds.

Stage 1: Acute HIV infection, Stage 2: Chronic HIV infection, Stage 3: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

To monitor the progression of an HIV infection and the effectiveness of chemotherapy by detecting the increase or decrease of the viral load.

An acute encephalopathy of children and adolescents, with swelling in the liver and brain. It is a recognized rare complication of Influenza B, Influenza A, and herpesvirus varicella-zoster infections.

Pneumocystis pneumonia, esophageal candidiasis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma, toxoplasmosis, herpes simplex, cryptococcosis, cryptosporidiosis, tuberculosis, and recurrent bacterial pneumonia.