L01 Overview of Healthcare Provisions

Increasing population size and ageing population due to increased life expectancy.

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Changing prevalence of risk factors (e.g., increase in obesity, decrease in smoking) and reduced mortality of life-threatening conditions.

The absence of disease.

Major advances in drugs, procedures, and diagnostic techniques have enabled the treatment of more ill health than previously possible.

Peace, food, shelter, education, stable ecosystem, income, sustainable resources, social justice.

Increased patient expectations for choice, convenience, and personalised care.

Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Our personal characteristics that we can’t change.

A disease-based approach to healthcare and compartmentalisation of healthcare, leading to separate health and social care and separate physical and mental health services.

Only in Scotland.

Our individual lifestyle factors, such as food eaten, amount of exercise, smoking, etc.

Gaps in healthcare, especially for the most vulnerable, such as older adults and those with long-term conditions.

To organize the delivery of health and social care from a patient’s perspective and combine processes of care across different disciplines.

Preventing disease before it occurs by promoting and maintaining good health.

Only in England.

Social and community networks, such as resources and social capital in affluent areas.

Health and social care, primary, community, secondary and tertiary care, prevention and treatment services, population approaches, and individual patient-centered care.

Interventions addressing wider health determinants (e.g., poverty, housing, education, employment), reducing risk factors (e.g., increasing physical activity, quitting smoking), immunisation programmes, and laws enforcing safety equipment at work.

Developing patient choice and provider competition.

Macro level factors that influence our health, including healthcare services.

There was a political devolution of the four UK nations, giving their respective parliaments and assemblies control over their healthcare systems.

Early detection and treatment of disease before the onset of symptoms.

To deliver publicly funded healthcare.

The choice and competition model, where healthcare is purchased from a variety of providers and patients are informed consumers.

Screening programmes (e.g., breast cancer screening), low dose aspirin/diet exercise programmes to reduce further health risks, case finding, and care pathways for early diagnosis and treatment.

To restore, promote, and maintain the health of individuals and populations.

Outcomes and performance management, with all parts of the health system working towards HEAT targets.

Optimal management of established health conditions to soften their impact and improve quality of life.

From prevention of ill health to end-of-life care.

To promote, restore, and maintain health.

Trust and altruism, relying on the intrinsic motivation of healthcare professionals to do the best for their patients without the need for performance management.

Interventions that limit disease progression, rehabilitation (e.g., stroke rehabilitation programme), interventions that minimise disability, and support groups.

To meet changing needs.

Continual improvement of health status, defence against health threats, protection against financial consequences of ill health, equitable access to healthcare, people-centred care, and assisting people to participate in their own healthcare decisions.

There are separate bodies and agencies that act as either purchasers or providers of healthcare, existing only in England and Northern Ireland.

Support for people approaching death.

A more integrated approach.

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organised efforts of society.

Only in England, where care is commissioned from both public and private providers.

Planned care, symptom control, dignity, choice and control for the patient, and good communication between patient, family, and professionals.

To improve the health of populations.

Health improvement, health service improvement, and health protection.

The wider determinants of health, inequalities, and lifestyle behaviours.

Clinical effectiveness, service planning, and equity in the system.

Protection against infectious diseases and environmental hazards.

Centred around individual health needs, delivered at an individual level, focused on individual patient rights, and doctor advocates for individual.

Centred around population health needs, delivered at a population level, focuses on equity/social justice, and doctors advocate for communities/patient groups.

A balance between individual and population healthcare.