What antioxidant is found in Beta vulgaris?
Click to see answer
Betanin.
Click to see question
What antioxidant is found in Beta vulgaris?
Betanin.
What are renewable resources?
Resources capable of natural regeneration within a short period of time.
What percentage of the assessment is based on assignments and quizzes?
30%.
Give examples of potentially renewable resources.
Groundwater, soil, plants, and animals.
What are non-renewable resources?
Resources available only in limited quantities or with a very slow rate of renewal.
What are gums used for?
In medicines.
What is meant by 'a natural resource'?
A resource that is replaced by a natural process.
How have plants influenced the evolution of Earth and human life?
Plants have played a crucial role in shaping ecosystems and providing oxygen, which has influenced both Earth and human evolution.
What is emphasized regarding the use of plants in the syllabus?
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plants.
What is the main ingredient in pasta?
Wheat flour.
What influence did plants have on human evolution?
They influenced the evolution from arboreal life to bipedal locomotion.
What was the significance of domesticated crops?
They provided a dependable source of food.
Which food sources are included in the traditional uses discussed?
Cereals, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.
What did Vavilov propose about the origin of plants?
He proposed that plants had diversified origins.
Which country is the largest producer of a specific crop?
United States.
Who are the largest rice producers?
China, India, Japan, Indonesia, and Pakistan.
What should you do if you have comments or suggestions?
Email sihini@pts.cmb.ac.lk.
What is a common use of luffa products?
They are commonly used as natural sponges for bathing and cleaning.
What role do legumes play in nitrogen fixation?
They form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules.
What type of bacteria is associated with the root nodules of legumes?
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, specifically Rhizobium.
What significance do the regions of Vavilov's Centres of Origin hold?
They were the locations of older civilizations.
What is the scientific name for kohlrabi?
Brassica oleraceae var. gongylodes.
What health issues does Pokkali rice help control?
Diabetes, nerve problems, and skin diseases.
What part of the leek is used as a vegetable?
The leaves (leaf sheath).
In which parts do forage legumes concentrate their vitamins and proteins?
In their juvenile growing parts.
Why is plant extinction a significant issue?
It threatens biodiversity and ecosystems.
What is an example of a renewable resource?
Solar energy.
What is a significant environmental concern mentioned?
Thousands of extinctions of plant and animal species are recorded every year.
What are the two main categories of resources discussed in the syllabus?
Renewable and non-renewable resources.
What role do plants play in environmental monitoring according to the syllabus?
They can serve as environmental sensors.
What alternative uses of plants are highlighted in the syllabus?
Alternative energy resources.
Who discovered all food plants used today?
Ancient man.
From where were most food plants domesticated?
From wild ancestors.
How has man's association with plants affected the environment?
It has altered the environment, favoring the survival of other forms of life.
What is the primary use of wheat?
Wheat is primarily used for making flour and bread.
What are the medicinal values of Suwandel rice?
Promotes body growth, improves vocal clarity, regulates functioning of the excretory system, and helps control diabetes.
What is considered the most expensive fruit in the world?
Durian.
What are fleshy fruits?
Fruits with soft or succulent pericarp.
How much was a durian sold for in 2019 in Thailand?
$48,000.
Name a cereal grain that is commonly used for animal feed.
Oat.
How have human needs influenced the use of plants?
Humans have extended their needs and further depended on plants for various products.
What modification helps in retaining grains once they mature?
Retention of grains to prevent shattering.
What are the traditional food sources discussed in this session?
Cereals, legumes, and fruits.
What types of values are associated with underutilized fruits?
Medicinal and nutritional importance.
What are edible plants?
Plants that can be eaten cooked or raw.
What are some common uses of mango?
Dessert, canned, jam, chutney, pickle, juice.
What significant event occurred around 2 million years ago in human evolution?
The emergence of the genus Homo.
What is an example of a non-renewable resource?
Coal.
Who authored 'Traditional Food Plants in Sri Lanka'?
Rajapaksha, U.
Why are non-renewable resources considered limited?
Because they are available only in fixed quantities.
What processes are used to obtain plant-derived products?
Processes include extraction, distillation, and fermentation.
How do plants manufacture their own food?
Through the process of photosynthesis.
What are some purposes for which we use plant resources?
Food, medicines, spices, flavors, wood, etc.
How are unripe soy seeds utilized?
They are used as a vegetable.
What is one common use of plant resources in cooking?
Spices and flavors.
What is paprika powder made from?
Sweet bell peppers.
What is Solanine?
An alkaloid that can be toxic and is present in potato sprouts.
What is the scientific name for Manioc or Cassava?
Manihot esculenta.
What are 'underutilized fruits'?
Fruits that are locally grown but not cultivated commercially and rarely seen in the market.
What is the scientific name for leeks?
Allium ampeloprasum var porrum.
What are dry fruits?
Fruits with dry pericarp.
In which country was the durian sold for $48,000?
Thailand.
What type of fruit is a mango?
Fleshy Drupe.
What are the common uses of Cymbopogon species?
They are commonly used for culinary purposes, essential oils, and traditional medicine.
What are common uses of cucumbers?
Cucumbers are used in salads, pickles, and as a refreshing snack.
What are fruit vegetables?
Vegetables that are botanically classified as fruits, like tomatoes and cucumbers.
What part of Brassica oleraceae var. gemmifera is edible?
Edible buds.
How long ago was wheat domesticated?
At least 6000 years ago.
What are luffa products often marketed as?
Natural and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic sponges.
What are the principal genome groups of commercial bananas?
AAA group, AAB group, ABB group.
What are some common uses of plants?
Plants are used for food, medicine, clothing, shelter, and fuel.
What are the two main types of renewable resources?
Perpetual resources and potentially renewable resources.
What alternative resource is highlighted in the syllabus?
Alternative energy resources.
What are some natural products mentioned in the syllabus?
Rubber and narcotics.
What can be toxic in a sprouting potato?
Solanine, an alkaloid present in sprouts.
What is Senna alexandrina commonly used for?
It is used as a drug.
How are the leaves of Lactuca sativa arranged?
Spirally in rosettes.
What parts of the potato plant can be seen?
Flowers and fruits.
What is the scientific name for Brussels sprouts?
Brassica oleraceae var. gemmifera.
What are the benefits of Pachchaperumal rice?
Enhances physical strength, helps relieve urinary tract problems, controls cardiovascular diseases, and supports balanced body growth.
How are plants used to meet human needs?
Plants are used for food, medicine, clothing, and shelter.
What family does the avocado belong to?
Lauraceae.
What are the two main categories of resources discussed in the syllabus?
Renewable and non-renewable resources.
What is a commonly known nut that is often used in chocolate and spreads?
Hazelnut.
What is a notable nutritional characteristic of the avocado?
It has high oil content.
In which events are Giant Pumpkins often featured?
Pumpkin festivals and weigh-offs.
What are the two main categories of resources discussed?
Renewable and non-renewable resources.
Which species is considered the earliest known ancestor of modern humans?
Australopithecus afarensis.
What are some key components found in fleshy fruits?
Water, Cellulose, Sugar, Starch, Pectin, Organic acids, Essential oils, Aromatic ethers.
What factors contribute to the risk of plant extinction?
Habitat loss, climate change, and invasive species.
What are some traditional uses of plants?
Food & Beverage, Legumes, Spices & Essential oils, Medicines, Wood & Fiber products.
What is a common use of bananas?
As a dessert fruit.
What is the primary use of indigo dye?
To color textiles.
What are the three broad categories of vegetables?
Earth vegetables, fruit vegetables, and leafy vegetables.
What is a pseudo cereal?
A plant that produces seeds similar to cereals but is not a member of the grass family.
What defines non-renewable resources?
Resources that take millions of years to replenish and are available only in limited quantities.
What are some traditional uses of plants mentioned in the syllabus?
Food & Beverage plants, Spice & Essential oils, Medicines, Wood & Fiber products.
What is the significance of understanding the origin of plants important to man?
It helps in recognizing their roles in agriculture, medicine, and ecology.
What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?
Renewable resources can be replenished naturally, while non-renewable resources are finite and cannot be replaced once used.
What has been a significant aspect of man's history with plants?
Man's association with plants has a long history.
How long ago did agriculture begin in the Eastern Mediterranean?
11,000 years ago.
What are the three main cereal crops discussed?
Wheat, Maize, and Rice.
How do plants contribute to medicine?
They provide medicinal resources.
What is a key characteristic of maize?
Maize is a staple food in many countries and is used for food, animal feed, and industrial products.
How do most cultivated plants compare to their nearest wild ancestors according to Vavilov?
Most plants are different from their nearest wild ancestors.
Which organisms are primarily responsible for nitrogen fixation?
Certain bacteria, including rhizobia and cyanobacteria.
What is the role of root nodules in legumes?
They house nitrogen-fixing bacteria that contribute to protein synthesis.
What are the common names for Manihot esculenta?
Manioc and Cassava.
What is the structure of the carrot?
It has a short stem with a tapering tap root.
What type of plant is maize classified as?
Monaceous.
What are the three main groups of fruit classification?
Simple, Aggregate, and Composite.
What is the main concern highlighted in the report about the world's plants?
The risk of extinction for many plant species.
What are the two main reproductive structures of maize?
Tassel and ear.
What type of seeds do white water lilies produce?
