module-1-biology-prelim-notes

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, and generally contain a larger amount of linear DNA.

Biological catalysts are made of proteins that speed up chemical reactions occurring inside cells.

The cell wall in Prokaryotes is made of peptidoglycan and often has a capsule outside.

Factors affecting photosynthesis include light intensity, CO2 levels, and temperature, which can limit the rate of the process.

The cytoplasm is a watery gel-like fluid inside the membrane that suspends organelles, helps fill the cell, and gives it shape.

A glycoprotein is a molecule that consists of a carbohydrate attached to a protein, often found on the surface of cell membranes.

Moves low to high concentration against the gradient, helping the cell control nutrient uptake and waste removal.

The lipid component, or 'fluid' part of the membrane, is composed of two layers of phospholipids, represented by a head and two tails, forming the phospholipid bilayer.

Organelles are specialized structures within a cell, such as the nucleus, vacuoles, and chloroplasts, that perform distinct functions.

The ratio of surface area to volume, which increases as the size of an object decreases, leading to more efficient material exchange.

Movement of materials across the cell membrane that requires the expenditure of energy (ATP).

The plant cell wall provides shape and support to plant, fungal, and prokaryotic cells, offering structural strength and protection.

The Induced Fit model suggests that the active site of an enzyme is not a perfect fit for the substrate; instead, the substrate causes the enzyme to slightly change its shape to bind effectively.

The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a phospholipid bilayer that can flow and change shape, with embedded specialized protein molecules arranged in various patterns.

A type of endocytosis that involves the engulfing of liquid.

The process of transporting materials out of the cell, where a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane to release its contents.

Solution with a lower solute concentration (higher water concentration) where water will move into the cell to try and achieve balance.

Easily accessible energy source.

Takes part in every cellular reaction.

A phosphate group is a functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, which makes it hydrophilic.

The kidneys filter the blood, returning useful substances to the body and excreting unwanted waste as urine.

Cholesterol is a lipid that is interspersed between phospholipids in the cell membrane, helping to maintain fluidity and stability.

Diffusion of substances through the cell membrane via channel and carrier proteins.

Binds material and changes shape to allow for diffusion.

Aerobic respiration is a type of cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of ample oxygen, starting in the cytosol and continuing in the mitochondria.

Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA and protein, and they are responsible for protein synthesis.

Light Microscopes use light for magnification with lower resolution and cost, while Electron Microscopes use electrons for much higher magnification and resolution but are more expensive and require more preparation.

Any variation above or below the optimum pH reduces enzyme activity, and extreme pH levels can denature the enzyme.

When bonds are broken in ATP, energy is released.

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.

A Scanning Electron Microscope uses a fine beam of electrons to produce detailed images of the specimen's exterior, requiring chemical treatment and a gold coating.

The cytoskeleton keeps organelles in place and is composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Magnification is the ratio of the magnified size to the actual size, calculated as Ocular x Objective lens.

The chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs, containing structures like thylakoids and stroma that facilitate the process.

Passive transport is the movement of materials across the cell membrane without the expenditure of energy, occurring from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Plant cells contain a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole, while animal cells do not.

The Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, as it has ribosomes attached that make proteins which are then processed.

Organic compounds that cells need to survive.

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, are generally smaller, and have DNA that floats in the cytoplasm.

Pili and flagella are hair-like appendages made of microtubules enclosed by the cell membrane that help the cell move around, with flagella being the longer version of pili.

The optimum temperature for enzyme activity in humans is approximately 37 degrees Celsius.

Peripheral proteins are temporary proteins that are loosely attached to the surface of the cell membrane and are involved in signaling and cell recognition.

ADP is a molecule formed when ATP loses a phosphate group, and it can be converted back to ATP by adding a phosphate group.

Organelles such as the nucleus, vacuoles, and chloroplasts can be seen with a light microscope.

Golgi bodies are responsible for packaging and sorting products made by the cell, such as proteins from the Rough ER.

Main source of carbon atoms for all organic molecules.

The saturation point is the stage at which all active sites of an enzyme are occupied by substrate, leading to a plateau in the rate of reaction.

