What is the first aim of treatment with Electrophysical Agents (EPA)?
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A good assessment to understand the patient’s problems.
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What is the first aim of treatment with Electrophysical Agents (EPA)?
A good assessment to understand the patient’s problems.
What is important to screen for before treatment?
Any precautions or contraindications.
What type of energy does Shortwave Diathermy (SWD) use?
High frequency energy.
Where can you find information about key concepts in electrotherapy?
What is the purpose of skin sensation tests before applying electrophysical agents?
To ensure the patient has normal skin sensation response and can feel appropriately during treatment.
What is a common treatment choice during the inflammatory phase?
Ice therapy or cryotherapy to reduce swelling and pain.
What is essential to understand in electrotherapy?
How different types of energies are generated by machines, how they are delivered into the body, and how different tissues respond.
What factors influence the effectiveness of therapeutic effects in electrotherapy?
The choice of modality, application method, and dosage selected, known as the 'Therapeutic Window.'
What is the focus of treatment in the acute phase?
To reduce pain and inflammation.
What does dosimetry in treatment application involve?
Deciding on intensity, duration, and frequency of application.
Why is rest important in the acute phase treatment?
To prevent further injury and promote healing.
What are the visible signs of increased blood flow during an acute inflammatory response?
The area becomes red, warm, and swollen.
What is the significance of fatty tissue in skin structure?
It impacts the overall composition and insulation of the skin.
What are precautions in the context of treatment?
Conditions where treatment can proceed but requires closer monitoring.
What happens during the proliferative phase?
New tissue forms, and the wound begins to close.
What is the evidence behind the use of electrophysical agents in practice?
Research supports their effectiveness in enhancing recovery and functional outcomes.
What are the main structural components of a tendon?
Bundles of fibers called fascicles.
Why is it important to prevent the development of potential injuries during treatment?
To avoid injuries such as burns.
What is the first phase of the tissue healing process?
Inflammatory phase.
What role does electrical stimulation play in the healing phases?
It can enhance tissue repair and reduce pain.
Why is gradual increase in activity important during the Proliferative Phase?
To apply appropriate tensile stress to the newly formed tissue.
How are disability and functioning viewed in the ICF model?
As outcomes of interactions between health conditions and contextual factors.
What are therapeutic effects in electrotherapy?
Changes in the patient's symptoms and signs, such as reduced pain and relaxed muscles.
What does the 'hot and cold' test assess?
It assesses skin sensation for any thermal agent such as hot packs, infrared, wax, ice, and shortwave.
What types of treatments are commonly chosen in the acute phase?
Cryotherapy, electrical stimulation, and rest.
What are contraindications in the context of electrophysical agents?
Conditions or factors that serve as reasons to withhold treatment using electrophysical agents.
What role do histamines play in the inflammatory response?
Histamines increase blood flow and permeability of blood vessels.
What occurs during the inflammatory phase?
The body responds to injury with swelling, redness, and pain.
What type of information might be included in a contraindications grid?
Specific conditions, treatments, and their associated contraindications.
What characterizes chronic inflammation in the context of the Proliferative Phase?
The body cannot recognize the signal to stop the acute response.
What is produced to remove debris during phagocytosis?
Pus.
What is a key characteristic of the remodeling phase in tendon and ligament healing?
Reorganization of collagen fibers.
What role does collagen play in tissue healing?
Collagen provides structure and strength to the healing tissue.
What are the therapeutic effects of energy absorption?
Therapeutic effects are generated after energy absorption.
What should be considered as contraindications before treatment?
Contraindications and precautions before and during treatment.
Which treatments are suggested for bone healing?
Ultrasound, Extracorporeal shock wave therapy.
What does 'Calor' indicate in inflammation?
Increased vascularity (blood flow) leading to heat.
How does health status impact the healing process?
Systemic diseases like Diabetes and arthritis can negatively affect healing.
What is the primary focus of T. Watson's work on electrotherapy?
Key concepts in electrotherapy.
What does 'Electro' refer to in Electro-Physical Therapy?
The use of electricity.
What does the 'sharp and blunt' test assess?
It assesses skin sensation before using ice, electrical stimulation (ES), or ultrasound (US).
What factors influence the extent of the acute inflammatory response?
The extent of injury and damage to tissues in the area.
What is a contraindication in the context of therapy?
A condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment.
What are other names for Electro-Physical Therapy?