Puffed seeds.
What health benefit do carrots provide?
They contain antioxidants which may protect against cancer.
Where is sorghum domesticated?
In Ethiopia.
Can root crops be used for purposes other than staple food?
Yes, they can also be used as vegetables.
What is whole wheat flour made from?
Entire grain of wheat.
Give an example of a forage legume.
Clover (Trifolium sp.) or Alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
Name a fruit that is a member of the Rosaceae family.
Apricot, Plum, or Peach.
In what form are cucumbers often preserved?
As pickles.
To which family does Vitis vinifera belong?
Vitaceae.
What is the family name of the ornamental plants mentioned?
Leguminous family.
What is the scientific name for air potato?
Dioscorea bulbifera.
What is a common use of flour from Cicer arietinum?
Confectionery.
Can potentially renewable resources be destroyed?
Yes, they can be destroyed if used carelessly.
How are plants utilized in medicine?
As sources of Medicines.
What are some of the most important food plants classified as cereals?
Wheat, rice, maize, barley, millets, and sorghum.
What part of the plant do we consume as cereals?
The seeds or grains.
What selection is made for seed germination in domesticated grasses?
Selection for rapid and synchronous germination of seeds.
To which family does the carrot belong?
Umbiliferae.
What is the email address provided for comments or suggestions?
What is another name for maize?
Corn.
What is the common name for Benincasa hispida?
Ash gourd.
What is the scientific name for lemongrass?
Cymbopogon citratus.
What is the 'Giant Pumpkin'?
A variety of pumpkin known for its large size.
What family does Malus pumila belong to?
Family Rosaceae.
What climatic zones in Sri Lanka affect the growth of major cereals?
The occurrence of rice, wheat, and corn is influenced by the varying climatic zones, such as wet and dry zones.
What is the most important cereal in the world?
Wheat.
What is the scientific term for the study of human evolution?
Paleoanthropology.
What is the significance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in agriculture?
They enhance soil fertility and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers.
What family do yams belong to?
Family Dioscoreaceae.
What is the scientific name of Jackfruit?
Artocarpus heterophyllus.
What is the significance of underutilized root crops?
They are local root crops that are not widely consumed.
What is a common vegetable that people may want to grow at home?
Potatoes.
What role do nuts play for new plants?
They act as a source of energy.
What is Bovitiya?
A fruit that is not widely available.
What are vegetables?
Edible plants or plant parts that are eaten cooked or raw.
What are temperate fruits?
Fruits that grow in temperate climates, typically characterized by moderate temperatures and distinct seasons.
What is the role of carbohydrates in plants?
They serve as food reserves.
What was the weight of the giant pumpkin recorded in October 2016?
1026 kg.
What is the use of mature Bottle gourd?
As multipurpose containers.
How do legumes contribute to soil health?
They fix nitrogen in the soil.
What percentage of the assessment is based on the end of semester theory examination?
70%.
What natural product is mentioned as a potential source in the syllabus?
Latex.
What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources?
Renewable resources can be replenished naturally, while non-renewable resources are finite and cannot be replaced.
What is the edible part of the plant referred to in the statement?
The receptacle.
What do plants do with the excess food they produce?
They reserve it for later use.
What has been a significant aspect of human history?
Man's association with plants.
What additional value are we recognizing in plants?
Their aesthetic value.
What marked the beginning of agriculture?
The domestication of plants such as barley, wheat, chickpeas, olives, and dates.
What are some varieties of wheat mentioned?
Einkorn, Durum, Emmer, Spelt, Polish.
What is the significance of plant substances in daily living?
They are used in cooking, cleaning, and personal care products.
How did agriculture contribute to human society?
It led to the development of civilization.
Why are legumes rich in proteins?
Due to their symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria residing in root nodules.
Name a major producer of crops in South America.
Brazil.
What family do strawberries belong to?
Rosaceae.
Where is the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) located?
The specific location is not provided in the text.
How many layers is the pericarp usually identified into?
Three layers.
Can you name two examples of true nuts?
Hazelnut and Chestnut.
Which cereal grain is known for its use in bread-making?
Rye.
Where is food stored in the carrot?
In the outer cortical region.
What are some common uses of strawberries?
Dessert, juice, jam, and cosmetics.
What are some examples of underutilized root crops?
Yams and aroids.
What are the primary food reserves produced by plants?
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
What type of fruit are apricots, plums, and peaches classified as?
Drupes.
What is the common name for Lagenaria siceraria?
Bottle gourd.
What is referred to as Swayanjatha El hal/Rath hel?
Inflorescence of plants.
What is an aggregate fruit?
A fruit that develops from a single flower with many ovaries.
Who identified the centers of origin for major crop plants?
Nikolai Vavilov.
What is a legume?
A dry fruit that splits along both edges and separates into 2 halves (dehiscent).
What is a notable characteristic of some sweet potato varieties?
They have yellow flesh due to high vitamin A.
What does the phrase 'goes back to the earth' imply?
It suggests a return to the natural state or origins of Earth.
What is meant by 'a resource'?
A source of supply from which benefit is produced.
Under what condition can renewable resources be indefinitely available?
If the capacity to regenerate is not damaged by natural processes or human activity.
What are traditional uses of plants as sources of food?
Food & Beverage.
What role do plants play in environmental monitoring?
As environmental sensors.
Which family do cereals belong to?
Family Poaceae.
What role do substances play in health?
They can be used in medicines, nutrition, and dietary supplements.
What is the scientific name for pumpkin?
Cucurbita maxima.
What health issues does Maa-wee rice help control?
Diabetes, constipation, and obesity, while enhancing physical strength.
What is the wall of the fruit called?
Pericarp.
What is a nut botanically defined as?
An indehiscent dry fruit with one seed.
Which country, along with the United States and Brazil, is a major producer of crops?
Argentina.
What is yams' significance in some tropical countries?
They are a staple food.
Do leeks form bulbs?
They have little or no bulb formation.
What is the primary use of forage legumes?
They are grown as animal feed.
Which family do apricots, plums, and peaches belong to?
Rosaceae.
What are the two categories of cereals?
Major and minor types.
What family does Ipomoea batatas (Sweet potato) belong to?
Family Convolvulaceae.
What are cover crops?
Plants grown to improve soil health and prevent erosion.
What is a key nutritional benefit of legumes?
They are high in protein and fiber.
What are leafy vegetables?
Vegetables that consist primarily of leaves, such as spinach and lettuce.
What is indigo dye derived from?
Indigofera plants.
What is the name of the first known species of the genus Homo?
Homo habilis.
What is a cultivated species of sorghum?
Sorghum bicolor.
What do white water lilies produce besides seeds?
Fruits.
What defines vegetables?
Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals, including roots, stems, and leaves.
What is the scientific name for sweet orange?
Citrus sinensis.
What alternative uses of plants are mentioned in the syllabus?
Alternative energy resources and environmental sensors.
Which nut is known for its health benefits and is often consumed raw or roasted?
Almond.
What is the scientific name of cassava?
Manihot esculenta.
What is the significance of fiber in relation to indigo dye?
Fiber is often dyed with indigo for textile production.
How do legumes contribute to agricultural sustainability?
By enhancing soil health and providing nutrients for subsequent crops.
What is the title of the book by Simpson and Ogorzaly?
Economic Botany: Plants in Our World.
What are perpetual resources?
Resources that are virtually inexhaustible, such as solar, wind, tidal, and geothermal energy.
What are the two main categories of resources discussed in the syllabus?
Renewable and non-renewable resources.
What is emphasized in the syllabus regarding the use of plants?
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plants.
Why is it important to discuss the economic importance of selected plant families?
Understanding their economic value can inform conservation efforts and sustainable practices.
What is meant by evaluating novel uses and future potential of plants?
It involves exploring innovative applications of plants in various fields such as medicine, technology, and sustainability.
How are substances useful to humans?
They provide essential resources for health, industry, and daily living.
What are dried soy seeds used for?
They can be used as a whole, split, or sprouted.
What has happened to food plants in the last 2000 years?
New plants have been developed.
What are the traditional uses and potentials discussed in this session?
Food sources including cereals, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.
What products can be made from soya milk?
Cheese and bean curd/tofu.
What is one modification of grasses during domestication related to grain size?
Increase in individual grain size.
What is gluten intolerance?
A condition where the body cannot properly digest gluten, leading to various health issues.
What significant development occurred in the Fertile Crescent 11,000 years ago?
The beginning of agriculture.
What is the scientific name for the carrot?
Daucus carota.
What is nitrogen fixation?
The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
What modification involves the production of more shoots in grasses?
Increased tiller production.
What genomes are combined to create common bread wheat?
The A, B, and D genomes.
What is the origin of Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin)?
South America.
What are some useful products that humans depend on plants for?
Fuel, medicines, and industrial raw materials.
Which grains do not contain gluten?
Rice, Sorghum, Corn, and Millet.
What is the medicinal benefit of Kaluheeneti rice?
Enhances physical strength and controls the toxic effect of snake bites.
What is the significance of the A, B, and D genomes in wheat?
They led to the domestication of common bread wheat.
To which family does the mango belong?
Anacardiaceae.
What is an example of a drupe?
Peach.
Which type of crop was the first to be domesticated?
Cereal crops.
Which economic crop is referred to as Tamarindus indica?
Tamarind.