The Lock and Key model describes how the active site of an enzyme perfectly fits with the substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex, allowing the reaction to occur.

Movement of any molecule down a concentration gradient.

The nucleus contains genetic information (DNA), is needed for growth and repair, and is responsible for directing the activities of the cell.

Provides a ‘tunnel’ with a unique diameter and amino acid lining so only particular molecules can diffuse.

Cellular respiration is the process by which organic compounds, primarily glucose, are broken down to produce ATP.

Mitochondria and ribosomes can only be seen using an electron microscope.

Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, transforming glucose into ATP, and they have their own DNA.

A Confocal Microscope uses a highly focused laser to create high-quality images of small parts of a specimen, with computer enhancement to stitch together images for a 3D representation.

Genetic information (DNA) and are involved in protein synthesis (RNA).

Nitrogenous wastes are produced, making cells and surroundings very basic.

Fatty acid tails are long hydrocarbon chains that are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water and face inward in the cell membrane.

A glycolipid is a molecule that consists of a carbohydrate attached to a lipid, playing a role in cell recognition.

Diffusion of substances directly through the phospholipid bilayer.

The liver prepares waste for removal from the body, processing substances before they are excreted.

Movement of water from an area of high to low water concentration across a semipermeable membrane.

Anaerobic respiration occurs when there is not enough oxygen available and takes place only in the cytosol.

All organisms perform cellular respiration.

A Light Microscope uses visible light and two lenses to magnify a specimen, shining light up through the specimen and refracting it to create an image.

Inorganic compounds needed for cells to survive.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to make their own organic compounds, converting CO2 and H2O into glucose and O2.

Factors affecting enzyme activities include temperature, pH, and substrate concentration, with each having an optimum range for maximum efficiency.

A process used to transport materials into the cell where the cell membrane engulfs an external substance and pinches off to form a vesicle.

ATP is a molecule that stores energy in its bonds, which is released when the bonds are broken.

Membranes act as selective boundaries that separate internal content from the external environment, hold organelles together, and regulate the movement of substances.

Cells need chemical energy from the breakdown of food to produce ATP, utilizing organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen.

Waste products containing nitrogen, such as ammonia, uric acid, and urea.

Centrioles are a pair of small cylindrical structures made of microtubules that are involved in cell division by producing the spindle that pulls chromosomes apart.

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids, where chlorophyll captures light energy, breaks down water into O2 and H2, and produces ATP.

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Increased substrate concentration leads to a greater chance of substrate molecules colliding with the active site, thereby increasing enzyme activity.

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space, affecting the rate of material movement in passive and active transport.

Solution where water will move out of the cell, causing the animal cell to shrivel and the plant cell to become flaccid or plasmolysed.

Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes to break down cellular waste and foreign particles.

Long term energy storage and structural role in membranes.

An Electron Microscope uses a beam of electrons and electromagnets to magnify specimens, operating under vacuum conditions to produce detailed images.

CO2 is formed, making the cell and surroundings very acidic.

Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane, nucleic acids, proteins, and ribosomes.

Integral proteins are permanent proteins that are embedded within the cell membrane and play key roles in transport and communication.

A type of endocytosis that involves the engulfing of solid particles.

Solutions with equal solute concentrations where the rate at which water leaves the cell is equal to the rate water enters the cell.

Photosynthesis and respiration are interconnected processes where nutrients are recycled; photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, while respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP.

Vacuoles are membrane-bound vesicles that store substances and provide structural support through turgor pressure.

Structure, growth, repair and maintenance, and forming enzymes.

It can take up space and potentially cause the cell to pop and die.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of interconnected membranes involved in the transport and processing of proteins and lipids.

Smaller particles and higher temperatures increase the rate of diffusion in passive transport.

Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.

Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis in plant cells, containing chlorophyll and having their own DNA.

Needed for cellular respiration.

A Transmission Electron Microscope treats specimens with chemicals, dehydrates them, and embeds them in resin before slicing to create detailed internal images.

By moving wastes from the cytoplasm into the extracellular environment through passive and active transport.