Electro-physical Agents (EPA) and Electrotherapy (ET).
What is the final phase of the normal healing process in tendons and ligaments?
Remodeling phase.
What continues until the infection is eradicated during the inflammatory process?
The inflammatory process continues until phagocytosis has destroyed the invading bacteria.
What type of new cells are produced in the skin during healing?
New collagen fibers, maturing from Type III to Type I.
How long can the remodeling phase last in tendon and ligament healing?
Months to years.
Which EPA treatments are suggested for oedema?
Cryotherapy, Hydrotherapy, Limb compression.
What is Neuro-Muscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES)?
A type of Low Frequency (LF) electrical stimulation.
What is Interferential Therapy (IFT)?
A type of Medium Frequency (MF) electrical stimulation.
What factors affect the healing process related to the extent of the injury?
Superficial/minimal injuries have a better chance for healing compared to complete tears, which may require surgical intervention.
What is the fourth phase of the soft tissue healing process?
Remodelling phase (Chronic Phase).
What is essential for better patient care according to practitioners?
Evidence-based clinical decision making built on research evidence.
What happens to vessel permeability during the acute inflammatory phase?
Increased permeability allows plasma proteins to enter cells and dilute toxins.
What are the two types of skin sensation tests?
What does 'Physical' refer to in Electro-Physical Therapy?
The use of physical energy, like heat, cold, and light.
What is the role of Electro-Physical Therapy in Physiotherapy?
It is an integral part of the treatment regime to achieve therapeutic benefits for patients.
Why is documentation important in EPA treatment?
To record the treatment delivered to the patient.
What type of cell is primarily responsible for initiating the inflammatory response?
Mast cells.
What happens during inflammation in a tendon?
Swelling causes compression on the fibers.
What is the function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation.
How can contraindications affect treatment planning?
They guide clinicians in selecting appropriate therapies and avoiding harmful ones.
How do complement proteins affect inflammation?
Complement proteins enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.
What type of cells are involved in the repair of damaged tissue during inflammation?
Fibroblasts.
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone healing?
They are involved in ossification and form the bone matrix.
What is an example of cryotherapy?
Ice and cold packs.
Which EPA treatment is suggested for muscular weakness or atrophy?
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation.
What does 'Rubor' signify in the context of inflammation?
Increased vascularity (blood flow) leading to redness.
What lifestyle factors can influence healing?
Age, exercise, and diet are significant lifestyle factors that affect healing.
What should be identified to determine the need for treatment?
The physical problems that require treatment.
What is essential to match the treatment aims?
Identifying the modality that can match the aims of treatment.
What is the inflammatory response in tendon and ligament injuries?
It is the body's initial reaction to injury, characterized by swelling, pain, and heat.
What treatment is often used in the proliferation phase?
Therapeutic ultrasound to promote tissue healing.
What is the broader meaning of Electro-Physical Therapy?
It includes the assessment and treatment of patients.
What role does cryotherapy play in the acute phase?
It helps to decrease swelling and numb pain.
Which cells are known for engulfing pathogens during inflammation?
Macrophages.
What occurs between the fascia and the fibers in a healthy tendon?
A normal amount of sliding.
What should you do to prepare for the lab?
Read the notes provided.
What is the recommended attire for lab preparation?
Shorts and a t-shirt.
Which cells synthesize cartilage and bone matrices in articular cartilage?
Chondrocytes, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts.
What is the first phase of the soft tissue healing process?
Hemostasis.
What mechanisms are involved in the hemostasis phase?
Auto-triggered blood clotting and vasoconstriction.
What is Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) used for?
Pain management using Low Frequency (LF) currents.
What is the focus of the remodelling phase?
Alignment and maturation of repair or new tissues.
What should practitioners accept regarding research evidence?
A lack of research evidence on a given intervention does not mean there is a lack of therapeutic effectiveness.
What psychosocial factors can influence the healing process?
Pain threshold and psychosocial factors can impact healing.
What process do neutrophils and macrophages initiate during inflammation?
Phagocytosis, which destroys invading bacteria.
What is the classification of EPA modalities based on?
The Electromagnetic Spectrum.
What frequency is associated with short wave diathermy?
27.12 MHz.
How can ultrasonic therapy be combined?
It may be combined with electrical stimulation.
What role does vascularity play in skin structure?
It affects circulation.
What type of energies are Infrared Radiation (IRR) and Ultraviolet (UV)?
Lower frequency energies.