What part of the luffa plant is used to make luffa products?
The mature fruit of the luffa plant.
Which family do melons, cucumbers, and gourds belong to?
Cucurbitaceae.
What are fleshy fruits typically eaten?
When ripe.
What type of fruits do we usually eat?
Fleshy ripen ovaries.
What are legumes?
Plants that produce seeds in pods.
Give examples of non-renewable resources.
Fossil fuels and minerals.
Can you provide examples of plants utilized for specific uses?
Examples include cotton for textiles, corn for food, and rubber trees for latex.
Name 5 cereal crops.
Wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats.
Who proposed possible centers of origin for cultivated plants?
Nikolai Vavilov.
How do substances contribute to industry?
They are used in manufacturing, textiles, and food production.
What region is referred to as the 'Fertile Crescent'?
The Eastern Mediterranean.
What is a common use of paprika powder?
To make curries red.
What type of plant resource is commonly used for construction?
Wood.
Why is rice considered a vital crop?
Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world's population.
What is the scientific name of the mango?
Mangifera indica.
What role do shade trees like Erythrina spp. play in agriculture?
They are used in tea, coffee, and cocoa plantations.
Which plants produce valuable products for humans?
Various plants including medicinal herbs, fruit-bearing trees, and oil-producing plants.
What is a characteristic of underutilized fruits?
They are mostly restricted to wild areas.
What are the characteristics of Ash gourd?
Large fruit with white flesh covered with white wax.
How does nitrogen fixation benefit plants?
It provides them with essential nitrogen, which is crucial for growth and development.
How are yams typically prepared for consumption?
They are eaten boiled or roasted.
How is Ash gourd used?
As a vegetable and in confectionary.
What defines a simple fruit?
It develops from a single ovary.
What is a notable characteristic of Cymbopogon species?
They have a strong lemon scent and flavor.
What are some traditional uses of plants mentioned in the syllabus?
Food & Beverage, Vegetables, Spices & Essential oils, Medicines, Wood & Fiber products.
What is the significance of the family Poaceae?
Members are of various economical importance.
What part of Brassica oleraceae var. gongylodes is swollen?
Swollen stem.
Name a cover crop example.
Calopogonium.
What is the scientific name of the tomato?
Lycopersicon esculentum.
What is a common tropical fruit known for its yellow skin and sweet, soft flesh?
Banana.
What is white flour primarily composed of?
Starchy endosperm.
What is the primary use of cereals?
They are primarily used as staple food for humans and livestock.
What role do plants play in human life?
They provide food, medicine, and ecosystem services.
What are some examples of plant parts used as vegetables?
Soft stems, leaves, flowers and inflorescence, underground storage organs, fruits, seeds, and seedlings.
How are some bananas used before they are ripe?
They are cooked.
Can you name some ornamental plants that belong to the leguminous family?
Specific names are not provided in the text.
What is the primary function of fruits in plants?
To protect and disperse seeds.
What role do plants play in alternative energy resources?
They can be used as sources of alternative energy.
What will be covered in the next session regarding traditional uses?
Food sources - Legumes.
What is one potential use of plants in the spice industry?
Spice & Essential oils.
What are plants classified as in terms of nutrition?
Autotrophs.
What distinguishes cereals in terms of cultivation history?
They were the first cultivated crops in the world.
What other substances do plants produce during metabolism?
Many other substances, including oxygen and various organic compounds.
What are earth vegetables?
Earth vegetables are root vegetables that grow underground.
Can you give an example of an earth vegetable?
Carrot.
Which grains contain gluten?
Wheat, Rye, and Barley.
What is one type of cereal grain?
Barley.
What is enhanced in domesticated grasses to prevent lodging?
Increased stalk strength and development of dwarf varieties.
What type of plant is Cucurbita maxima?
A herbaceous annual vine.
What is the scientific term for the study of human evolution?
Paleoanthropology.
What is the scientific name for cucumber?
Cucumis sativus.
What is the scientific name for the apple?
Malus pumila.
What does the term 'anatomy' refer to in the context of fruit?
The structure of a fruit.
What are some examples of foods commonly referred to as nuts but are not true nuts?
Brazil nuts, Walnut, Almonds, Peanut, Cashew.
What are root crops primarily eaten as?
Staple food.
What role do fleshy fruits play in the diet?
They are supplements to the diet.
What are Vavilovian Centers of Plant Diversity?
Regions identified by Nikolai Vavilov as centers of origin for major crop plants.
What nutritional benefits do cucumbers provide?
Cucumbers are low in calories and high in water content, providing hydration.
Which nut is known for its sweet flavor and is often roasted and eaten as a snack?
Chestnut.
What are cereals?
Cereals are grasses cultivated for their edible seeds or grains.
What is domestication?
The process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use.
What will be learned next about root crops?
Root crops mainly used as vegetables.
What nut is commonly used in baking and has a hard shell?
Walnut.
What significant development occurred around 2 million years ago in human evolution?
The use of tools.
What are the two types of fleshy fruits based on temperature requirements?
Tropical fruits and Temperate fruits.
Which family does the tomato belong to?
Solanaceae.
What role does sorghum play in Africa, India, and China?
It is a staple food.
What is wheat germ rich in?
Oil.
What is 'Innala'?
A product available in the market.
What type of food crop includes grains like wheat and rice?
Cereals.
What are some uses of sweet potatoes?
Made into flour, source of starch, and alcohol.
What cyanogenic glycoside is found in Manihot esculenta?
Linemarin.
What type of soil is best for growing potatoes?
Loose, well-drained soil.
How are fruits classified?
Fruits can be classified into categories such as simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits.
What are the edible parts of Vigna sinensis (Cowpea)?
Fresh seeds and pods as vegetables; dry seeds as pulse.
What products can be derived from plants in terms of wood and fiber?
Wood & Fiber products.
What type of plants will be covered in the next session?
Beverage plants.
What type of fruit do melons, cucumbers, and gourds belong to?
Pepo.
What is the scientific name for lettuce?
Lactuca sativa.
Can you name a category of plant resources used for flavoring food?
Spices.
What type of plant is Daucus carota?
Herbaceous biennial, harvested annually.
Where were Vavilov's Centres of Origin typically located?
In mountainous regions.
Which major cereal can be grown in Sri Lanka?
Rice.
What type of fruit are strawberries classified as?
Aggregate.
What are earth vegetables?
Vegetables that grow underground, such as potatoes and carrots.
Which species is considered the closest extinct relative of modern humans?
Neanderthals.
What is the significance of shade trees in plantations?
They provide shade and improve the growth conditions for crops.
To which family does the apple belong?
Rosaceae.
Since when have certain plants been considered important for humans?
Since ancient times, as early as the beginning of agriculture.
What are three general characteristics of nuts?
Low water content, long storage life, high in protein and fat.
What parts of plants are commonly used as vegetables?
Soft stems, leaves, flowers and inflorescence, underground storage organs, fruits, seeds, and seedlings.
What part of the sweet potato do we eat?
Tubers produced by adventitious roots from nodes.
What is the fruit type of citrus fruits?
Hesperidium (a modified berry).
What is the scientific name for lesser yam?
Dioscorea esculenta.
What are the edible parts of Cicer arietinum (Chickpea)?
Green pods and leaves as vegetables; dry seeds as pulse.
Name a common type of legume.
Beans, lentils, or peas.
What is the relationship between Earth and vegetables?
Earth provides the soil for growing vegetables, including root crops.
What is another example of a cover crop?
Pueraria.
What is another example of a parthenocarpic fruit?
Seedless grapes.
What are underground storage organs in plants?
Parts of plants that store nutrients underground, often used as vegetables.
What is the first step in growing potatoes?
Choosing the right variety of potatoes.
What is the scientific name for common wheat?
Triticum aestivum.
Which fruit is known for being parthenocarpic and is often used in desserts?
Pineapple.
How is sorghum commonly prepared?
Cooked as rice or made into flour.
Can fruits and vegetables be classified based on their culinary uses?
Yes, fruits are often sweet or tart and used in desserts, while vegetables are more savory and used in main dishes.
What are some common examples of legumes?
Common examples include beans, lentils, peas, and chickpeas.
What types of proteins are produced by plants?
Various proteins that serve different functions.
What does 'sudu welle' refer to?
It is another fruit mentioned in the text.
What determines whether Manihot esculenta is 'bitter' or 'sweet'?
The concentration of Linemarin.
What are the small bulbs in garlic called?
Cloves (axillary buds).
What is a notable characteristic of the Giant Pumpkin?
It can grow to weigh several hundred pounds.
What is the common name for Malus pumila?
Apple.
What family do citrus fruits belong to?
Rutaceae.
What is the scientific name for purple yam?
Dioscorea alata.
What are parthenocarpic fruits?
Fruits that develop without fertilization and do not contain seeds.
What part of the white water lily is known for its beauty?
Flowers.
What is the significance of the Early Earth?
It represents the earliest years of Earth's formation and development.
In which regions is wheat spread throughout the world?
Asia and Europe.
Can you name a common parthenocarpic fruit?
Bananas.
Where do Daucus carota (Carrots) occur?
In the Mediterranean region.
What family do aroids belong to?
Family Araceae.
What are some basic needs that humans depend on plants for?
Food, shelter, clothing, and firewood.
What is the ecological importance of the Fabaceae family?
