What is lanugo?
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The fine hair covering the body of the fetus.
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What is lanugo?
The fine hair covering the body of the fetus.
In which condition is lanugo absent?
In premature babies.
What type of tone do preterm infants primarily exhibit?
Unopposed passive extensor tone.
How does the tone of an infant approaching term differ from that of a preterm infant?
Shows progressively less opposed passive flexor tone.
What measurement does the examiner estimate during the breast examination?
The diameter of the breast tissue in millimeters.
What does the Heel to Ear maneuver measure?
Passive flexor tone about the pelvic girdle.
What does the examiner do with the infant's hand during the Scarf Sign test?
Supports it across the upper chest with one hand.
What muscles are tested for resistance during the Heel to Ear maneuver?
Posterior hip flexor muscles.
How is the angle of recoil measured in the Arm Recoil test?
By noting the angle to which the forearm springs back into flexion after brief extension.
What does total body muscle tone reflect in infants?
It is reflected in the infant's preferred posture at rest and resistance to stretch of individual muscle groups.
What angles are estimated during the Square Window Test?
90°, 90°, 60°, 45°, 30°, and 0°.
What may be visualized in some infants during the Popliteal Angle maneuver?
Hamstring contraction.
What is tested during the Popliteal Angle maneuver?
Resistance to extension of the lower extremity.
What factors may contribute to the appearance of foot creases?
Foot flexion in utero and dehydration of the skin.
What is noted on the score sheet during the Arm Recoil test?
The angle of recoil of the forearm.
What does limpness or total absence of muscular response in a newborn suggest?
Narcosis, shock, or cerebral injury.
What factors influence the angle of flexion at the wrist during the Square Window Test?
Wrist flexibility and/or resistance to extensor stretching.
What will an extremely pre-term infant exhibit in the Arm Recoil test?
No arm recoil.
At what stage of gestation do only the ankles flex?
Very early in gestation.
By the end of which weeks are both testicles usually palpable in the inguinal canals?
By the end of the 33rd to 34th weeks of gestation.
What do mature newborns demonstrate through their movements?
Neuromuscular function.
Is it normal for a newborn to show limpness or no muscular response?
No, it is never normal.
What changes occur in the scrotal skin during fetal development?
The scrotal skin thickens and develops deeper and more numerous rugae.
What does the plantar surface refer to?
The major foot creases on the sole of the foot.
When do fetal testicles begin their descent into the scrotal sack?
Approximately the 30th week of gestation.
What is the procedure for conducting the Square Window Test?
The examiner straightens the infant's fingers and applies gentle pressure on the dorsum of the hand near the fingers.
What is the first muscle group to show flexion in early gestation?
The ankles.
What type of tissue is present in the breast bud besides breast tissue?
Fatty tissue, dependent on fetal nutritional status.
What does the examiner note regarding the areola during the breast examination?
The size of the areola and the presence or absence of stippling.
Where does the first appearance of a crease occur on the foot?
On the anterior sole at the ball of the foot.
Which testicle usually descends first?
The left testicle.
What stimulates the growth of breast tissue in the breast bud?
Maternal estrogens.
Which muscle groups flex after the ankles during gestation?
Knees and wrists.
What does the Arm Recoil maneuver measure?
The passive flexor tone of the biceps muscle.
What does the Popliteal Angle maneuver assess?
The maturation of passive flexor tone about the knee joint.
What are some signs of neuromuscular function in newborns?
Moving extremities, attempting to control head movement, exhibiting a strong cry, and demonstrating newborn reflexes.
What is involved in the maturation of fetal skin?
The development of intrinsic structures and the gradual loss of vernix caseosa.
When does the left testicle usually enter the scrotum?
During the 32nd week of gestation.
How is the pinna assessed for cartilage thickness?
By palpation and then folding the pinna forward toward the face and releasing it.
What happens to the leg during the Popliteal Angle maneuver?
The leg is extended until resistance to extension is appreciated.
What changes occur in the pinna of the fetal ear as maturation progresses?
It changes configuration and increases in cartilage content.
What is selected on the score sheet after performing the Square Window Test?
The appropriate square corresponding to the estimated angle.
What flexion occurs after the ankles during fetal development?
Knees begin to flex as wrists start to flex.
What does the examiner note after releasing the folded pinna?
The rapidity with which the pinna snaps back away from the face.
How should the hips be positioned when examining an infant female?
Partially abducted to approximately 45° from the horizontal.
How does the examiner support the infant's thigh during the maneuver?
With the palm of one hand laterally alongside the body.
What position should the infant be in during the examination?
Lying supine.
What does the Scarf Sign test assess?
The passive tone of the flexors about the shoulder girdle.
What additional indicator of fetal maturation is noted in very premature infants?
The state of eyelid development.
What does the examiner do after estimating the diameter of the breast tissue?
Selects the appropriate square on the score sheet.
What is measured at the end of the Popliteal Angle maneuver?
The angle formed at the knee by the upper and lower leg.
What creates the stippling observed in the areola?
The developing papillae of Montgomery.
Where does the examiner place their thumb during the Scarf Sign test?
On the infant's elbow.
How does muscle tone change as an infant approaches term?
The infant shows progressively less opposed passive flexor tone.
How is the infant positioned during the Scarf Sign test?
Lying supine.
How is the infant positioned during the Heel to Ear maneuver?
Supine.
What action does the examiner perform with the elbow during the Scarf Sign test?
Nudges the elbow across the chest.
What is selected to describe the degree of cartilaginous development?
The square that most closely describes the degree of development.
When is lanugo present in babies?
In full-term babies.
What happens to lanugo in babies born late?
It is not present.
What may the prominent clitoris in extreme prematurity resemble?
The male phallus.
What is the sequence of flexion in fetal development?
Hip flexion, then adduction, followed by elbow and shoulder girdle flexion.
How does the examiner palpate the breast tissue?
By holding it between thumb and forefinger.
What characterizes the skin of extremely immature fetuses regarding lanugo?
The skin lacks any lanugo.
What adjustment is made to the infant's head during the Scarf Sign test?
Adjusted to the midline.
What may happen to the pinnae in very premature infants when released?
They may remain folded.
What are the characteristics of the labia in extreme prematurity?
The labia are flat and the clitoris is very prominent.
What is done with the infant's lower extremity in the Heel to Ear maneuver?
It is brought to rest on the mattress alongside the infant's trunk.
What is the role of the examiner's other hand in the Heel to Ear maneuver?
To grasp the infant's foot and pull it toward the ipsilateral ear.
What is the examiner feeling for during the Scarf Sign test?
Passive flexion or resistance to extension of posterior shoulder girdle flexor muscles.
What tone does a preterm infant primarily exhibit?
Unopposed passive extensor tone.
What is the sequence of muscle flexion during gestation?
Ankles, knees, wrists, hips, elbows, then shoulder girdle.