What does the ICF model emphasize about human function?
It is the product of a dynamic interaction between various health conditions and contextual factors.
What organization published guidelines for the use of electrophysical agents in 2001?
Australian Physiotherapy Association.
What tissue structure is responsible for the formation of new blood vessels during inflammation?
Granulation tissue.
What types of cells are involved in the healing of tendons and ligaments?
Tenocytes and collagen fibers, maturing from Type III to Type I.
How does blood supply affect the healing process?
Adequate blood supply is essential for delivering nutrients and oxygen to healing tissues.
What are the suggested EPA treatments for muscle spasm?
Cryotherapy, Thermotherapy, Shortwave diathermy.
What is evidence in the context of Evidence Based Practice (EBP)?
Anything that can establish a fact or give reasons to believe something.
What occurs during the initial injury in the acute inflammatory phase?
Damage to cells and extracellular structures, along with micro-bleeding.
How does early intervention in the acute phase influence healing?
Early intervention, such as R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), facilitates healing.
What are the stages of injury for tendons and ligaments?
The stages include inflammation, repair, and remodeling.
What is diathermy?
Controlled production of 'Deep Heating' beneath the skin for therapeutic purposes.
What determines the suitability of energy for entering the human body?
The therapeutic 'window' which includes suitable wavelength and frequency.
How does skin structure affect physical energy penetration?
It influences how deeply physical energy can penetrate.
What is angiogenesis?
The formation of new blood vessels.
Who authored the article on contraindications and precautions for electrophysical agents?
Houghton PE, Nussbaum EL, Hoens AM.
What are prostaglandins and their function in inflammation?
Prostaglandins promote inflammation, pain, and fever.
Why is the thickness of the skin important?
It determines the distance to muscles and affects treatment efficacy.
What may result from not screening contraindications or taking precautions?
Adverse effects that may cause patient injury.
What is the significance of the year 2013 in relation to contraindications?
It refers to the publication year of Watson's work on contraindications.
What is an important punctuality guideline for practical classes?
Be on time!
What happens to tissues after energy absorption?
Physiological effects occur on tissues.
What treatments are recommended for joint motion restriction?
Thermotherapy, Shortwave diathermy, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, ultrasound.
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Calor (hot), Rubor (red), Tumour (swollen), Dolor (pain).
What is the role of evidence in clinical decision making?
It informs decision making among options.
Which cells appear during the acute inflammatory phase to aid in healing?
Neutrophils and macrophages.
What role do therapeutic electrophysical agents play in tendon and ligament injuries?
They aid in pain relief, reduce inflammation, and promote healing.
What types of diathermy are mentioned?
Radio frequency (RF) diathermy and Ultrasonic/Ultrasound therapy.
What is the main process occurring during the Proliferative Phase?
Fibroplasia, which involves laying down fibrous tissue by fibroblasts.
What surrounds the bundles of fibers in a tendon?
Fascia.
What skin conditions may serve as contraindications for EPA?
Allergy, rash, or other skin conditions.
Why is it important to understand contraindications?
To prevent adverse effects and ensure patient safety during treatment.
How does electrical stimulation assist in the acute phase?
It can help manage pain and promote muscle relaxation.
What is the primary goal during the inflammatory phase of tendon and ligament healing?
To control pain and swelling.
What is the first component of the ICF?
Health condition – injuries, decreases, disorders, e.g. Osteoarthritis (OA).
What are superficial thermal agents?
Hot pack and wax.
What is a suggested EPA treatment for pain?
Cryotherapy, Thermotherapy, Hydrotherapy, Shortwave diathermy, TENS.
What is the primary goal of the hemostasis phase?
To stop bleeding at the injury site.
How is outcome evaluation conducted in treatment?
Evaluating outcomes and progression of treatment.
What does EBP integrate?
Information from scientific research, clinical experience of practitioners, and patient values, concerns, and expectations.
What is 'Dolor' in the inflammatory response?
Pain caused by increased pressure and chemical irritation.
What are the second and third phases of healing?
The second phase is the inflammatory phase, and the third phase is the proliferation phase.
What is a contraindication in the context of treatment?
A condition that is not suitable for receiving certain types of treatment.
Which condition is contraindicated for most electrical modalities?
Cardiac pacemaker.
Why is it important to choose appropriate treatments in the second and third phases?
To facilitate healing and prevent complications.
What type of tissue is formed during the Proliferative Phase?