They play a crucial role in nitrogen fixation, improving soil fertility.
Which fruit is often associated with summer and is known for its juicy, red flesh and seeds?
Watermelon.
What traditional food sources were discussed in this session?
Cereals.
What species is known as 'Homo sapiens'?
Modern humans.
Provide an example of a leguminous cover crop.
Desmodium.
What is the significance of 'Kurundu kele' in the context of fruits?
It is mentioned as a fruit in the text.
What are the seeds of legumes commonly referred to as?
'Pulses'.
What part of aroids do we commonly eat?
Tuberous rhizome or corms.
What are fruit vegetables?
Vegetables that are botanically classified as fruits, such as tomatoes and cucumbers.
Which citrus fruit is known for its bright orange color and high vitamin C content?
Orange.
What is a common dried form of grapes?
Raisins.
What is the scientific name for cabbage?
Brassica oleraceae var. capitata.
What type of dry fruit splits open at maturity?
Dehiscent.
What significant development occurred around 2 million years ago in human evolution?
The use of tools.
How can tomatoes be consumed?
Eaten cooked or raw in salad.
What is an example of a vegetable?
Examples include carrots, spinach, and potatoes.
What type of fruit is an apple?
Pome.
What is an aggregate fruit?
A fruit that forms from multiple ovaries of a single flower.
What is the significance of roots in human dependence on plants?
Roots are dug for food.
What enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of Linemarin?
Linamarase.
What is the scientific name for Turnip?
Brassica rapa.
Which genus includes tropical fruits like cherimoya and soursop?
Annona spp.
Give an example of an edible aroid.
Taro.
Where did the pear originate?
Asia.
What is important to know about growing wild fruits?
The methods and conditions required for their cultivation.
Are luffa products biodegradable?
Yes, luffa products are biodegradable and environmentally friendly.
What will be covered in the next session regarding traditional uses?
Vegetables as food sources.
What questions are posed regarding the identification and consumption of fruits?
How many have you identified? How many have you eaten?
Can you name some shade tree species used in plantations?
Erythrina spp., Sesbania spp., and Tephrosia spp.
What is one use of leeks besides being a vegetable?
For seasoning.
What are root crops?
Vegetables that grow underground.
What type of fruit is the avocado?
A fleshy fruit with one seed.
What natural products are highlighted in the syllabus?
Latex and narcotics.
What is a distinctive feature of Jackfruit?
It has a large syncarp with hexagonal spines.
What are some uses of cereals?
They have different uses in food and other products.
Why are plants considered valuable resources?
Plants provide essential materials for survival, including food, oxygen, and raw materials for various industries.
What are the main categories of food crops?
Cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits.
What are some examples of natural products derived from plants?
Latex and narcotics.
How are grapes typically found?
In clusters.
What is the scientific term for the study of human evolution?
Paleoanthropology.
What are earth vegetables?
Vegetables that grow underground, such as potatoes and carrots.
What nutritional benefits does Cicer arietinum have?
High digestibility and amino acid content.
What nut is often used in Middle Eastern cuisine and is known for its green color?
Pistachio.
What should you study about wild fruits in your village?
Where they grow, how they are eaten, their uses, how they can be grown, and if they attract birds, butterflies, bats, etc.
Where can 'Innala' be found?
In the market.
How do cereals contribute to the economy?
Cereals are a major source of income and employment in agriculture.
What are some culinary uses of coconut fruit?
Coconut can be used in cooking, baking, and as a flavoring in various dishes.
What is semolina derived from?
Coarse wheat flour.
What type of root is consumed in root crops from the Family Cruciferae?
Fleshy tap root.
What is one key area of research for legume plants?
Improving crop yields for farmers.
How are tropical herbage vegetables typically consumed?
Eaten cooked or raw.
What happens to Linemarin when tissue is damaged?
It is hydrolyzed to HCN (Hydrocyanic acid).
What is the scientific name for melons?
Cucumis melo.
What tropical fruit is often referred to as the 'queen of fruits'?
Mangosteen.
What type of food crops are typically sweet and consumed raw?
Fruits.
What is rice considered for half of the human population?
A staple diet.
What is the mature fruit of Luffa cylindrica used for?
As a bath sponge.
Where was the potato first domesticated?
In Peru.
What function do resins serve in plants?
Waterproofing and antiseptic activity.
What is the scientific name for Gotukola?
Centella asiatica.
Who hypothesized the centres of origin of cultivated plants?
Nikolai Vavilov.
What is the importance of legumes in relation to cereals?
Legumes are next in importance to cereals as food plants.
What are fruits?
Fruits are the mature ovary of a flowering plant, usually containing seeds.
What type of plants are Dioscoreas?
Herbaceous climbers with rhizomes or tubers.
What is a common use for Giant Pumpkins?
Decoration, especially during Halloween.
Can vegetables be eaten raw?
Yes, many edible plants can be eaten raw.
What is the significance of vegetable crops?
They provide essential nutrients and contribute to food security.
What is the scientific name for garlic?
Allium sativum.
What are fruits?
Fruits are the mature ovary of a flowering plant, usually containing seeds.
What does the phrase 'palu kan' refer to?
It refers to another type of fruit.
What was the oxygen level like on Early Earth?
There was little O2.
Can you name some examples of temperate fruits?
Apples, pears, cherries, and plums.
What are lipids in the context of plant metabolism?
A type of food reserve produced by plants.
What is emphasized in the syllabus regarding plants?
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plants.
What year was the source published?
In what beverage are bananas used?
In brewing beer.
What role do insecticides play in the cultivation of indigo plants?
They protect the plants from pests.
What role do plants play in the ecosystem?
Plants produce oxygen, sequester carbon dioxide, and form the base of food chains.
What type of fruit is a tomato?
Berry.
How is the young fruit of Luffa acutangula used?
As a vegetable.
What is a key characteristic of temperate fruit trees?
They often require a period of dormancy during winter to produce fruit in the spring and summer.
Can you name some examples of tropical fruits?
Mangoes, pineapples, bananas, papayas, and coconuts.
What are the uses of maize?
Maize is used for food (cornmeal, tortillas), animal feed, and industrial products (corn syrup, ethanol).
What was the temperature condition on Early Earth?
It was very hot.
What are common ingredients used in meat analogues?
Soy protein, pea protein, wheat gluten, and various plant-based ingredients.
What type of crops are cereals classified as?
Short-term crops.
What are some uses of tomato seed oil?
Used in salad oil, margarine, and soap.
How did the domestication of plants affect human societies?
It led to the establishment of permanent settlements and the development of complex societies.
What are earth vegetables?
Vegetables that grow underground, such as potatoes and carrots.
In what conditions can cereals be cultivated?
Over a wide range of climatic and soil conditions.
What are beans classified as?
A type of legume.
Why is Glycine max considered an important crop in China?
It is now introduced worldwide and is a significant source of oil and proteins.
What ancient civilization is known for using garlic as evidenced by archaeological findings?
The Egyptians.
Where are waxes found in plants and what is their purpose?
On leaf surfaces to protect from water loss.
What is a common misconception about apples?
What you eat is not a true fruit.
What is the scientific name for grape?
Vitis vinifera.
Name a type of carbohydrate produced by plants.
Sugars, starch, cellulose, pectin, gums, or mucilage.
In which regions is Cymbopogon typically found?
Tropical and subtropical regions.
What is the first assumption of Vavilov's hypothesis regarding centres of origin?
Areas where wild relatives of cultivated plants are found are likely the sites of original domestication.
What does the term 'Swayanjatha El hal' refer to?
It refers to specific plants and their inflorescence.
What characterizes a composite fruit?
It develops from the ovaries of many flowers.
What are the different types of millet mentioned?
Proso millet.
What traditional food sources were covered in this session?
Cereals and legumes.
What is the common color of carrots?
Typically orange, but can also be purple, yellow, or white.
What are legumes?
Legumes are plants in the family Fabaceae, known for their seed pods.
What is another name for elephant yam?
Dioscorea elephantipes.
What is the significance of the use of tools in human evolution?
It marks the beginning of cultural and technological development.
Which stages of Jackfruit are consumed?
Mature, immature, and ripe fruits.
What is the scientific name for the apple?
Malus pumila.
What are essential oils in plants?
Volatile and aromatic secretions.
Which food crop category is known for its high protein content?
Legumes.
Which nut is known for its high selenium content and is often found in trail mixes?
Brazil nut.
To which family does the apple belong?
Rosaceae.
What is a meat analogue?
A food product designed to replicate the taste, texture, and nutritional profile of meat.
What small, dark purple fruit is often used in jams and desserts?
Blackberry.
What role did climate change play in human evolution?
It influenced migration patterns and adaptation strategies.
What caused the creation of oceans?
Temperature decrease and condensation of water vapor leading to rain.
To which family does the potato belong?
Family Solanaceae.
What is the name of the species that is often referred to as 'Neanderthals'?
Homo neanderthalensis.
What are vegetable crops?
Plants cultivated for their edible parts, such as leaves, stems, roots, and fruits.
What are some uses of wild fruits?
They can be used for food, medicinal purposes, or in traditional dishes.
What are mung bean sprouts?
Young shoots of mung beans that are commonly used in salads and dishes.
What forms of peas are commonly consumed?
Fresh peas, canned or frozen, and dry peas.
What is a characteristic of the underground parts of root crops?
They are fleshy with high water content.
How is cassava typically consumed?
Eaten boiled or roasted tubers.
Who introduced the potato worldwide?
The Spanish.
What role do tropical fruits play in local economies?
They are often important for agriculture, trade, and tourism in tropical regions.
What can be made from coconut shells?
Coconut shells can be crafted into bowls, utensils, and decorative items.
What is the edible portion of the Bread fruit?
The large axis with aborted flowers.
What should we be careful about when selecting apples?
To choose fresh and healthier apples.
How is young Bottle gourd used?
As a vegetable.
Which root crops are mentioned as commonly known?
Potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc.
What are the benefits of growing your own potatoes?
Freshness, cost savings, and control over growing conditions.
Who are the biggest producers of wheat?
Russia, USA, China, Canada, and India.
What adaptation is associated with the development of bipedalism in early humans?
Walking on two legs.
What type of seeds do many legumes have?
Dry, edible seeds.
What are the two main types of resources discussed in this session?
Renewable and non-renewable resources.
What happens to tropical fruits during a cold period?
They will be damaged.
What is the scientific name of cultivated proso millet?
Panicum miliaceum.
Can you give an example of a pseudo cereal?
Quinoa.
What type of gases were present in the atmosphere of Early Earth?
Harmful gases.
What are the two main classifications of fruits?
Fleshy and Dry.
What are tropical fruits?
Fruits that grow in tropical climates, typically characterized by warm temperatures and high humidity.
What type of vegetables are tropical herbage vegetables?
Mostly annuals.
What type of radiation was prevalent on Early Earth?
UV radiation.
What type of fruit does Musa spp. produce?
Berry.
What benefits do legumes provide to the ecosystem?
They support biodiversity, improve soil structure, and prevent erosion.
What is the overall theme of the text?
Exploration of less commonly available fruits.
What is Luffa cylindrica commonly known as?
Smooth loofah.
What type of dry fruit does not split open at maturity?
Indehiscent.
What is considered the most expensive fruit in the world?
Yubari King Melon.
What is a common use of pulses?
They are often used as a source of protein in diets.
What is straw used for?
Animal bedding, mulch, and construction material.
What are the characteristics of a drupe?
Mesocarp is fleshy, endocarp is hard and stony; usually single-seeded.
Why are meat analogues becoming popular?
Due to increasing vegetarianism, veganism, and concerns about health and environmental impact of meat consumption.
Where is the Yubari King Melon grown?
In Yubari, Hokkaido, Japan.
How do minor cereals compare to bread wheat in popularity?
Minor cereals are less popular than bread wheat but offer unique nutritional benefits.
What significant layer was formed due to the evolution of oxygen?
The ozone layer.
What is the purpose of fodder plants?
To provide feed for livestock.
Which cereals are suitable for colder regions?
Oats and rye.
Why are legumes important in agriculture?
They improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation.
What type of fruit is a raspberry?
Aggregate.
What is the date of the earliest known paintings of garlic discovered in Egyptian tombs?
3200 B.C.
What role did climate change play in human evolution?
It influenced migration patterns and adaptation strategies.
What are some common uses of avocado?
Dessert fruit, salads, juice, and in the cosmetic industry.
What is the significance of Vavilov's centers of origin?
They have implications for biodiversity and agricultural practices.
How can sweet potatoes be consumed?
As boiled or baked tubers.
How do fruits differ from vegetables in terms of plant structure?
Fruits develop from the flower of a plant, while vegetables can come from various parts of the plant.
What is one way humans utilize plants for shelter?
By using branches and twigs.
When was the giant pumpkin recorded?
October 2016.
What will be covered in the next session?
Traditional uses and potentials of food sources, specifically fruits.
How have plants influenced evolution?
By transforming the environment and contributing to the origin of agriculture.
What is the significance of the 'Out of Africa' theory?
It suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world.
How did the discovery of fire relate to plants?
Humans used firewood from plants.
What is the term for the migration of early humans out of Africa?
Out of Africa theory.
What is another use of bananas besides being a fruit?
As a vegetable, e.g., male inflorescence.
What are the characteristics of a berry?
Both mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy.
What are some common uses of citrus fruits?
Eaten as a dessert, confectionary, juice, and beverages.
What process involves the cultivation of plants and animals for human use?
Domestication.
What toxic compound is accumulated in aroids?
Calcium oxalate.
What is the scientific name for Radish?
Raphanus sativus.
What is one example of a legume that improves soil fertility?
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa).
What are root crops?
Plants that include roots, stems, or leaves forming underground storage organs.
What is the purpose of using model genomes in agriculture?
For crop improvements.
To which family do melons belong?
Cucurbitaceae.
What is green manure?
A type of cover crop grown to improve soil fertility.
When did anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) first appear?
Approximately 300,000 years ago.
What is the scientific name of the Date palm?
Phoenix dactylifera.
What type of progeny can result from crossing two parents in Parthenocapy?
Triploid progeny.
What synthetic product can be produced from peanut proteins?
Synthetic fiber.
What is the significance of inflorescences in cereals?
They are crucial for reproduction and grain production.
What are two forms of rice that can be consumed as snacks?
Puffed or popped rice.
What is the common name for Xanthosoma sagittifolium?
Kiri ala.
What is latex in plants?
Milky secretions from barks.
What is the common name for Alternanthera sessilis?
Mukunuwenna.
What is a staple food in temperate regions?
Potatoes.
Name some varieties of beans under Phaseolus vulgaris.
Kidney beans, navy beans, green beans, runner beans.
What nutrients are leafy vegetables high in?
Salts, vitamins, and fiber.
How are potatoes used in tropical regions?
As a vegetable.
What part of the Jackfruit is considered edible?
The perianth.
What are the main components of garlic bulbs?
A disc-like stem, thin dry scales, and small bulbs/cloves.
How do plants contribute to human life?
Plants are crucial for food production, ecological balance, and providing habitat for wildlife.
What are the primary uses of wheat?
Wheat is primarily used for making bread, pasta, and various baked goods.
What are some uses of grapes?
Dessert fruit, dried as raisins, and for producing wine.
What role do legumes play in sustainable agriculture?
They improve soil fertility and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers.
What do temperate fruits require to grow?
Cold periods.
How is proso millet commonly prepared?
Cooked as rice and made into flour.
What types of plant parts can be considered vegetables?
Soft stems, leaves, flowers, underground storage organs, fruits, seeds, and seedlings.
What is Parthenocapy?
The development of fruits without fertilization.
How much sunlight do potatoes need?
At least 6 hours of sunlight per day.
What pigments are found in plants?
Chlorophylls, carotene, and xanthophylls.
What are legumes?
Plants that produce pods with seeds inside, commonly used for food.
What type of products can be made from wheat?
Alcoholic beverages.
What distinguishes a pepo from a regular berry?
It has a hard and thick exocarp (rind).
What is a common characteristic of tropical fruits?
They often have high sugar content and are rich in vitamins.
Why should minor cereals be incorporated into our diet?
Minor cereals are nutritious and can provide dietary diversity, essential nutrients, and health benefits.
What is Glycine max commonly known as?
Soybean.
What are the methods to induce Parthenocapy?
Hormones, gene modification, and crossing two parents.
In which industry are peanuts used for pharmaceuticals?
Pharmaceuticals.
What type of inflorescence do cereals typically have?
Spike or raceme type inflorescences.
What do lower branches of potato plants grow into?
They grow into the soil and form tubers.
What are some uses of apples?
Dessert fruit, cider, vinegar, juice, cooking apples.
What role do fruits play in human nutrition?
Fruits provide essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber.
How can leafy vegetables be consumed?
Raw or cooked.
In which type of areas is the Date palm widely cultivated?
Arid areas.
What are leafy vegetables?
Vegetables that are primarily consumed for their leaves, such as spinach and lettuce.
Which cereals are suitable for temperate regions?
Wheat and barley.
What is one common culinary use of coconut?
Coconut milk is used in various dishes and beverages.
What type of plant is Allium cepa?
A biennial herb grown as an annual.
Where have archaeologists discovered paintings of garlic?
In Egyptian tombs.
What factors influence the growth of vegetable crops?
Soil quality, climate, water availability, and pest management.
What characteristic does the immature fruit of Bitter gourd have?
A bitter taste.
What is the common name for Colocasia esculenta?
Gahala.
What are examples of legumes and their nutritional value?
Chickpeas, lentils, and beans, which are high in protein.
What is the second assumption of Vavilov's hypothesis?
In these centres, one can find large amounts of natural variation in crop plants.
What type of plants are aroids?
Herbaceous monocots.
What is the scientific name for sour orange?
Citrus aurantium.
What is the origin of the tomato?
South America.
How were plants important in human evolution?
Plants provided food, shelter, and materials for tools, influencing survival and development.
What are the culinary and medicinal uses of garlic?
Used for seasoning of food and as medicine since ancient times.
What is a tropical fruit that is known for its sweet and aromatic flavor?
Guava.
How can plants function as environmental sensors?
They can be utilized to monitor environmental conditions.
What role did plants play in the diet of early humans?
They were a primary source of nutrition, contributing to the development of foraging and agricultural practices.
What information is important regarding the area where wild fruits grow?
The specific area or district where they are found.
What were the three general necessities of life for early man?
Food, clothing, and shelter.