Granulation tissue.
What is the title of the special issue published in Physiotherapy Canada in 2010?
Electrophysical Agents: Contraindications and Precautions.
What type of white blood cells are involved in the inflammatory response and help fight infections?
Neutrophils.
How is the vascularization of tendons related to healing?
Tendons are well vascularized, providing good capacity for healing.
What are the phases of tendon healing?
Inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases.
What is meant by 'Activities' in the ICF model?
Execution of a task by the patient, e.g. walking.
What types of light therapy are used in EPA?
Infrared Radiation (IRR) and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR).
What personal factors are considered in the ICF model?
Age, gender, and profession.
What occurs during the inflammatory phase?
Cleaning of the wound of cellular debris and inflammation response.
What happens during the proliferative phase?
Formation of repair cells.
Do the phases of soft tissue healing overlap?
Yes, the phases overlap with each other.
What physical dysfunction can occur during the acute inflammatory phase?
Muscle spasm and loss of physical functions, such as walking.
What is the remodeling phase in the healing of tendons and ligaments?
It is the final stage where the tissue matures and strengthens over time.
Is Microwave energy commonly used in EPA modalities?
No, it is not so commonly used now.
What follows the inflammatory phase in the healing process of tendons and ligaments?
Proliferative phase.
What causes pain during the acute inflammatory response?
Increased pressure in the area due to swelling.
Where can you find the lab manual for practical classes?
In the folder on Blackboard labeled 'Lab Manual'.
What are the main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, and muscle.
Which cells release cytokines to regulate the inflammatory response?
T cells.
What are the principles of energy generation in modalities?
Understanding how energy is generated and delivered into the body.
What does 'Participation' refer to in the ICF framework?
Involvement in life situations, e.g. working.
What are the indications for using modalities in patients?
Specific conditions or situations that warrant their use.
What are the methods of application for electrophysical agents?
Various techniques used to apply EPA.
What do practitioners realize about evidence?
That evidence does not necessarily mean an answer.
How does compliance to treatment affect healing?
Higher compliance to treatment generally leads to better healing outcomes.
What is the first phase of the normal healing process in tendons and ligaments?
Inflammatory phase.
What are the smallest units of a tendon?
Microfibrils, formed by Tropocollagen.
What should be done before deciding on a treatment for a patient?
Ask a series of questions to assess suitability.
What is the second phase of the tissue healing process?
Proliferative phase.
What role do leukotrienes play in inflammation?
Leukotrienes contribute to bronchoconstriction and increased vascular permeability.
What is the final phase of the tissue healing process?
Maturation phase.
What is the significance of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in inflammation?
PAF promotes platelet aggregation and enhances vascular permeability.
What is the role of endothelial cells in the inflammatory response?
They line blood vessels and facilitate the movement of immune cells to the site of injury.
What are the three main processes involved in tissue healing?
Inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.
What is the third phase of the soft tissue healing process?
Proliferative phase (Sub-Acute Phase).
What are the suggested EPA treatments for muscle, tendon, and ligament healing?
Ultrasound, Low-Level LASER therapy, Extracorporeal shock wave therapy.
What role does the type of tissue play in the healing process?
The type of tissue, including its vascularity and thickness, affects healing.
What is the significance of guidelines for the clinical use of electrophysical agents?
They provide recommendations for safe and effective use of electrophysical agents in treatment.
What does the second component of the ICF refer to?
Body functions and structures – physiological and psychological functions, and body anatomical components.
Name two deep thermal agents.
Shortwave Diathermy (SWD) and Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF).
Which cells are responsible for producing antibodies during the inflammatory response?
B cells.
What is the second phase of the soft tissue healing process?
Inflammatory phase (Acute Phase).
What EPA treatments are recommended for wound healing?
Thermotherapy, Low-Level LASER therapy, Ultraviolet, Magnetic therapy.
During which phase does collagen synthesis occur in tendon and ligament healing?
Proliferative phase.
What occurs during the maturation phase?
Tissue remodels and strengthens over time.
What specific page should you read before the lab?
The page on 'Electrotherapy Process'.
What factors are included in the 'Environment' component of the ICF?
Climates, social structures, and lifestyle of the patient.
What is the treatment approach suggested in the ICF model?
Perform the treatment from 'Do the Thing Right' to 'Do the Right Thing'.
What causes 'Tumour' or swelling during inflammation?
Increased interstitial fluid and pressure.