Why do we depend on plants for medicine?
Many pharmaceuticals are derived from plant compounds, making them essential for healthcare.
What are traditional uses of plants?
Medicinal herbs, food sources, and crafting materials.
What type of pumpkin is used in the Giant Pumpkin Regatta?
Giant pumpkins.
What type of crop is Pisum sativum (Pea)?
Temperate crop.
What is one goal of genetically modifying rice?
Increasing the iron concentration in the endosperm.
What family does Pyrus communis (Pear) belong to?
Rosaceae.
What happens to the Palm Civet after eating seeded bananas?
The civet may digest the fruit and excrete the seeds, aiding in seed dispersal.
What role did plants play in the lives of early humans?
They provided food, materials for clothing, and resources for shelter.
What types of legumes are mentioned in the research?
Peas and beans.
What part of the cauliflower is edible?
The fleshy inflorescence and leaves.
What is a pome?
It consists of a fleshy enlarged receptacle and a tough central core containing the seeds.
How do meat analogues contribute to sustainability?
They reduce reliance on animal agriculture, which has a high environmental footprint.
What is the common name for Hibiscus esculentus?
Okra or Ladies finger.
What family does Ananas comosus (Pineapple) belong to?
Bromeliaceae.
What is a benefit of growing your own mung bean sprouts?
You can have fresh greens readily available at home.
What part of the pigeon pea is eaten as a vegetable?
Young pods.
What is the use of coconut meat?
Coconut meat is eaten fresh or dried and is used in various recipes.
What was formed as a result of these environmental processes?
Soil.
What is the significance of vegetable crops?
They provide essential nutrients and are a key part of a balanced diet.
What is the role of the inflorescence in cereal plants?
To facilitate pollination and seed development.
What is the fleshy part of the cashew called?
Cashew apple.
What is the model organism for studying fruit ripening?
Tomato.
What are the two main categories of resources discussed?
Renewable and non-renewable resources.
What are the characteristics of cereal grains that make them suitable for domestication?
They are compact, dry, easy to handle, and store.
Name three common types of cereals.
Wheat, rice, and corn (maize).
What fruit is typically red or green and is known for its crisp texture and sweet or tart flavor?
Apple.
Can vegetables be eaten raw?
Yes, many vegetables can be eaten raw.
What is wheat bran?
The outer layer of the wheat grain.
Which species is considered the earliest known ancestor of modern humans?
Australopithecus afarensis.
Can you name a plant from the Fabaceae family that is used for nitrogen fixation?
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
What are the nutritional benefits of pseudo cereals like quinoa?
They are high in protein and contain essential amino acids.
What is an example of a fruit?
Examples include apples, oranges, and bananas.
What nutritional benefits do legumes provide?
Legumes are high in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
Why are cereals considered labor-efficient crops?
They can be cultivated with little labor but yield large returns.
What is a common use of Vigna sinensis?
Fodder.
What crops benefit from the model genomes of Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, and Glycine max?
Phaseolus and Arachis species.
How can Parthenocapy be induced commercially?
Through hormones, gene modification (as GMOs), or crossing two parents to yield triploid progeny.
What are some common uses of peanuts?
Eaten roasted, in confectionery, butter, oil (for cooking), and margarine.
What is the role of tannins in plants?
Protection and wound healing.
What is an economically important plant family?
The Fabaceae family, which includes legumes.
How did plants alter the environment?
By favoring the survival of other forms of life through processes like oxygen evolution.
Why are legumes considered important in a balanced diet?
They provide essential nutrients and are a good source of plant-based protein.
What is a multiple fruit?
A fruit that develops from the ovaries of multiple flowers growing closely together.
What parts of leafy vegetables are commonly eaten?
Stem and leaves.
What type of fruit is a blueberry?
Berry.
Why are mung bean sprouts popular in cooking?
They add freshness and crunch to salads and various dishes.
What is another name for Cajanus cajan?
Pigeon Pea.
What is the primary staple food in many Asian countries?
Rice.
What happened to harmful gases during this environmental change?
They got oxidized.
What nutritional benefits can meat analogues provide?
They can offer protein, fiber, and essential nutrients while being lower in saturated fat.
What is the significance of BRRI dhan 62?
It was the first zinc-rich rice variety released in Bangladesh.
What are examples of domesticated food plants?
Wheat, rice, and corn.
What is the common name for Momordica charantia?
Bitter gourd.
What nutrients are found in walnuts?
High in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds, beneficial for brain health.
How is coconut oil utilized?
Coconut oil is used for cooking, skincare, and hair care.
What is a unique feature of the latex vessels in Carica papaya?
They are un-branched throughout the entire plant.
How is spiciness measured?
In Scoville Heat Units (SHU).
What is one action suggested to mitigate plant extinction?
Conservation efforts and sustainable practices.
What is Luffa acutangula commonly known as?
Ridged gourd.
What climatic conditions are ideal for temperate fruits?
Moderate temperatures with distinct seasons, including cold winters and warm summers.
What is the scientific name for lime?
Citrus aurantifolia.
What are the main uses of rice?
Rice is mainly used as a staple food, in cooking, and as an ingredient in various dishes.
What are some examples of renewable resources?
Solar energy, wind energy, and biomass.
In which regions are aroids considered a staple food?
Some tropical countries.
Which tropical fruit has a hairy exterior and is sweet inside?
Rambutan.
What are examples of vegetables?
Carrots, spinach, and broccoli.
What alcoholic beverage is produced from grapes?
Wine.
How can wild fruits be consumed?
By eating them directly or using them in various recipes.
What is the significance of Neanderthals in human evolution?
They are a close relative of modern humans and provide insights into human ancestry.
What are parthenocarpic fruits?
Fruits that develop without fertilization and do not have seeds.
What is coconut oil used for?
Coconut oil is used for cooking, skin care, and hair care.
What are root crops in the Alliaceae family commonly used for?
As a vegetable or seasoning agent.
What is a berry?
A type of fleshy fruit with seeds embedded in the flesh.
What is the common name for the genus Phaseolus?
Beans.
What are some examples of oils derived from plants?
Examples include various essential oils and cooking oils.
How is rice commonly eaten?
Boiled or steamed.
What is a pepo?
A type of berry with a hard outer rind, such as in melons.
What factors contribute to the high price of Yubari King Melons?
Their rarity, cultivation methods, and quality.
Give two examples of root crops where the tap root is the edible part.
Carrot and beetroot.
What family does Carica papaya belong to?
Caricaceae.
What is cellulose commonly used for?
Industrial use.
How did agriculture begin?
Agriculture began with the domestication of plants and animals for food production.
What are the two main types of traditional rice cultivation?
Wet (paddy) and dry (upland) rice cultivation.
What type of fruit is Carica papaya?
Berry.
What are pectin's primary applications?
In jam and jelly.
How is coconut used in traditional medicine?
Coconut is used for its potential health benefits, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
What is the scientific name for Beet?
Beta vulgaris.
What are the benefits of using green manure and fodder plants?
They enhance soil fertility and provide livestock feed.
What is the common name for Artocarpus altilis?
Bread fruit.
What are two uses of Carica papaya?
Dessert fruit and papain for meat tenderizing and medicines.
What are some traditional uses of plants?
Food & Beverage, Medicines, Wood & Fiber products, and Natural products.
What are the two varieties of Allium cepa mentioned?
A. cepa var. aggregatum and A. cepa var. cepa.
What family does Musa spp. (Banana) belong to?
Family Musaceae.
What is the primary nutritional value of cereals?
Mainly carbohydrates, with little proteins, some fats, vitamins, and minerals.
What is a characteristic of parthenocarpic fruits?
They typically have a smooth texture and are often sweeter.
What is one use of green sorghum plants?
As fodder.
What topic will be covered in the next session?
Traditional uses and potentials, specifically food sources.
What role did climate change play in human evolution?
It influenced migration patterns and adaptation strategies.
What is one use of green plants from millet?
Fodder.
How is coconut water utilized?
Coconut water is consumed as a refreshing beverage and is known for its hydrating properties.
What key stages in human evolution are influenced by plant use?
Stages include the transition from foraging to agriculture, which allowed for settled communities.
How do legumes contribute to soil health?
Legumes can fix nitrogen in the soil, improving fertility.
How can legumes benefit farmers?
By boosting their crops.
What is the common name for Amaranthus spp.?
Thampala / Amaranth.
What geological activity was intense on Early Earth?
Volcanic activity.
In which region is the apple primarily grown?
Temperate region.
What part of the flower usually develops into a fruit?
The ovary.
What vitamin can be found in genetically modified rice?
Vitamin A (β-carotene).
What are some practices for sustainable utilization of plants?
Crop rotation, agroforestry, and organic farming.
How is the young fruit of Luffa cylindrica used?
As a vegetable.
What is the name of the tropical fruit that has a sweet, grainy texture and is often eaten fresh?
Sapodilla.
What is an example of a conventional breeding method in rice research?
The release of the zinc-rich rice variety BRRI dhan 62 in Bangladesh (2013).
What type of fruit is a pear?
Pome.
What is a drupe?
A fleshy fruit with a single seed encased in a hard endocarp, like cherries.
Which tropical fruit is known for its unique flavor and is often used in beverages?
Passion fruit.
What is the nutritional composition of root crops?
High in carbohydrates, low in proteins and fats.
What gives pears their gritty texture?
Stone cells.
What shape are the tubers of Xanthosoma sagittifolium?
Long flask-shaped.
Which plants are known for producing insecticides and fish poison?
Derris spp. and Nilavari (Sun hemp).
Are cultivated varieties of pineapple seedless?
Yes, they are seedless.
How can you grow mung bean sprouts at home?
By soaking the beans and allowing them to germinate in a suitable environment.
How are root crops typically consumed?
As vegetables.
What are some uses of Dates?
Staple food, confectionary, dessert.
What crops were among the first to be cultivated?
Crops like wheat, barley, and rice were among the first to be cultivated.
What are the two main categories of resources discussed in the syllabus?
Renewable and non-renewable resources.
What are proteins utilized for?
Food, medicines, and industrial use.
Describe the shape of the fruit of Snake gourd.
Long cylindrical with tapering ends.
Which model genomes are used for crop improvements?
Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, and Glycine max.
What is the Giant Pumpkin Regatta?
A sporting event involving rowing on a pumpkin.
What is a simple fruit?
A fruit that develops from a single ovary of a single flower.
What nutritional benefits do cereals provide?
Cereals are a good source of carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
What is the characteristic structure of cabbage?
A short thickened stem surrounded by overlapping leaves in whorls, forming a compact head.
What significant development is associated with the beginning of agriculture?
The transformation of the environment by plants.
How did early man depend on plants?
Directly or indirectly.
What is an inflorescence?
A cluster of flowers arranged on a stem.
What is the scientific name for cauliflower?
Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis.
How can corms of aroids be prepared?
Boiled, baked, or roasted.
What is glucose primarily classified as?
Sugar.
How do tropical fruits typically differ from temperate fruits?
Tropical fruits usually thrive in warmer climates and have different growing seasons compared to temperate fruits.
What are the uses of coconut husk?
Coconut husk can be used for making ropes, mats, and as a natural mulch in gardening.
What can young leaves of aroids be used as?
Vegetable.
What are fruit vegetables?
Vegetables that are botanically classified as fruits, like tomatoes and cucumbers.
What is a key characteristic of Navel Oranges?
They do not have seeds in them.
What are some common examples of vegetable crops?
Carrots, spinach, tomatoes, and broccoli.
In what type of climate are potatoes typically grown?
Cool moist climate.
What is the scientific name for the Common Bean?
Phaseolus vulgaris.
Name a common cereal with a spike inflorescence.
Wheat.
In which industries is rice used for starching?
Laundry and cosmetics, as well as sizing of textiles.
What are the two primary products derived from Glycine max?
Oil and proteins.
What is a key characteristic of root crops?
They grow underground and store nutrients.
What is a common method of traditional rice farming?
Flooding fields to grow rice in water.
What are the characteristics of the outer leaf bases of onions?
They are thin, fibrous, and dry.
What is straw from peanuts used for?
As fodder.
What is rice flour used for?
Cooking and baking.
What is the scientific name of Finger Millet?
Eleusine corocana.
What is one use of rice straw?
It can be used for animal bedding or as a building material.
In which regions is Finger Millet a staple food?
East and Central Africa and India.
What type of plant is a peanut?
Legume.
What is the botanical classification of an apple?
A pome fruit.
What family do Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Colocasia esculenta, and Alocasia macrorrhiza belong to?
Aroids.
What significant development occurred around 2 million years ago in human evolution?
The use of tools.
What type of crop is Manihot esculenta?
A lowland tropical crop.
What are leafy vegetables?
Vegetables that consist primarily of leaves, such as spinach and lettuce.
What is emphasized in the sustainable utilization of plants?
Conservation of plant resources.
What type of underground storage organ is found in the Alliaceae family?
A bulb, formed by thickening of leaf bases due to food storage.
What phenomenon is observed in cultivated varieties of bananas?
Parthenocarpy.
What is a fruit botanically defined as?
A developed ovary after fertilization.
From which plant do you obtain tapioca?
Cassava.
What type of fruit is a blackberry?
Aggregate.
What activity is featured in the Giant Pumpkin Regatta?
Rowing.
What is the term for the process by which humans adapted to different environments?
Natural selection.
Give an example of a parthenocarpic fruit.
Navel Oranges.
Why are vegetable crops important?
They provide essential nutrients, contribute to food security, and support agricultural economies.
What was the nature of the atmosphere on Early Earth?
It was toxic.
What other structures can be involved in the formation of a fruit?
Calyx and receptacle.
What is the significance of the 'Out of Africa' theory?
It suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world.
What is Basella alba commonly known as?
Spinach.
What types of wildlife might be attracted to wild fruits?
Birds, butterflies, bats, and other pollinators.
How is peanut oil utilized in soap production?
Oil is used in making soap.
To which family does Hibiscus esculentus belong?
Malvaceae.
What type of fruit does the Date palm produce?
Drupe.
What are legumes commonly used for besides food?
They are used as animal feed.
What protective functions do alkaloids and glycosides serve in plants?
They provide a protective function.
What type of beverages can be made from rice?
Alcoholic beverages.
What is the scientific name for commonly grown rice?
Oryza sativa.
What were the early methods of agriculture?
Early methods included slash-and-burn techniques and the use of simple tools for planting and harvesting.
How is the bitter taste of Bitter gourd often mitigated?
By steeping in salt water.
What is the primary purpose of the apple's flesh?
To attract animals for seed dispersal.
What is the common name for Trichosanthes anguina?
Snake gourd.
What impact did agriculture have on human societies?
Agriculture led to the establishment of permanent settlements and the growth of populations.
What are some traditional uses of plants mentioned in the syllabus?
Food & Beverage, Medicines, Wood & Fiber products, and Natural products.
What types of plants are included under Food & Beverage?
Fruits, Spices, and Essential oils.
What natural products are mentioned in the syllabus?
Latex and narcotics.
What is the name of the species that is often referred to as 'Neanderthals'?
Homo neanderthalensis.
What is done with immature ears of maize?
They are eaten boiled.
What are two products made from maize in the beverage industry?
Industrial alcohol and alcoholic beverages.
What type of fruit is Cucumis melo?
A many seeded fruit.
What is starch used for?
As a food source.
What are root crops primarily used for?
As vegetables.
What are some plant metabolic products?
Alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils.
What are two common uses of melons?
Fresh consumption and juice.
How much can a single Yubari King Melon sell for?
Prices can exceed $20,000.
How do vegetable crops contribute to human health?
They are rich in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber.
What is the scientific name of the cashew nut?
Anacardium occidentale.
What is an interesting fact about wild fruits?
They often have unique flavors and nutritional benefits compared to cultivated varieties.
How are the seeds of pigeon peas typically prepared for consumption?
They are eaten boiled.
Are vegetables a concentrated source of nutrients?
No, they are not a concentrated source of nutrients.
How do legumes contribute to soil health?
They fix nitrogen in the soil, improving fertility.
What is one use of peas besides human consumption?
Fodder.
What proteolytic enzyme is found in pineapples?
Bromelain.
How are dried seeds of Phaseolus aureus typically prepared?
Boiled and eaten.
What is the scientific name of the peanut?
Arachis hypogaea.
What is the common name for Alocasia macrorrhiza?
Habarala.
What is a staple diet for most of the world's population?
Grasses and cereal crops.
What is the scientific term for the study of human evolution?
Paleoanthropology.
What are the uses of Beta vulgaris?
It is used for sugar production and as a food source.
To which family does Manihot esculenta belong?
Euphorbiaceae.
What are some uses of grasses in packing materials?
Grasses are used as packing and thatching materials.
What part of the Manihot esculenta do we eat?
The tubers, which are swellings on adventitious roots.
Why are beans important in many tropical countries?
They are one of the most important sources of protein.
What is an example of a dye and its source?
Indigo from Indigofera tinctoria (Nilavari).
What products can be made from cassava?
Cassava flour, tapioca, and alcoholic beverages.
What is the scientific name of the potato?
Solanum tuberosum.
Can you name a common type of root crop?
Examples include carrots, potatoes, and beets.
What nutritional benefits do legumes provide?
High in protein, fiber, and essential nutrients.
What is a common term used for some other fruits?
Berries.
What is Leucaena leucocephala commonly known as?
Ipil-ipil.
What role do root crops play in some areas?
They serve as staple food.
What is a notable characteristic of Date fruit?
High sugar content.
What is the scientific name for Mung or Green Gram?
Phaseolus aureus.
What is the significance of rice in traditional cultures?
It is often associated with rituals, festivals, and daily meals.
What is the scientific name for Sweet Pepper?
Capsicum annum var grossum.
How do vegetables contribute to meals?
They add variety and flavor.
What chemical is responsible for the spiciness in peppers?
Capsaicin.
What are some important vegetable crops?
Tomatoes, carrots, and spinach.
What is the subspecies of Oryza sativa that grows in equatorial climates?
O. sativa subsp. javonica.
What is green manure used for?
In agriculture.
What type of fruit is a coconut classified as?
Fibrous drupe.
What is emphasized regarding the use of plants in the syllabus?
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plants.
What type of plant is Manihot esculenta?
A short-lived shrub.
What is a common use of maize starch?
It is used in various food products and industrial applications.
Why are root crops difficult to store and transport?
Due to their high water content.
Why were conditions unsuitable for life on Early Earth?
Due to little O2, harmful gases, UV radiation, high temperatures, intense volcanic activity, and a toxic atmosphere.
Give an example of a green manure plant.
Albizzia spp.
What is the water content like in leafy vegetables?
High water content.
What are vegetables botanically classified as?
Fruits, but eaten cooked.
What is soy sauce made from?
Mature fermented seeds, sometimes with added grains like barley or wheat.
What is one use of peanut oil cake?
Animal feed and fertilizer.
What is one major physical adaptation that occurred in human evolution?
Bipedalism (walking on two legs).
What are some common uses of pears?
Dessert fruit, canned, beverages.
Why are root crops important in diets?
They provide essential nutrients and energy.
What shape is the seed of the cashew nut?
Small and kidney-shaped.
What are lipids used for?
Food, medicines, and industrial use.
What are some traditional varieties of rice?
Basmati, Jasmine, and Arborio.
Which subspecies of Oryza sativa is suited for temperate climates?
O. sativa subsp. japonica.
What is one use of potatoes for livestock?
Feeding livestock.
How is the stem of Alocasia macrorrhiza modified?
It forms a corm below the soil surface.
What type of beverages can be made from Finger Millet?
Alcoholic beverages.
How can plants function as environmental sensors?
They can indicate changes in environmental conditions.
What construction material is derived from bamboo?
Bamboo is used for construction purposes.
What crops are native to the East Asian center of plant diversity?
Soybeans, millet, many vegetable crops, and fruits.
What snack is made by grinding maize grains?
Cornflakes.
What is the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)?
A research institute located in the Philippines focused on rice.
What are the main uses of Glycine max in the western world?
Oil extraction and animal feed.
What are the health benefits of almonds?
Rich in vitamin E, magnesium, and antioxidants, they support heart health and may help lower cholesterol.
What plant is known for its fiber and what is its scientific name?
Sun hemp, scientifically known as Crotalaria juncea.
What type of fruit is produced by Ananas comosus?
Sorosis (multiple fruit, entire inflorescence).
What is a pome?
A type of fleshy fruit with a core containing seeds, like apples.
Which cereals are suitable for warmer regions?
Rice, sorghum, millet, and corn.
What is a notable characteristic of the fruit of Hibiscus esculentus?
It has a high mucilage content.
What are the industrial uses of soybean oil?
Cooking, paints, inks, soaps, insecticides, and disinfectants.
What variations do cereals exhibit?
A wide range of genetic, morphological, and physiological variations.
To which family does Beta vulgaris belong?
Chenopodiaceae.
How do pistachios contribute to health?
They are high in protein, fiber, and antioxidants, which can aid in weight management and heart health.
What toxic compound is found in potatoes?
Solanine.
What is the primary nutrient found in Brazil nuts?
Selenium, which is important for thyroid function and has antioxidant properties.
What is rice bran used for?
As a dietary supplement and in food products.
How is the shell of the coconut used?
Coconut shells are often used to make bowls and crafts.
What is the significance of the apple's skin?
It protects the fruit and contains additional nutrients.
What is one potential use of plants for alternative energy?
Alternative energy resources.
How can maize grains be prepared?
Cooked as a vegetable or roasted.
How do grasses contribute to soil conservation?
They help in soil conservation.
What methods are used by IRRI for rice research?
Both conventional breeding methods and molecular biological methods.
What are some uses of starch derived from cassava?
Food, adhesives, laundry, and paper.
What are microgreens?
Young seedlings of edible vegetables and herbs harvested just after the first true leaves develop.
When did agriculture first emerge?
Agriculture first emerged around 10,000 years ago during the Neolithic period.
What are some common cereal crops?
Barley, oats, and millet.
What is the scientific name for Eggplant?
Solanum melongena.
What part of the apple do you typically eat?
The fleshy fruit.
What are some industrial uses of potatoes?
Produce starch, industrial alcohol, alcoholic beverages, dextrin, and adhesives.
What shape is the corm of Colocasia esculenta?
Cylindrical.
What type of root does Beta vulgaris have?
A spherical tuberous tap root.
What parts of Phaseolus aureus can be consumed as vegetables?
Young pods and sprouts.
What are the two groups of cultivars of Beta vulgaris?
Sugar beet and Table beet.
What are examples of natural products derived from plants?
Latex and narcotics.
What role do plants play in alternative energy resources?
They can be used as sources for alternative energy.
Which plants are known for producing essential oils?
Cymbopogon spp. and Vetiveria spp.
What is the significance of the 'Out of Africa' theory?
It suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world.
How many tubers does a Manihot esculenta plant typically produce?
5 to 10 tubers per plant.
What is vetiver used for?
Essential oils, perfumes, and erosion control.
What is a key nutritional benefit of cashews?
They are a good source of copper, magnesium, and healthy fats, promoting bone health and energy production.
What do vegetables provide in terms of dietary substances?
Supplementary dietary substances like vitamins and minerals.
What role do legumes play in crop rotation?
They help in reducing soil erosion and improving soil structure.
What is a common use of coconut in beverages?
Coconut water is consumed as a refreshing drink.
What is soy flour used for?
In bakery products, as it is rich in proteins.
What is a popular dessert made from coconut?
Coconut macaroons are a well-known sweet treat.
What is a non-food use of legumes in traditional practices?
They are used in traditional medicine for various ailments.
What is the Scoville Heat Unit (SHU) for vegetables with less than 100 SHU?
They are considered mild.
Where is the Rice Research Institute located in Sri Lanka?
The specific location is not provided in the text.
What is maize primarily used as in Latin America and Africa?
A staple food.
What is the significance of grasses in the ecosystem?
They are the basic food for many domestic and wild animals.
What part of the coconut is used for making ropes and mats?
The coir, which is the fibrous husk of the coconut.
What does TVP stand for?
Textured Vegetable Protein.
What type of fruit is Artocarpus altilis?
Syncarp, formed from the whole inflorescence.
What are some common uses of pineapple?
Dessert, canned, jam, juice.
What type of plants are considered sources of food and beverage?
Cereals.
What is a fodder crop?
Dried straw used for feeding animals.
What approach did the Flavr Savr TM use to delay ripening?
An antisense approach to prevent the production of polygalacturonase (PG).
Which plant family do Eggplant and Sweet Pepper belong to?
Solanaceae.
What is the origin of Manihot esculenta?
Brazil.
What role did climate change play in human evolution?
It influenced migration patterns and adaptation strategies.
What is one use of maize straw?
It can be used as livestock feed.
What types of crops are native to the Caucasian center?
Temperate fruit trees.
Which crops are native to the Central American center?
Maize, cotton, beans, pumpkins, cocoa, avocados, and subtropical fruits.
What causes the characteristic odour of onions?
Sulphur compounds released during enzymatic action during tissue injury.
How is straw from cereals utilized?
As fodder for livestock and for thatching.
What is the Flavr Savr TM?
A slow-ripening tomato variety.
What nutrients are commonly found in apples?
Vitamins, fiber, and antioxidants.
What was significant about the Flavr Savr TM in 1994?
It was the first genetically modified food item licensed for human consumption.
What is the scientific name of the coconut?
Cocos nucifera.
What is the effect of the antisense approach used in Flavr Savr TM?
It delays ripening and extends shelf life.
What is Saccharum spp. a source of?
Sucrose.
What is the edible part of Manihot esculenta?
The pith.
What is the subspecies of Oryza sativa that thrives in tropical climates?
O. sativa subsp. indica.
What are some classifications of fruits?
Berries, drupes, and pomes.
Can legumes be used for industrial purposes?
Yes, they can be used to produce biofuels and biodegradable plastics.
Can fruits and seeds of legumes and cereals be used as vegetables?
Yes, they can be used as vegetables.
What is one common use of Finger Millet?
Made into flour.
What are some common rice varieties grown in Sri Lanka?
A8, BG 38, BW.
What is the scientific name of cassava?
Manihot esculenta.
When did anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) first appear?
Approximately 300,000 years ago.
What product is made from maize for baking and cooking?
Corn flour.
Which crops are associated with the Hindustani center?
Rice, sugarcane, tropical fruit, and vegetables.
What crops are included in the Mediterranean center?
Many vegetable and forage crops including olives.
What is bamboo commonly used for?
Construction, furniture, and crafts.
What role do grasses play in livestock farming?
They serve as feed for livestock.
What are some industrial raw materials derived from plants?
Starch, sugar, fiber, and paper.
What role do plants play in environmental monitoring?
They can serve as environmental sensors.
What crops are found in the Inter-Asiatic center?
Wheat, rye, and fruit trees.
How is popcorn made from maize?
By heating and exploding the grains.
Which species is considered the earliest known ancestor of modern humans?
Australopithecus afarensis.
What is a key aspect of sustainable utilization of plants?
Conservation of plant resources.
Why is Manihot esculenta important in many countries?
It is a significant source of starch.
What type of oil can be derived from maize?
Corn oil, used in soap and glycerin.
What is the term for the process by which humans adapted to different environments?
Natural selection.
What is a downside of some grasses?
Some are troublesome weeds.
What is produced in the Abyssinian center?
Teff, banana, coffee.
What crops are associated with the Andean center?
Many tuber-bearing crops such as potatoes, quinine tree, and the coca bush.
What is sugarcane primarily cultivated for?
The production of sugar and biofuels.
